Enhanced pulmonary inflammation following experimental intracerebral hemorrhage

The association between brain damage and respiratory dysfunction has been recognized although mechanistic link between the two is still poorly defined. Intracerebral hemorrhage is accompanied by brain injury, stroke, and parenchymal hematoma formation with surrounding inflammation. Increase intracranial pressure as a result of intracerebral hemorrhage may promote localized activation of cytokines and coagulation system including tissue factor release. However, whether intracerebral hemorrhage triggers inflammation in noncerebral organs has not been elucidated. The aim of the present study was to examine the impact of intracerebral hemorrhage on lung inflammatory response. Intracerebral hemorrhage was induced by stereotaxic intrastriatal administration of bacterial collagenase. Expression of intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), IKB-alpha, tissue factor, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) was evaluated by Western blot analysis. Our results revealed that intracerebral hemorrhage upregulated expression of ICAM-1 and tissue factor in both brain and lung, whereas it enhanced TNF-alpha and IL-1beta mainly in brain within 6 and 24 h of the brain injury. Levels of IKB-alpha remained unchanged in brain and lung tissues. Appearance of inflammatory markers in the lung was accompanied by morphological pulmonary damage. These data suggest that intracerebral hemorrhage may trigger acute inflammatory response in both brain and lung.     

大鼠实验性脑出血后脑组织肿瘤坏死因子-α、细胞间黏附分子-1的表达

目的　研究大鼠实验性脑出血后脑组织肿瘤坏死因子 α(TNF α)、细胞间黏附分子 1(ICAM 1)的表达。方法　采用自体不凝血注入大鼠尾状核制备脑出血模型 ,免疫组化染色法检测脑组织TNF α、ICAM 1的表达。结果　脑出血后 6小时血肿周围脑组织TNF α开始表达 ,4 8小时达高峰 ,ICAM 112小时开始表达 ,72小时达高峰。各组与假手术组之间有显著差异 (均P <0 0 5 ) ;脑出血后TNF α与ICAM 1呈正相关 (r =0 872 ,P <0 0 5 ) ,TNF α表达从开始到高峰均早于ICAM 1。结论　TNF α与ICAM 1参与了脑出血继发性脑组织损伤。     

高血压脑出血患者急性期血肿周围组织的炎症反应特征

目的探讨高血压脑出血患者血肿周围组织的炎症反应特征。方法29例基底节区脑出血患者行微创血肿清除术,按出血后手术时间分为6—24h组、24～48h组及〉48h组,将手术中引流的血肿周围脑组织行白细胞共同抗原（LCA）和细胞间黏附分子-1（ICAM-1）免疫组化染色,并与对照组（非脑病尸检患者6例）进行比较。结果脑出血组脑组织标本免疫组化染色可见LCA、ICAM-1免疫阳性微血管及细胞,与对照组相比,表达量显著提高（均P〈0．01）;各时段组间LCA的表达差异无统计学意义;ICAM-1的表达24～48h组及〉48h组显著高于6—24h组（均P〈0．01）,24～48h组与〉48h组间差异无统计学意义。结论脑出血急性期血肿周围脑组织存在急性炎症反应;ICAM-1的表达在出血后48h内逐渐增多。     

脑出血灶周组织ICAM-1与MMP-9表达的实验研究

目的研究大鼠实验性脑出血后血肿周围脑组织细胞间粘附分子-1（ICAM-1），基质金属蛋白酶-9（MMP-9）的表达。方法采用立体定向技术将自体不凝血注入大鼠尾状核区制备脑出血模型，免疫组化染色法检测血肿周围脑组织ICAM-1，MMP-9的表达。结果脑出血后6h血肿旁有少量ICAM-1表达阳性细胞，12h开始增多，3d达高峰；脑出血后6h血肿周围就有较多MMP-9表达阳性细胞，2d时阳性细胞最多；脑出血后ICAM-1与MMP-9的表达呈正相关（y=0．768，P〈0．05）。结论血肿周围组织ICAM-1、MMP-9表达上调提示两者可能参与了脑出血后继发性脑损伤。     

