The prevalence and clinical importance of incidental soft-tissue findings in cervical CT scans of trauma population

Objectives:

To define the age-related prevalence of incidental soft-tissue findings in cervical CT scans of a trauma population and to investigate their clinical importance.

Methods:

The original diagnostic radiology reports and the CT images of the 357 patients with cervical trauma were retrospectively evaluated. Incidental soft-tissue findings were investigated. All findings were grouped according to age. The findings were classified based on their clinical importance into three categories: Category 1: no clinical importance, Category 2: possible clinical importance requiring further investigation and Category 3: obvious clinical importance. In addition, the medical records of the patients were investigated. The follow-up ratio of the pathologies mentioned in the original radiology report was recorded.

Results:

The most frequently encountered findings in Categories 2 and 3 were carotid artery calcification (n = 89, 24.9%) and tonsillolith (n = 115, 32.2%), respectively. The reporting ratio in the original reports of Categories 1, 2 and 3 findings was 1.1% (n = 4), 9% (n = 27) and 34.5% (n = 64), respectively. No further investigations and follow-up was accomplished for Category 1 lesions, whereas 11.1% of Category 2 and 35.9% of Category 3 lesions were subjected to further investigations and follow-up.

Conclusions:

The cervical CT scans of trauma patients reveal many clinically important soft-tissue incidental findings. Cervical region incidental findings may be followed up on an outpatient basis, rarely being of life-threatening value. The ratio of reporting and follow-up of incidental findings increases parallel to the clinical importance of the lesions.     

迟发性闭合性胸部损伤的CT表现及动态观察

目的：探讨 CT 对迟发性胸部损伤的诊断及动态变化,为临床及时准确治疗提供诊断依据。方法：回顾分析110例迟发性胸部损伤的 CT 和临床资料,对其 CT 表现及动态变化等进行分析。结果：迟发性胸部损伤大都于伤后24～48 h 内发生,其中肺挫伤93例,单纯气胸3例;气胸合并血胸2例;单纯出现血胸12例;肺挫伤伴发迟发性血胸69例,伴发率高达74％（69/93）。迟发性肺挫伤大多发生在右肺,占72．04％（67/93）;发生在下叶的迟发性肺挫伤又比上叶明显多见,占76．34％（71/93）。结论：CT 不仅能及时发现迟发性胸部损伤,还能对发生的部位、性质、损伤程度、并发症、预后等做出及时判断,为临床及时准确治疗提供诊断依据。应将伤后48h CT 复查列为常规。迟发性胸部损伤不易完全吸收,易遗留肺纤维化及胸膜增厚、粘连。     

重型颅脑外伤合并腹部脏器损伤延迟加重的诊治

目的　探讨重型颅脑外伤合并腹部脏器损伤延迟加重的诊断和治疗。　方法　回顾 4年来收治的 3 7例重型颅脑外伤合并腹部脏器损伤体征延迟出现并进行性加重的患者资料 ,分析此类患者腹部手术前后损伤严重度评分 (ISS)和简明损伤定级 (AIS)差异、死亡及并发症发生率与伤后是否直接入ICU的关系。　结果　伤后直接入ICU与未直接入ICU患者格拉斯哥昏迷评分 (GCS)、ISS、AIS比较 ,差异无显著性意义 (P >0 .0 5) ,患者腹部手术前后ISS及AIS差异有非常显著性意义 (P =0 .0 0 0 ) ,死亡率与伤后是否直接入ICU密切相关 (P =0 .0 18) ,并发症发生率与是否直接入ICU差异无显著性意义 (P =0 .0 67)。　结论　重型颅脑外伤合并腹部脏器损伤延迟加重的患者伤后直接入ICU ,适当放宽手术指征可能有助于提高抢救成功率     

螺旋CT三维重建在四肢复杂小关节外伤中的诊断价值

目的:探讨CT三维重建成像对诊断四肢复杂小关节外伤的价值.方法:16例四肢复杂小关节外伤患者,行螺旋CT薄层扫描,进行三维重建(MPR,SSD,VR).结果:三维技术共显示5例跟骨粉碎性骨折,3例距骨骨折,1例跗跖关节脱位,1例踝关节肿胀,1例踝关节多发骨折,2例腕关节多发骨折,1例舟状骨骨折,2例月骨周围脱位伴腕骨多发骨折.结论:三维重建能充分利用ET图像信息,在三维空间中直观地显示骨折的特征,有较大的临床应用价值.     

