肺结核空洞与肺癌空洞的CT影像对照分析

目的探讨肺结核空洞和癌性空洞的CT影像学表现及鉴别诊断价值。方法收集14例肺结核空洞和36例肺癌空洞的临床和CT资料,对其CT征象进行回顾性研究。结果结核空洞空洞壁较薄,且洞壁钙化、周围卫星灶多见;肺癌空洞空洞壁较厚,以壁结节、偏心空洞、深分叶、粗短毛刺、胸膜凹陷为多见。结论利用CT检查,可以详细观察病变及其周围情况,对肺结核空洞与肺癌空洞的鉴别诊断具有重要意义。     

长轴平行于支气管的肺周围形肿块的CT诊断

目的探讨炎性假瘤和周围型肺癌的不同CT表现和病理。方法回顾性分析经手术病理、穿刺活检和临床证实的63例长轴与支气管血管束平行的肺内孤立性肿块(SMPB),全部病例经CT扫描检查,根据影像学特征将SMPB分为梭形和楔形两大类,结合肿块的边缘、内部结构及胸膜的改变,分析其影像学特征,以鉴别炎性假瘤与周围型肺癌。结果梭形肿块29例,其中周围型肺癌18例(分别占全部病例的29%,梭形肿块的62%);炎性假瘤6例,肺结核2例,肺脓肿、类癌及转移癌各1例。楔形肿块34例,其中炎性假瘤25例(分别占全部病例的40%,楔形肿块的74%),周围型肺癌5例,肺结核3例,肺脓肿1例。结论综合分析肿块的形态学改变,结合SMPB的梭形和楔形征象,有助于周围型肺癌和肺内炎性假瘤的鉴别诊断,但需密切结合临床和病理。     

肺内孤立性球形灶的X线与CT诊断

目的 :探讨肺内孤立性球形病灶的诊断与鉴别诊断及其临床意义。方法 :回顾分析经临床手术及病理证实的周围性肺癌 2 1例、肺结核球 8例、肺炎性假瘤 5例及肺内错构瘤 5例 ,并对其影像改变加以总结。结果 :周围性肺癌的影像学改变以“分叶征”、“毛刺征”、“小泡征”及“血管连接征”、“胸膜凹陷征”为主要表现 ;肺结核球的影像改变以“卫星病灶”为主要表现 ;肺炎性假瘤的影像改变以“桃尖征”为主要表现 ;肺内错构瘤以“爆米花”样钙化为主要表现。结论 :X线与 CT扫描是检查肺内孤立性球形病灶的主要手段之一 ,其诊断与鉴别诊断对临床的进一步治疗具有重要的价值和意义     

周围型肺癌CT诊断分析

目的通过46例周围型肺癌影像表现,提高诊断和鉴别诊断能力。方法回顾性分析经病理证实的周围型肺癌螺旋高分辨CT表现特点。结果本组病例螺旋高分辨CT征象主要表现是分叶征、毛刺征、血管集中征、胸膜凹陷征等。结论周围型肺癌的螺旋CT表现对临床具有重要诊断价值,尤其是螺旋高分辨CT。     

肺结核空洞与肺癌空洞的CT鉴别诊断

目的研究分析CT在鉴别诊断肺结核空洞与肺癌空洞中的临床价值,丰富临床诊断经验。方法选择2011年2月至2013年11月在该院接受治疗的肺结核空洞患者70例,随机分为对照组（肺结核空洞患者）和观察组（肺癌空洞患者）各35例,两组患者均应用CT进行诊断,观察空洞发生位置和病灶大小,比较两组患者的影像学特点。结果在肺结核空洞与肺癌空洞中,右肺的空洞发生率均略高于左肺,肺癌空洞的病灶直径明显大于肺结核病灶空洞,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。对照组中有周围卫星灶占比为74.3%（26/35）,薄壁空洞占比为54.3%（19/35）,厚壁空洞占比为40.0%（14/35）,而分叶、胸膜凹陷、钙化、毛刺、壁结节占比较少;观察组中分叶占比为88.6%（31/35）,厚壁空洞占比为82.9%（29/35）,毛刺占比为74.3%（26/35）,胸膜凹陷征占比为71.4%（25/35）,壁结节占比为68.6%（24/35）,周围卫星灶和钙化占比不高。两组患者上述CT征象比较,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论 CT在肺结核空洞与肺癌空洞的鉴别诊断中发挥着重要作用,其中肺结核空洞以周围卫星灶、厚壁空洞与钙化为主要征象,而肺癌空洞主要以分叶、厚壁空洞、毛刺、胸膜凹陷、壁结节为主,可为临床鉴别诊断提供参考。     