实验性脑出血大鼠脑水肿的动态变化

目的研究大鼠脑出血后脑水肿的动态变化。方法应用立体定向技术,用大鼠自体股动脉血液100μl缓慢注入大鼠尾状核,制成脑出血模型,动态观察脑水肿的时空变化。脑水肿的测定应用干/湿重法。结果脑出血血肿周围组织含水量与对照组间差别有显著性意义,出血侧脑组织含水量与出血对侧脑组织含水量间差别有显著性意义,以出血后24-72h最明显, 至脑出血后第7d大致恢复正常。24h出血侧基底节脑组织含水量为(77．80±0．53)％,出血对侧为(77．53±0．43)％;72h出血侧基底节为(79.42±0．89)％,出血对侧为(77．64±0．34)％;假手术组手术侧基底节为(76．86±0．88)％,手术对侧为(76．89± 0．87)％。结论脑出血后脑水肿的变化是导致疾病恶化的主要原因之一。     

高血压性脑出血患者血肿周围组织基质金属蛋白酶-9和细胞间黏附分子-1的表达及意义

目的 探讨脑出血后血肿周围组织基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)和细胞间黏附分子-1(ICAM-1)的表达与脑水肿的关系.方法 ①解剖39例脑出血后不同时间死亡患者的脑组织,自出血灶边缘向外1～3 cm及出血灶对侧相应部位的脑组织进行取材,出血灶对侧设为对照组.②采用HE染色、免疫组织化学技术观察不同时间点出血灶周围MMP-9与ICAM-1在脑组织中的表达和变化规律,实验结果应用SPSS 11.5软件进行统计学分析.结果 ①脑出血2 h后出血灶周围血管内皮细胞即有MMP-9的表达[(1.2±0.8)个/高倍视野],5～10 h后血肿周围MMP-9阳性微血管数明显增高[(4.1±0.8)个/高倍视野],45～48 h达到高峰[(10.6±1.4)个/高倍视野],96～120 h后逐渐减弱[(5.0±1.1)个/高倍视野],与对照组比较,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05),360～408 h接近零表达.对照组没有MMP-9表达.②脑出血后2 h出血灶周围血管和神经细胞即有ICAM-1的表达[(2.1±0.3)个/高倍视野],17～24 h血肿周围ICAM-1阳性微血管数开始明显增加[(6.0±1.1)个/高倍视野],72 h达到高峰[(11.1±0.9)个/高倍视野],168～312 h后逐渐减弱[(4.1±0.6)个/高倍视野],仍高于对照组(P＜0.05).此外,对侧脑实质内可见少量阳性神经细胞及ICAM-1阳性微血管.③MMP-9和ICAM-1之间有明显的相关性.结论 脑出血后出血灶周围MMP-9及ICAM-1的表达增加,对脑出血后脑水肿的形成可能有促进作用;MMP-9与ICAM-1之间可能有协同作用.     

实验性脑出血后大鼠行为学和血肿周围组织病理学的研究

目的观察大鼠脑出血后不同时间点神经行为学和血肿周围脑组织病理学的特点。方法将成年SD大鼠随机分为假手术组和脑出血组;脑出血组大鼠通过立体定向术向脑内注入VII型胶原酶制成脑尾状核出血模型,并按不同时间点（1、3、7、14、28d）分为5个亚组。采用神经功能评分和HE染色分别观察脑出血大鼠神经行为学和脑组织形态学的改变。结果与假手术组相比,脑出血组大鼠的神经行为学评分3d时最明显[3d与1、7d无明显差异（P〉0.05）;与14d和28d有显著差异（P〈0.05）]。脑出血后1d在尾壳核区域可见血肿形成,呈椭圆形或不规则形;3d时脑水肿明显;7d时血肿周围脑组织有胶质细胞增生;14d时血肿区逐渐形成不规则囊腔;28d时囊腔仍然存在,出血周边区见胶质细胞进一步增多。结论脑出血后神经行为学的改变、血肿及囊腔的形成与出血时间有关。     