胸腰段脊柱脊髓伤合并胸腹脏器伤的诊断和治疗

目的探讨胸腰段脊柱脊髓伤合并胸腹脏器伤的诊断和治疗。方法回顾性分析我院1986年1月-2002年12月收治的此类伤84例。其中胸椎骨折(T6～T12)52例，腰椎骨折32例(L1～L4)，合并胸部损伤70例，合并腹部损伤14例，合并颅脑、四肢骨盆损伤34例。脊柱固定脊髓减压手术62例，胸腔引流术22例，剖腹手术10例，开颅手术9例。结果本组生存82例，随访6～36个月。神经功能恢复情况按Frankel标准：A级36例中部分或感觉恢复10例，其余神经功能均比术前改善1～3级。延误诊断及漏诊7例(12％)，2例死于术后多器官功能障碍综合征(MODS)。结论对胸腰段脊柱脊髓伤合并胸腹脏器伤的患者应全面仔细地体检及X线或CT检查。救治应优先处理危及生命的胸腹伤，同时避免加重脊柱脊髓损伤。     

腹腔实质脏器损伤B超与CT检查比较分析

目的：比较腹腔实质脏器损伤B超与CT的诊断在价值。方法：本文分析24例腹腔实质脏器损伤患者的B超和CT检查结果。并对CT表现和B超显示结果进行了比较分析。结果：B超CT用于检查腹部闭合伤时均有较高的敏感性和准确性。B超检查方便、快捷、可多体位、多切面、多次反复检查,是检查腹腔实质脏器闭合性损伤首选检查方法。当B超疑有腹部实质脏器损伤时,再行CT增强扫描以明确损伤范围和程度,为临床治疗提供依据。结论 ＣＴ和Ｂ超相结合可提高腹腔实质脏器损伤诊断准确率,为临床治疗提供依据。     

Twelve significant signs of cervical spine trauma

Drawing on experience with over 400 cases of significant cervical spine trauma, we have noted 12 helpful roentgen signs that may serve to direct the physician's attention to such serious underlying changes as fractures and dislocations. These 12 anatomic alterations may provide both direct and indirect evidence of traumatic lesions which are not clearly identified on the initial radiographs. The changes fally into three principal groups: abnormal soft tissues, abnormal vertebral alignment, and abnormal articulations. Rarely do these signs occur in isolation; rather, several useful changes are usually present on the routine cervical spine series. Considering the recent marked increase in requests for skull and cervical spine films, as well as litigation arising from such studies, an appreciation of clues to occult traumatic alterations is mandatory for the practising radiologist and clinician.     

闭合性心脏损伤的诊断和治疗(附28例报告)

目的 总结闭合性心脏损伤的诊治经验。方法 回顾1978年1月－1997年12月收治的28例各类闭合闭性心脏损伤的病历资料,对其损伤类型、临床表现及治疗进行分析。结果 本组27例治愈,1例死亡,死亡率3．6％。结论 正确诊断、并根据不同类型的损伤进行及时合理的治疗,大多数伤员预后良好。     