104例周围型肺癌患者CT检查分析

目的：探讨周围型肺癌影像表现,提高对周围型肺癌的认识和鉴别诊断的能力。方法：回顾性分析本院2008年6月～2009年8月经手术病理证实的104例周围型肺癌患者的CT表现。结果：本组患者螺旋高分辨CT征象的表现主要有肿瘤病灶大小、形状、密度、分叶征、毛刺征、胸膜凹陷征、肺门纵隔淋巴结转移等。结论：周围型肺癌的螺旋CT表现对临床具有重要诊断价值。     

早期周围型肺癌的CT表现及动态观察

目的：探讨CT对早期周围型肺癌的诊断价值。方法：回顾性分析28例经手术病理证实的早期周围型肺癌CT影像学特点。结果：CT均显示为肺内孤立性结节。瘤体边缘征象有：毛刺征、分叶征、血管集束征、胸膜凹陷征等。结论：早期周围型肺癌的CT特征对临床诊断具有重要价值,对可疑病例进行CT增强扫描并结合临床资料动态观察可提高其诊断率。     

周围型肺癌的MDCT影像特征分析

目的：探讨周围型肺癌的MDCT影像特征。方法回顾性分析本院经穿刺活检或手术病理证实的185例周围型肺癌临床及MDCT影像资料,从不同方位对肿瘤形态学特征、瘤肺界面和邻近改变、血管和支气管改变等方面进行分析研究。结果周围型肺癌的MDCT表现为院淤肿块形态有结节灶、肿块影及磨玻璃阴影;于肿瘤边缘可有分《征、毛刺征、胸膜凹陷征、血管征、支气管截断征;盂肿瘤内部有空泡征、空洞及钙化等。结论周围型肺癌的MDCT有其特征性影像表现,包括分《征、毛刺征、胸膜凹陷征及血管征等,是诊断周围型肺癌的关键。     

螺旋CT在周围型小肺癌诊断中的应用分析

目的研究周围型小肺癌于螺旋CT薄层扫描的表现。方法收集临床和病理已证实的早期周围型小肺癌39例,对其影像学进行回顾分析。结果周围型小肺癌的主要CT征象有:小结节征29例,分叶征见于27例,边缘毛刺征25例,空泡征17例,胸膜凹陷征13例,以及血管集束征12例。大多直径在1～3cm,临床症状不明显。结论在周围型小肺癌诊断中CT征象起着重要作用,熟练掌握这些征象是提高周围型小肺癌早期诊断的关键。     

多排螺旋CT扫描在肺结核合并周围型肺癌中的诊断价值

目的:探讨肺结核合并周围型肺癌的CT表现,以提高其诊断准确性。方法:回顾性分析2013年1月—2015年10月经临床确诊的27例肺结核合并肺癌患者的临床资料及CT检查影像资料。结果:12例陈旧性肺结核,15例活动性继发型肺结核;其合并周围型肺癌时,影像学具有毛刺征、分叶征、小泡征、血管集束征、偏心空洞等典型周围型肺癌特征者17例,易被诊断;10例不典型影像征象患者,易被延误诊断。结论:肺结核合并肺癌影像学表现具有特征性,除病灶具有周围型肺癌典型表现外,肺结核纤维硬结灶增大、空洞灶巨大且洞壁厚薄不均、病灶增多等,对肺结核合并肺癌的诊断具有重要价值。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.