Minocycline and intracerebral hemorrhage: influence of injury severity and delay to treatment

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a devastating condition currently lacking a defined line of treatment. The inflammatory response that ensues following its onset is thought to contribute to secondary injury following ICH, making inflammation a potential therapeutic target. Minocycline (MC), a commonly used antibiotic that also has anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic properties, provides histological protection in several animal stroke models when given soon after injury. However, its ability to provide protection with more clinically relevant delays is unknown. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of MC on histopathological changes and long-term functional outcomes in a collagenase-induced ICH model in rats when drug administration was delayed 3 h following the onset of ICH. In accordance with other studies, MC suppressed microglial/macrophage activation in the peri-infarct region at 5 days based on B4 isolectin histochemistry. However, no reduction in infarct volume was detected at 5 or 28 days post-ICH. Minocycline given for either 5 or 14 days also provided no functional benefit as assessed with a battery of sensory-motor tests (i.e., staircase, cylinder, ladder tests). These findings raise questions about the ability of MC to provide protection in ICH when delay to treatment is increased.     

微创血肿清除术对脑出血患者血浆细胞间黏附分子-1的影响

目的探讨高血压性脑出血微创术对清除血肿后脑水肿患者血浆细胞间黏附分子-1（ICAM-1）的影响。方法113例脑出血患者随机分为内科治疗组60例、微创术血肿抽吸引流组53例;采用酶联免疫法（ELISA）测定脑出血后治疗前、治疗后第3天、第7天和第14天血浆ICAM。1含量。结果微创组和内科治疗组血清ICAM-1含量均升高;两组治疗后第3、7天的含量与治疗前（发病24h内）比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;两组治疗后不同时间点血清ICAM-1含量比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论微创术能降低血清ICAM-1水平。     

脑出血后脑水肿经时变化机制的探讨

目的 研究脑出血(mtracerebral hemorrhage，ICH)后血肿周围脑水肿与血脑屏障(blood-brain barrier，BBB)随时间变化的机制，从而为预防脑水肿提供依据。方法90只大耳白兔随机分为3组。1组：在立体定向仪下将300μl生理盐水注入兔左侧基底节；2组：注入200μl自身动脉血与100μl生理盐水；3组：注入200μl自身动脉血与100μl水蛭素。每组每时相(6h、12h、24h、48h、72h)各6只兔。脑组织含水量采用干湿重法测量，血脑屏障的通透性测定采用伊文思兰法。结果动脉血组及水蛭素干预组血肿周围脑组织含水量均在48h达到高峰．此后逐步降低。动脉血组伊文思兰(EB)于24h到达高峰，水蛭素干预组伊文思兰(EB)于48h达高峰。结论脑出血后脑水肿是多种因素综合作用的结果。早期可能和血块凝缩、流体静力压有关；至中期时凝血酶是主导因素；后期则主要由于红细胞裂解物的损害。     

实验性大鼠脑出血后TNF-α、ICAM-1的表达和脑水肿的研究

目的:探讨TNF-α、ICAM-1在大鼠脑出血后脑水肿中的表达及意义。方法:利用立体定向技术建立中等 量大鼠自体尾动脉血脑出血模型(50μl),于脑出血后6h、24h、48h、72h处死大鼠,进行脑含水量测定,并于脑出血后3h、 6h、12h、24h、48h、72h、7d处死大鼠,进行TNF-α、IGAM-1的免疫组化染色,并对结果进行统计处理。结果:大鼠脑出血 后脑水肿于48h达到高峰;大鼠脑组织表达TNF-α也于48h达到高峰,高于假手术组,分别为58．4±6．19和2±1．12,P <0．01;ICAM-1表达72h达高峰,与假手术组比较存在显著性差异,分别为7．8±0．84和0．8±0．84,P<0．01。结论: TNF-α、ICAM-1在大鼠脑出血后血肿周围表达的高峰与脑水肿高峰存在时间上的相关性,提示高表达的TNF-α、ICAM- 1可能参与了脑水肿形成。     