多发伤合并脊柱脊髓损伤的特点分析

目的 探讨多发伤患者合并脊柱脊髓损伤的临床特点.方法 回顾性分析2004年3月-2009年3月收治的143例合并脊柱脊髓损伤的多发伤患者,统计致伤原因、脊柱损伤节段、合并伤、并发症、治疗方式和转归.结果 高处坠落伤和交通伤是主要致伤原因,分别为77例(53.8%)和55例(38.5%),损伤节段依次为腰椎101处(50.8%)、胸椎61处(30.7%)、颈椎29处(14.6%)及骶尾椎8处(4.0%);合并伤依次为胸部163处(38.6%)、腹部84处(19.9%)、头颈部77处(18.3%)、四肢65处(15.4%)、面部17处(4.0%)和体表16处(3.8%).早期并发症依次为电解质紊乱33例(16.8%)、呼吸系统感染30例(15.3%)和腹胀19例(9.7%);晚期并发症依次为营养不良26例(13.3%)、肌萎缩23例(11.7%)和深静脉血栓11例(5.6%).治疗方式依次为手术治疗106例(74.1%),保守治疗37例(25.9%).治疗前美国脊柱损伤协会(ASIA)评级E级20例(14.0%),治疗后E级53例(37.1%).死亡12例,病死率为8.4%,主要死亡原因为MOF、脑疝、营养衰竭等.随着ASIA残损分级的提高,各组并发症和病死率也显著增加(P＜0.05).结论 高能量损伤是多发伤合并脊柱脊髓损伤的主要致伤因素,患者病情重,合并伤复杂,并发症多,治疗棘手,病死率高.

Abstract：

Objective To analyze the clinical features of the multiple trauma patients combined with spine and spinal cord injuries.Methods A retrospective study was performed in 143 multiple trauma patients combined with spine and spinal cord injuries admitted to our department between March 2004 and March 2009.The parameters including injury cause,segment of injuries,associated injuries,complications,treatment methods and outcomes were analyzed.Results Falling and traffic accidents were the main causes for the injuries of spine and spinal cord,accounting for 53.8%(77 cases)and 38.5%(55 cases),respectively.The injured segments involved 101 lumbar vertebrae(50.8%),61 thoracic vertebrae(30.7%),29 cervical spines(14.6%)and 8 sacrococcygeal vertebrae(4.0%).The associated injuries were located at chest(163 regions,38.6%),abdomen(84 regions,19.9%),head and neck(77 regions,18.3%),extremity(65 regions,15.4%),face(17 regions,4.0%)and body surface(16 regions,3.8%).The early complications included electrolyte disturbances in 33 patients (16.8%),respiratory infection in 30(15.3%)and abdominal distention in 19(9.7%).The late complications were malnutrition in 26 patients(13.3%),amyotrophy in 23(11.7%)and deep vein thrombus in 11(5.6%).Treatment methods were operations and expectant treatments in 106 patients (74.1%)and 37(25.9%)respectively.According to American Spinal Injury Association(ASIA)scale,there were 20 patients(14.0%)at grade E before treatment and 53(37.1%)at grade E after treatment.Of all,12 patients were died of mainly multiple organ failure(MOF),cerebral hernia and malnutrition,with mortality rate of 8.39%.There showed an increase of complication and mortality rate with increase of ASIA grade(P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions The spine and spinal cord injuries in patients with multiple trauma are mainly caused by high energy injuries and characterized by high injury severity,complex associated injuries,multiple complications,difficult management and high mortality rate.     

创伤性膈肌破裂的诊断与治疗

目的 探讨创伤性膈肌破裂的早期诊断和治疗.方法 回顾性分析我科17年间收治的161例创伤性膈肌破裂患者的临床资料,包括诊断方法、术前确诊率、膈疝发生率、手术治疗方式和患者结局等.结果 161例中男139例,女22例;年龄9～84岁,平均32.4岁.ISS 13～66分,平均27.8;65.2%入院时有休克.钝性伤36例、穿透伤125例.术前膈肌损伤确诊率在钝性和穿透伤分别为88.9%和78.4%.膈疝发生率在钝性和穿透伤分别为94.4%和14.4%(P＜0.01).手术经胸30例,经腹106例,分别剖胸和剖腹18例、胸腹联合切口7例.病死率10.6%,ISS平均41.6;主要死因为失血性休克和严重感染并发症.钝性和穿透伤病死率分别为22.2%和7.2%(P＜0.01).结论 膈伤诊断依据,钝性伤主要为膈疝的影像学表现,穿透伤伤口远处腹或胸部也有阳性体征或影像学征象.膈疝手术的关键是准确判断疝入胃肠的活力.穿透伤预后相对较好.     

