胰岛素增敏剂治疗多囊卵巢综合征疗效与安全性

多囊卵巢综合征（PCOS）导致生殖和代谢功能紊乱的同时也增加罹患2型糖尿病及代谢综合征的危险。认识到胰岛素抵抗在PCOS发病中起到的作用后,以二甲双胍为代表的胰岛素增敏剂在临床广泛应用。最近一个以胎儿活产率（live-birth rate）为终点的随机对照试验（RCT）表明,单用二甲双胍治疗由PCOS引起的不孕症,其效果不及氯米芬。无证据证明应用二甲双胍能防止PCOS的妊娠妇女发生自然流产和妊娠期糖尿病。有研究噻唑烷二酮（TZD）类药物可能会增加心血管事件发生率。长期用药安全性的问题重新引起关注。     

两种胰岛素增敏剂二甲双胍与罗格列酮治疗胰岛素抵抗的非肥胖PCOS患者效果比较

目的:探讨二甲双胍与罗格列酮两种胰岛素增敏剂对于有胰岛素抵抗的非肥胖多囊卵巢综合征（PCOS）患者的治疗效果。方法:纳入2013年9月至2016年6月在四川大学华西第二医院诊断的PCOS患者,将合并胰岛素抵抗的非肥胖（BMI<25 kg/m 2）PCOS患者200例以随机数字法分为二甲双胍组（100例）和罗...     

二甲双胍对多囊卵巢综合征妇女妊娠期糖尿病发病率的影响及安全性评价

胰岛素抵抗(IR)常见于多囊卵巢综合征(PCOS)和妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)。二甲双胍应用于PCOS的治疗,可减轻IR,促进排卵,提高妊娠率。二甲双胍能否应用于PCOS妇女妊娠期以降低GDM的发生风险,以及其孕期应用的安全性,尚不明确。     

二甲双胍治疗多囊卵巢综合征的研究进展

胰岛素抵抗是多囊卵巢综合征 (PCOS)的主要发病机制之一。用胰岛素增敏剂二甲双胍可治疗与PCOS有关的月经失调、雄激素过多症状、不排卵及不育。而且 ,二甲双胍可用于治疗各年龄段多囊卵巢综合征 ,能有效降低PCOS中的早期自然流产 ,并有保护心血管、降低II型糖尿病危险的作用。     

二甲双胍在多囊卵巢综合征的应用

胰岛素抵抗是多囊卵巢综合征(PCOS)的重要病理生理改变,应用二甲双胍治疗PCOS患者可以改善月经状况,恢复排卵,并且增加不孕PCOS患者的妊娠率,对提高IVF的成功率和减少反复流产的发生也非常有益。本文对二甲双胍作用机制,二甲双胍对PCOS及不孕的PCOS患者的治疗作用进行了综述。     

二甲双胍在多囊卵巢综合征中的作用

多囊卵巢综合征(PCOS)的基本病理生理特征为胰岛素抵抗和高胰岛素血症,二甲双胍为胰岛素增敏剂,可调整PCOS患者月经周期,促进排卵,提高妊娠率,减少流产,并改善脂质代谢,降低患者超促排卵后过度刺激及妊娠期糖尿病的发生.但其长期疗效、个体剂量和可能的不良影响尚待研究.     

二甲双胍治疗多囊卵巢综合征新进展

多囊卵巢综合征（PCOS）是生育年龄妇女常见的生殖内分泌疾病。由于胰岛索抵抗在其发病中起重要作用．胰岛素增敏剂二甲双胍被用于PCOS的治疗。随着临床的广泛应用，对其作用机理和临床效果有了更深入的认识。兰甲双胍可以恢复规律月经，改善多毛，降低体质量，促进排卵，改善妊娠结局，改善子宫内膜的胰岛素抵抗，避免远期并发症．特别是对青春期PCOS患者有较好的疗效。不同剂量的二甲双胍具有不同的治疗作用。对二甲双胍在治疗PCOS中的新进展做综述。     

二甲双胍治疗耐克罗米酚多囊卵巢综合征23例临床分析

目的探讨二甲双胍在多囊卵巢综合征(PCOS)治疗中的作用.方法对23例耐克罗米酚PCOS患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,比较二甲双胍治疗前后各项内分泌代谢指标的变化及其对恢复月经、促排结局及妊娠的影响.结果二甲双胍治疗前后比较,血清睾酮、空腹胰岛素水平下降,胰岛素敏感性指数上升(P<0.01).6例(26.09%)的患者恢复月经,4例(17.39%)恢复自然排卵,2例妊娠. 二甲双胍加促排治疗共26个周期,排卵周期率为61.54%(16/26),妊娠周期率为23.08%(6/26). 结论二甲双胍可以降低雄激素水平及胰岛素水平,改善PCOS妇女对克罗米酚促排的反应.     