脑溢安对脑出血大鼠脑内bFGF表达的影响

目的：探讨国家三类新药－脑溢安颗粒（NYA）对脑出血大鼠脑出碱性成纤维因子（bFGF）蛋白和mRNA表达的影响，从而为治疗脑出血，促进 神经功能的修复提供理论依据。方法：用Ⅶ型胶原酶诱导大鼠脑出血模型，并进行行为学计分，免疫组化、Northern blot4及吸光度扫描。结果：模型组的行为学计分在术后24h时开始降低，7d时逐渐减弱，脑溢安组在各个时间的表达均强于模型组，结论：脑溢安治疗脑出血有增强bFGF的表达，从而使行为学得到改善，这可能是脑溢安促进神经功能修复的主要机制之一。     

脑出血大鼠脑组织ICAM-1的表达与脑含水量的变化及药物对其影响

目的探讨脑出血后血肿周围脑组织炎性损伤的病理发展过程。方法健康Wister大鼠72只随机分成脑出血模型组、假手术组、麝香组,分别于3h、24h、72h、7d取血肿周围脑组织检测细胞间黏附因子-1(ICAM-1)的表达及出血侧脑组织含水量的测定。结果与假手术组比较,脑出血组ICAM-1从3h起即有表达,72h达高峰,持续7d仍有表达(P<0.05)。脑含水量在24h后明显增加(P<0.01),7d时与假手术组无显著性差异。结论ICAM-1在血肿周围的高表达推测是脑出血后水肿形成和缺血性损伤的主要原因之一。减少ICAM-1的表达和脑含水量推测是复方麝香注射液的药理机制。     

血红素氧合酶-1与脑出血的继发性损害

自发性脑出血是指非外伤性脑实质出血,发病率高,死亡率高[1],且脑出血后患者多遗留不同程度的神经功能障碍。因此,探讨脑出血后脑组织损伤的病理生理机制对于改善脑出血病情及预后是十分必要的。大量研究表明自发性脑出血后造成的脑损伤存在多种机制[2]:早期血肿机械占位效应、     

红细胞致脑出血后血肿周围脑组织HO-1的表达

目的　观察红细胞致脑出血后血肿周围脑组织 HO- 1的表达、脑组织含水量的变化。方法　采用立体定向法将自体浓缩红细胞注入大鼠脑基底节区制作实验动物模型 ,通过免疫组化、干湿重法 ,观察血肿周围脑组织 HO- 1的表达及脑组织含水量。结果　血肿周围脑组织 HO- 1在 6 h即开始表达 ,2 4 h明显增多 ,2 4～ 4 8h达高峰 ,脑组织含水量在 2 4 h无明显变化 ,4 8h有所增加 ,72 h显著增加并达到高峰 ,随后逐步下降。二者成正相关 ( r=0 .773,P<0 .0 5 )。结论　 HO- 1的表达在红细胞致脑水肿的形成过程中起着重要的作用     

脑出血后神经炎症与干细胞交互调控的研究进展

大量的干细胞及其衍生细胞[如胚胎干细胞、神经干细胞(NSCs)、间充质干细胞(MSCs)]被应用于脑出血后神经功能缺损的治疗.然而,移植后多数细胞死亡,其原因很可能是移植细胞所面临的病理环境所致.目前,小胶质细胞活化和神经炎症被认为是脑出血后继发性脑损伤很重要的病情进展因素.本文在研究脑出血后的细胞因子依赖性神经毒性和炎症来源氧化应激的基础上,重点总结了炎症介质对于移植干细胞或其来源细胞的多方面影响和干细胞的免疫调节特性.     

