皮肤软组织扩张术美容修复烧伤后头皮缺损合并颅骨外露

目的：探讨应用皮肤软组织扩张术一期修复头部深度烧伤所致头皮缺损和颅骨外露的可行性和实用性。方法：1998年～2008年,我科共收治14例严重烧伤后头皮缺损合并颅骨外露的患者,其中电击伤12例,煤气中毒昏迷后颞顶部煤炉灼伤2例。头皮缺损面积4cm×6cm～8cm×16cm,颅骨外露最小3cm×2cm,最大12cm×6cm。电击伤或深度烧伤后1～6月余,创面清洁换药后,无明显创周炎,术中碘伏纱布覆盖创面并缝合固定,应用圆形和肾形皮肤软组织扩张器,置于头皮帽状腱膜下层,其切口位于预扩张皮瓣的远端,剥离范围距离创缘不小于2cm。注水扩张时间为1～5月,扩张器埋置1～3只,注水扩张总容量300～900ml,扩张额外皮肤面积为缺损面积的1.5～2倍。术中将外露坏死颅骨外板予以清除;或者在颅骨外板上钻孔,等待肉芽生长后,再行预扩张皮瓣覆盖。将扩张器取出后,将皮瓣和腔隙内形成的纤维膜切断,以利于皮瓣延伸和转移,并放置负压引流。结果：扩张部位无1例发生感染;有2例预扩张面积不够,经头皮总动员覆盖头皮缺损创面;其中1例坏死颅骨清除不彻底,形成枕部窦道,经再次手术,清除死骨并行局部皮瓣转移手术,修复枕部窦道;1例颞骨外露创面经接力扩张修复。术后头皮毛发生长如常。结论：电击伤等所致头皮缺损合并颅骨外露创面,完全可以应用软组织扩张术形成的头皮预扩张皮瓣进行一次性美容修复,无须Ⅱ期解决秃发畸形问题,较传统方法有明显优点。     

皮肤扩张术在头皮缺损修复中的应用

目的探讨皮肤软组织扩张术修复头皮软组织缺损的手术方法的改进及并发症防治。方法2002年10月~2005年6月,采用一期置入扩张器行皮肤扩张术,常规注水充分扩张后,二期合理设计扩张皮瓣转移修复缺损的方法,治疗头部皮肤软组织32例。其中男20例,女12例。年龄5~48岁。均为头皮病变手术切除后缺损,缺损范围7cm×5cm~20cm×20cm,均不伴其他部位损伤。置入扩张器均为圆柱形,容积50~250ml,采用注射壶内置法,注水扩张时间6~16周。扩张皮瓣的范围8cm×5cm~25cm×23cm。结果32例头皮缺损均完全修复,仅1例皮瓣远端表皮坏死,经换药治疗后延期愈合,余扩张皮瓣均完全成活。术后随访1年头发生长良好,瘢痕隐蔽,外观满意。并发症4例,分别为皮瓣远端表皮坏死、血肿、扩张器外露和切口裂开各1例。结论皮肤软组织扩张术是一种修复头皮软组织缺损的理想方法。     

皮肤软组织扩张术在头皮缺损伴颅骨外露修复中的应用

目的 探讨外伤致大面积头皮缺损后的肉芽组织创面伴颅骨外露的修复方法.方法 对外伤后头皮缺损肉芽组织创面伴颅骨外露8例患者,在形成新鲜肉芽组织创面后于正常头皮帽状腱膜下埋置皮肤软组织扩张器12只,术中以及注水扩张过程中严格无菌操作,适度扩张,保持扩张部位丰富的血液循环.扩张满意后取出皮肤软组织扩张器行扩张后皮瓣修复创面.结果 8例患者均完成头皮缺损创面的修复,扩张器埋置术后以及注水扩张过程中未见感染.结论 皮肤软组织扩张术可以修复外伤头皮缺损后肉芽组织创面伴颅骨外露.     

游离股前外侧皮瓣在复杂头皮软组织缺损中的应用

目的 探讨游离股前外侧皮瓣修复复杂头皮软组织缺损的临床疗效。方法 应用游离股前外侧皮瓣修复20例复杂头皮软组织缺损患者,其中合并颅骨外露6例,颅骨缺损3例,合并感染4例,合并头皮疤痕挛缩9例。头皮缺损面积6 cm×10 cm～22 cm×13 cm,颅骨外露6 cm×8 cm～21 cm×12 cm。结果 术后随访6个月～2年,19例皮瓣均完全成活,皮瓣柔软,无明显色素沉着。其中1例小儿患者术后第3天出现皮瓣远端颅顶部部分发黑,予以换药、温盐水热敷、蒂部缝线拆除后皮瓣成活,但遗留色素沉着。20例患者中,仅1例发生供区发生植皮边缘坏死,予以换药处理后创面愈合。结论 旋股外侧动脉降支与颞浅动脉口径相当,应用游离股前外侧皮瓣可有效修复创伤及肿瘤所致复杂头皮软组织缺损。     