二甲双胍在多囊卵巢综合征中的作用

多囊卵巢综合征(PCOS)的基本病理生理特征为胰岛素抵抗和高胰岛素血症，二甲双胍为胰岛素增敏剂，可调整PCOS患者月经周期，促进排卵，提高妊娠率，减少流产，并改善脂质代谢，降低患者超促排卵后过度刺激及妊娠期糖尿病的发生。但其长期疗效、个体剂量和可能的不良影响尚待研究。     

二甲双胍对多囊卵巢综合征患者胰岛素样生长因子-1的影响

目的探讨二甲双胍对多囊卵巢综合征（PCOS）患者血清胰岛素样生长因子-1（IGF-1）及胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白-1（IGFBP-1）水平的影响及其作用机制，明确二甲双胍治疗的临床效果。方法2002年1—11月对山西医科大学第二医院24例PCOS患者给予二甲双胍500mg，一日3次，8～24周治疗，比较治疗前后血清IGF-1、IGFBP-1、空腹胰岛素及睾酮水平，并对月经恢复、排卵、妊娠情况进行分析。结果二甲双胍可降低血清空腹胰岛素及睾酮水平，能显著升高IGFBP-1水平，治疗前后血清IGF—1水平差异无显著性。单纯二甲双胍治疗后月经恢复率为41．67％（10／24）；自然排卵率为25．00％（6／24），自然妊娠率为12．50％（3／24）。二甲双胍加促排卵治疗共18个周期，排卵周期率66．67％（12／18），妊娠周期率为11．11％（2／18）。结论二甲双胍可以降低血清空腹胰岛素及睾酮水平，增高IGFBP-1水平，可以改善卵泡微环境，有助于月经恢复，提高促排卵和妊娠率．是治疗PCOS的重要手段。     

Should insulin-sensitizing drugs be used in the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome?

Insulin resistance is a central feature of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Hyperinsulinaemia contributes to anovulation, hyperandrogenism, infertility and early pregnancy loss in women with PCOS. Chronic hyperinsulinaemia also predisposes women with PCOS to increased risks of diabetes and cardiovascular events. Current data indicate that metformin, either as monotherapy or in combination with clomiphene in clomiphene-resistant patients, is an effective treatment for anovulation in PCOS. Initial evidence also suggests that insulin sensitizers may have a role in preventing early pregnancy loss. Of the available insulin-sensitizing agents, metformin has been the agent most frequently studied in PCOS, and has the least undesirable pregnancy safety profile. Ameliorating the metabolic syndrome associated with insulin resistance in PCOS with metformin may also prevent long-term cardiovascular and diabetes complications, pending further evidence. Based on these data, metformin should be a first-line therapy for women with PCOS.     

Outlook: metformin use in infertile patients with polycystic ovary syndrome: an evidence-based overview

Metformin is an insulin sensitizer currently used for treating type-2 diabetes mellitus and recently administered for inducing ovulatory menstrual cycles in oligo-amenorrhoeic patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). The aim of the present review is to describe the efficacy of metformin as an ovulation inducer on the basis of the most important evidence-based medicine supported data, including meta-analyses and randomized controlled trials. Specifically, we reviewed the uses of metformin as first- and second-step treatment for PCOS related anovulatory infertility and as co-treatment in infertile PCOS patients who receive gonadotrophins. To date, there is evidence that metformin is effective for restoring normal menstrual cycles in anovulatory PCOS patients, and that it is more effective and cheaper than laparoscopic ovarian drilling as the second therapeutic step in PCOS patients previously defined as resistant to clomiphene citrate. Co-administration of metformin in PCOS patients treated with gonadotrophin improves the mono-ovulation rate and can prevent ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome in patients treated with gonadotrophins for IVF cycles.     

List of Reviewers 2008

Abstract

Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) are often characterized by adiposity and insulin resistance (IR). Recent studies in patients with obesity and diabetes mellitus type 2 (DMt2) indicate that adiponectin and resistin may play a role in the pathophysiology of IR. The aim of this study was to identify a possible correlation between the plasma levels of adiponectin and resistin and IR in patients with PCOS. Thirty-one women of reproductive age were enrolled in this prospective study after being diagnosed with PCOS and IR according to Rotterdam and American Diabetes Association (ADA) criteria, respectively. Every patient was treated with a daily dose of 1275?mg metformin for 6 months. Adiponectin, resistin, and the primary hormonal and metabolic parameters of the syndrome were evaluated at entry and endpoint of treatment. Adiponectin plasma levels were reduced after metformin treatment, but resistin levels were not significantly affected. Our study suggests that circulating levels of adiponectin should be evaluated with skepticism in patients with PCOS. The adipokine's role in the manifestation of IR in PCOS remains unclear and needs further investigation.     