Microglia-derived interleukin-10 accelerates post-intracerebral hemorrhage hematoma clearance by regulating CD36

Hematoma size after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) significantly affects patient outcome. However, our knowledge of endogenous mechanisms that underlie hematoma clearance and the potential role of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10) is limited. Using organotypic hippocampal slice cultures and a collagenase-induced ICH mouse model, we investigated the role of microglial IL-10 in phagocytosis ex vivo and hematoma clearance in vivo. In slice culture, exposure to hemoglobin induced IL-10 expression in microglia and enhanced phagocytosis that depended on IL-10–regulated expression of CD36. Following ICH, IL-10–deficient mice had more severe neuroinflammation, brain edema, iron deposition, and neurologic deficits associated with delayed hematoma clearance. Intranasal administration of recombinant IL-10 accelerated hematoma clearance and improved neurologic function. Additionally, IL-10–deficient mice had weakened in vivo phagocytic ability owing to decreased expression of microglial CD36. Moreover, loss of IL-10 significantly increased monocyte-derived macrophage infiltration and enhanced brain inflammation in vivo. These results indicate that IL-10 regulates microglial phagocytosis and monocyte-derived macrophage infiltration after ICH and that CD36 is a key phagocytosis effector regulated by IL-10. Leveraging the innate immune response to ICH by augmenting IL-10 signaling may provide a useful strategy for accelerating hematoma clearance and improving neurologic outcome in clinical translation studies.     

脑出血大鼠脑组织IGF-1的表达及其对细胞凋亡的影响

目的研究胰岛素样生长因子-1（IGF-1）在实验性大鼠脑出血（ICH）后脑组织中的表达及其对细胞凋亡的影响。方法应用立体定向技术，将自体未抗凝血注入大鼠基底节区以制备ICH模型；将动物分为正常对照组、ICH组及干预组，分别在不同时间断头取脑以制作标本，连续切片分别作IGF-1免疫组化染色及TUNEL染色。结果ICH后2h血肿周围脑组织表达IGF-1，24h达表达高峰，7d时恢复正常；TUNEL染色阳性细胞于ICH后8h开始出现，3d时达高峰，7d时仍有表达；给予外源性IGF-1后，凋亡细胞显著减少，与同时点ICH组相比差别有显著性。结论ICH后IGF-1可抑制细胞凋亡的发生，从而减轻ICH后继发性脑损伤。     

基因芯片研究大鼠脑出血血肿周围组织早期的基因表达

目的 应用基因芯片技术研究脑出血早期差异表达基因,为从基因水平探讨脑出血的病理机制奠定理论基础.方法 用Ⅶ型胶原酶立体定位法制备急性脑出血动物模型,取脑出血后4h血肿周围组织和相同部位的正常大鼠脑组织进行基因芯片对照检测,用扫描仪扫描芯片荧光信号和计算机分析,并用RT-PCR考证基因表达谱的结果.结果 发现差异表达基因129个,上调基因114个,下调基因15个,这些基因主要涉及到应激和免疫应答、细胞凋亡、能量代谢、信号转导.尤其是有关炎性损害的基因上调明显.结论脑出血早期存在多个差异表达基因,这些差异表达的基因可能在出血性脑损伤中发挥重要作用.     

Prior use of 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme a reductase inhibitor, simvastatin fails to improve outcome after experimental intracerebral hemorrhage

Objective

Contrary to some clinical belief, there were quite a few studies regarding animal models of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in vivo suggesting that prior use of statins may improve outcome after ICH. This study reports the effect of 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG CoA) reductase inhibitor, simvastatin given before experimental ICH.

Methods

Fifty-one rats were subjected to collagenase-induced ICH, subdivided in 3 groups according to simvastatin treatment modality, and behavioral tests were done. Hematoma volume, brain water content and hemispheric atrophy were analyzed. Immunohistochemical staining for microglia (OX-42) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) was performed and caspase-3 activity was also measured.

Results

Pre-simvastatin therapy decreased inflammatory reaction and perihematomal cell death, but resulted in no significant reduction of brain edema and no eNOS expression in the perihematomal region. Finally, prior use of simvastatin showed less significant improvement of neurological outcome after experimental ICH when compared to post-simvastatin therapy.

Conclusion

The present study suggests that statins therapy after ICH improves neurological outcome, but prior use of statins before ICH might provide only histological improvement, providing no significant impact on neurological outcome against ICH.