规范创伤救治模式促进严重创伤救治质量的作用研究

目的 探讨规范创伤救治模式对严重创伤救治质量的促进作用. 方法 以2006年1月1日本院建立创伤中心为界,将新损伤严重度评分(NISS)≥16分的严重创伤患者分为研究组(创伤中心建立后2006 - 2008年)和对照组(创伤中心建立前2001-2005年),采用创伤数据库记录创伤患者伤情、救治与结局信息,比较严重创伤救治效率和质量的变化. 结果 研究组66例,对照组260例.研究组与对照组NISS值分别为(20.59±4.63)分和(20.57±5.38)分(P＞0.05);研究组急诊处理时间为(0.33±0.03)h,对照组为(0.57±0.35)h (P ＜0.01);研究组住院时间为(27.64±29.01)d,对照组为(30.84±32.87) d(P ＞0.05);研究组ICU治疗时间为(2.98±5.77)d,较对照组为(2.65±7.00) d(P ＞0.05);研究组治愈率为87.9％,对照组为76.5％(P＜0.05);研究组死亡率为9.1％,对照组为20.8％ (P ＜0.05). 结论 规范的创伤救治显著地提高了严重创伤的救治质量和水平.     

纵隔开放性损伤救治的一些探讨

纵隔内有许多重要结构,一旦发生开放性损伤,则非常紧急、危重、复杂,救治甚为困难。因此,笔者对胸部开放性损伤作了细分,将纵隔开放性损伤作为胸部开放性创伤中的一大类单独进行讨论。它不仅只是心脏穿透伤,还包括了很多其他少见的纵隔创伤。由于其发生、发展和预后相似,诊治理念相通,因此综合在一起进行讨论,对临床救治工作有重要的指导意义。     

Three-dimensional computed tomography in acute cervical spine trauma: a preliminary report

Numerically integrated, three dimensional images obtained from axial computed tomography (CT) data are vastly superior to mentally-integrated, individual, multiplanar CT images for the evaluation and diagnosis of acute cervical spine injury. This superiority results primarily from the visual display of spatial relationships. In addition, three-dimensional CT is capable of detecting injuries not found by conventional radiography or by multiplanar computed tomography (MPCT). The purpose of this preliminary report of four specially selected cases is to illustrate the superiority of three-dimensional CT over other imaging modalities (including MPCT) for the demonstration of cervical spine injuries.     

Imaging of bilateral ureteropelvic junction laceration from blunt trauma

Bilateral ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) injury from blunt abdominal trauma is rare, with only seven previously reported cases, all of which were complete avulsions. Early and delayed computed tomography (CT) for visualization of the nephrographic and excretory renal phases, respectively, is essential to distinguish parenchymal from collecting system injury. Once UPJ injury is detected by CT, differentiation between laceration and avulsion is mandatory since laceration is treated nonoperatively, whereas avulsion requires surgical repair. In addition to CT, intravenous pyelography (IVP) or retrograde pyelography may be required for full characterization of the injury. Retrograde pyelography may permit better opacification of the ureters than IVP, enabling the urologist to determine whether stent placement is necessary. We report the first case of bilateral UPJ laceration secondary to blunt abdominal trauma and the imaging studies necessary to make the diagnosis.     

急性中央颈脊髓损伤

急性中央颈脊髓损伤是最常见的颈脊髓急性不完全性损伤。这一综合征主要临床特点为上肢运动功能受累明显、而下肢受累较轻或不受累、直肠膀胱功能障碍以及损伤平面以上感觉不同程度损害。急性中央颈脊髓损伤预后一般较好     