Das polyzystische Ovarsyndrom im Jugendalter

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is frequently manifested in adolescence. The definition of PCOS established in adults cannot be transferred to adolescents as menstrual cycles are frequently irregular in adolescents and polycystic ovaries are often undetectable at onset of PCOS. Diagnosis of PCOS in adolescents is based on the combined criteria of hyperandrogenemia and/or hirsutism and oligomenorrhea (cycle interval > 45 days or <9 menstruations per year 2 years after menarche). All other diseases with hyperandrogenism have to be excluded. Most girls with PCOS are obese and PCOS is based on insulin resistance; therefore, other diseases associated with insulin resistance, such as metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus and fatty liver are frequent in girls suffering from PCOS. The treatment of choice is weight reduction by lifestyle interventions, which is difficult to achieve in routine daily life. Depending on the leading symptoms and the associated comorbidities, drug treatment with antiandrogen contraceptives or metformin has to be considered.     

Metformin and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Literature Review

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine condition that affects women of reproductive age. Anovulation, menstrual irregularities, hirsutism, and infertility are common clinical presentations. Long-term health concerns such as type II diabetes mellitus and, possibly, cardiovascular disease, have been linked to PCOS. Metformin, an oral hypoglycemic agent, has been recently advocated as treatment for some women with PCOS due to the association of PCOS with hyperinsulinemia. Metformin is utilized as sole therapy for ovulation induction as well as in combination with traditional ovulation-induction therapies. This review identified 23 prospective studies addressing the effects of metformin on PCOS. Because of the heterogeneity of the published reports, only a qualitative assessment of the data was possible. Review of this literature confirms a beneficial role of metformin in reducing insulin resistance in some women with PCOS. Other favourable biochemical effects include reduced free testosterone levels and increased sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG). Metformin may improve menstrual regularity, leading to spontaneous ovulation, and improve ovarian response to conventional ovulation-induction therapies. There is, however, little evidence supporting the use of metformin to facilitate weight reduction, or improve serum lipids or hirsutism. Further evaluation is required to define the long-term effectiveness of metformin, who will benefit from metformin treatment, and the optimal duration of metformin therapy.     

Metformin therapy in the management of polycystic ovary syndrome: endocrine,metabolic and reproductive effects

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a convergence of multisystem endocrine derangements. Impairment in insulin metabolism is a prominent feature of the syndrome and appears to play a key pathogenetic role precipitating the cascade of other disorders associated with PCOS. Recent studies report that insulin-sensitizing agents ,such as metformin ,reduce hyperinsulinemia ,reverse the endocrinopathy of PCOS and normalize endocrine ,metabolic and reproductive functions ,leading to the resumption of menstrual cyclicity and ovulation. In this review ,we report the most recent evidence regarding metformin usage in women with PCOS.     

Genetic contributions to glucose intolerance in polycystic ovary syndrome

Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) are predisposed to develop impaired glucose tolerance and type-2 diabetes mellitus. Genetic factors appear to contribute to the insulin resistance that is characteristic of PCOS as well as to the failure of the pancreatic beta-cell to compensate adequately for this insulin resistance. The cumulative results of studies examining the genetic contribution to both the reproductive and metabolic phenotypes of PCOS are consistent with PCOS as a complex, polygenic disorder. This article reviews the background and recent studies examining the genetic contributions to glucose intolerance in PCOS.     

Metformin therapy in the management of polycystic ovary syndrome: endocrine, metabolic and reproductive effects.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a convergence of multisystem endocrine derangements. Impairment in insulin metabolism is a prominent feature of the syndrome and appears to play a key pathogenetic role precipitating the cascade of other disorders associated with PCOS. Recent studies report that insulin-sensitizing agents, such as metformin, reduce hyperinsulinemia, reverse the endocrinopathy of PCOS and normalize endocrine, metabolic and reproductive functions, leading to the resumption of menstrual cyclicity and ovulation. In this review, we report the most recent evidence regarding metformin usage in women with PCOS.     

复方口服避孕药对多囊卵巢综合征患者糖代谢的影响

多数多囊卵巢综合征(polycystic ovary syndrome,PCOS)患者存在糖代谢、脂代谢、代谢综合征等代谢障碍,罹患糖尿病、心血管疾病的风险增高。口服避孕药作为PCOS患者抗雄激素和调经治疗的一线药物取得令人满意的临床效果,但是这类可能导致糖代谢、脂代谢异常的药物,在应用于有代谢障碍的PCOS患者时可能会加剧其代谢障碍问题,而具有抗雄激素和抗盐皮质激素作用的含屈螺酮的复方口服避孕药——优思明,由于对糖代谢影响极小,有望成为这类PCOS患者的备选药物。