皮肤软组织扩张术修复头皮缺损并颅骨外露九例

1994年以来 ,笔者单位应用皮肤软组织扩张术 ,修复电烧伤后头皮缺损及颅骨外露 9例 ,将创面修复与后期整形一次完成 ,在治疗新鲜创面的同时避免了秃发、畸形等并发症。临床资料 :本组 9例 ,均为男性高压电击伤患者 ,年龄 8～ 37岁 ,合并颅骨外露最大面积 8cm× 5cm。每例埋置扩     

游离皮瓣在颅骨外露的头皮缺损中的应用

目的:报告应用游离皮瓣修复头皮缺损致颅骨外露的方法和临床疗效。方法:本组5例患者年龄5～58岁,平均35岁,因创伤、肿瘤等原因造成头皮部分缺损并颅骨外露,缺损面积在8cm×10cm～15cm×10cm;缺损部位为颞部、顶部及额部。分别选用游离胸脐皮瓣、旋股外侧皮瓣和胫后动脉皮瓣等移植修复创面。结果:本组5例患者移植皮瓣Ⅰ期成活,其中2例移植皮瓣后行头皮扩张术,术后扩张头皮全部覆盖创面,毛发生长良好。术后随访6～18个月,患者皮瓣除臃肿外,创面Ⅰ期愈合,外形效果好。结论:采用吻合血管的游离皮瓣移植修复颅骨缺损,可以在短期内完全覆盖裸露的颅骨,确保了颅骨的成活。皮瓣成活后,可以Ⅱ期手术修整或头皮扩张术,既修复创面又能恢复头部外观,是一种理想的修复方式。     

肿胀技术下皮肤软组织扩张术治疗头皮缺损伴颅骨外露

目的:探讨皮肤软组织扩张术与肿胀技术相结合,修复头皮缺损伴颅骨外露的外科治疗效果.方法:将皮肤软组织扩张术与肿胀技术相结合,修复头皮缺损伴颅骨外露8例患者,与以往9例未采用肿胀技术的病例在术中出血、术后早期疼痛及术后血肿发生率进行比较.结果:应用该方法为8例患者修复头皮缺损伴颅骨外露,术中出血少,术后早期疼痛减轻,术后血肿发生率低.经术后3个月～2年的随诊,疗效满意.结论:肿胀技术下皮肤软组织扩张术治疗头皮缺损伴颅骨外露是一种安全可靠实用的方法,值得临床推广应用.     

皮肤软组织扩张术治疗头皮良性肿瘤术后缺损16例

目的 总结皮肤软组织扩张术治疗头皮良性肿瘤的疗效。方法 2000年1月～2005年9月，对16例头皮良性肿瘤患者，采用皮肤软组织扩张术治疗术后头皮缺损。其中男10例，女6例；年龄6～35岁。病程6～35年，平均21年。神经纤维瘤6例，血管瘤5例，头皮巨大黑色素细胞痣4例，毛细淋巴管瘤1例。14例接受1次软组织扩张术治疗，2例因病变巨大接受2次软组织扩张术治疗。扩张头皮瓣7．5cm×10．5cm～17cm×25cm。结果经1次皮肤软组织扩张术的患者，13例完全修复病变切除后残留创面，1例修复大部分创面，残留小部分非头发生长区，经植皮修复；经2次皮肤软组织扩张术的2例患者术后完全修复病变切除后残留创面。术后获随访6～12个月，无肿瘤复发，头发生长良好。结论 皮肤软组织扩张术是修复头皮巨大良性肿瘤切除后残留创面的主要方法之一。     

皮肤扩张术治疗大面积头皮缺损

临床上头皮大面积缺损者并不少见。近年来 ,我们采用皮肤扩张术修复大面积头皮缺损 5例 ,报告如下。1　临床资料本组男 4例 ,女 1例 ,年龄 18～ 6 1岁。病程 4个月～ 3年 ,其中头皮鳞状细胞癌 1例 ,黄脂瘤病 1例 ,头皮烧伤 3例 (2例伴有颅骨烧伤 ) ,头皮缺损为 8～ 10 cm× 7～ 11cm。手术分两期进行。一期皮肤扩张器置入。于病灶周围正常皮肤处选择扩张部位 ,切口长约 4～ 5 cm,距创面边缘 8～10 cm帽状腱膜下潜行分离 ,形成腔隙 ,选择与病灶大小相适应的 15 0 ml或 2 0 0 ml肾形皮肤扩张器 2枚 ,分别置入不同腔隙 ,注射壶留置于切口外 ,逐…     

头皮扩张术修复头皮电烧伤颅骨外露创面的方法改进

目的：总结采用头皮扩张术修复头皮电烧伤颅骨外露创面的成功经验。方法：于烧伤后期创面溶痂或剥痂后施术，加强围手术期创面的处理，选择远离创面的垂直小切口，加强创缘与囊腔间的间隔组织，植入1-2个容量200ml的扩张囊，超量注水。结果：2000年3月-2003年1月，治疗5例，8个扩张皮瓣均成活，伤口Ⅰ期愈合，无任何并发症发生，随访显示毛发生长良好。结论：头皮扩张术是修复头皮电烧伤颅骨外露创面的理想方法。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.