胸部创伤严重度评价与救治结局探讨

目的探讨以简明损伤定级标准（AIS）为基础的ISS与胸部创伤救治结局的关系。方法采用AIS-98最新修订本对我院1995年1月-2005年6月救治的3057例胸部创伤病例资料进行回顾性分析。结果总治愈率93．8％（2866／3057），病死率6．2％（191／3057）。死亡组ISS、GCS、修正创伤评分（RTS）、国人创伤严重度特征评分[ASCOT_CHINA]_生存概率（Ps）、创伤与损伤严重度评分（TRISS）_Ps、ASCOT_Ps与生存组比较，差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。穿透伤病死率11．4％（75／655），显著高于钝性伤4．8％（116／2402）（P〈0．01），穿透伤组ISS值显著高于钝性伤组，但穿透伤组TRISS_Ps、ASCOT_Ps和ASCOT_CHINA_Ps明显低于钝性伤组。ISS值越高，RTS值越低，ASCOT_CHINA_Ps越低，病死率越高。ISSt〉20，病死率高达7．2％-28．8％；RTS≤6，病死率高达52．7％以上。TRISS和ASCOT准确性、特异性高，生存误判低，而ASCOT-CHINA灵敏度高，死亡误判低。结论以AIS-98为基础的ISS、TRISS、ASCOT、ASCOT_CHINA_Ps等方法评价胸部创伤或胸伤合并多发伤的严重度及其结局预测是可行的，TRISS、ASCOT和ASCOT_CHINA_Ps的各项预测性指标以及误判性指标趋于合理。     

软骨母细胞瘤的X线诊断

本文对20例软骨母细胞瘤之典型,非典型以及复发、恶变、继发感染、特殊部位病变的X线表现进行了分析。着重讨论了本病的诊断,鉴别诊断,体层摄影、CT扫描的应用价值诸问题。旨在加强对本病的认识,提高诊断正确率。     

重型颅脑损伤合并多发伤的救治

目的 评估重型颅脑损伤合并多发伤的救治过程。方法 对我科收治的122例重型颅脑损伤合并多发伤病例的临床资料及伤后6个月GOS评分进行统计分析。结果 死亡29例,植物生存3例,重残6例,轻残12例,治愈72例。结论 重型颅脑损伤合并多发伤以青壮年车祸伤为多见,应早期诊断、及时抢救,避免漏诊和误诊,首先处理危及生命的损伤等是抢救成功的关键。骨折早期手术内固定和ICU监护对成功救治有着重要作用。     

Patterns of diagnostic error in trauma abdominal CT

Objective: To define patterns of diagnostic error in the interpretation of trauma abdominal CT. Materials and methods: Two hundred fifty-four out of 1751 abdominal CT scans performed for evaluation of trauma had a definite or equivocal diagnosis of an abdominal injury. Cases were re-read initially without reference to the original reports, in which 44 potential diagnostic errors were identified. A panel of two or three expert readers reviewed each of the 44 cases along with the original report to evaluate the diagnostic error and to search for patterns among the errors. Results: Thirty-one of the 254 CT scans (12%) that were re-read contained non-trivial mistakes that could affect patient outcome. Seventeen were false negative and 14 were false positive. Diagnostic errors were found in the liver, spleen, kidney, retroperitoneum, and peritoneal cavity. Patterns of false-negative diagnosis included missed vascular contrast extravasation, missed hemoperitoneum, and missed right retroperitoneal hematoma. Patterns of false-positive diagnosis included: periportal edema or blood tracking, called a liver laceration; respiratory motion, called a splenic or renal injury; and linear or round lucencies in the spleen or liver, called a laceration. Conclusion: Diagnostic errors in interpreting trauma abdominal CT cluster in several recurring patterns. Awareness of these patterns may assist readers in avoiding future errors. Electronic Publication     

颅脑创伤后脑梗塞的临床诊治

目的探讨影响颅脑创伤后并发脑梗塞的相关因素及治疗方法。方法对44例颅脑创伤后脑梗塞患者临床资料结合文献进行分析。结果出院时按GOS评价：良好27例，中残6例，重残3例，植物生存3例，死亡5例。结论正确认识颅脑创伤后脑梗塞的发生原因及时手术、术后正确地治疗，可有效的减少和减轻脑梗塞的发生，提高生存质量。