基于迭代算法的CT肺部兴趣区图像提取

目的自动提取CT肺部兴趣区,以辅助医生诊断和治疗肺部疾病。方法利用迭代算法自动提取肺部兴趣区,并和影像医生手工提取的肺部兴趣区作对比。结果自动提取的肺部兴趣区图像与手工提取的肺部兴趣区图像在外形、灰度和方差方面,结果非常接近。结论利用迭代算法自动提取肺部兴趣区的方法可行。     

医学生职业兴趣与人格特质的关系研究

目的探索医学生人格特质和职业兴趣之间的关系。方法采用霍兰德职业兴趣量表和"大五"人格量表(NEO-FFI),以及自编职业兴趣与人格关系问卷,对200名医学生进行调查研究。结果 200名医学生的职业兴趣类型分布中,社会型最多,占37.0%;现实型最少,仅占6.5%。不同人格特质的医学生职业兴趣分布不同,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论医学生职业兴趣受人格特质影响,二者关系复杂,通过人格特质能对职业兴趣有一定的预测作用。     

多措并举培养小学生作文兴趣 ——小学语文趣味作文教学的实践与思考

兴趣是最好的老师,是学生努力学习的内动力.诱发兴趣,激起学生"写"的欲望至关重要.在小学作文教学中要开放思维、鼓励创新、培养兴趣,使学生乐写会写想写.在教学中老师要学会进行趣味作文教学,通过指导学生在多彩生活中发现兴趣,在培养学生想象能力中诱发兴趣,在观察中拓宽写作视野激发兴趣,鼓励学生在自由练笔中感受兴趣,在批改中给予学生鼓励激发兴趣等.在培养兴趣中实施作文教学,使学生在兴趣驱动下,积极去观察、去思考,去创新,让学生引上作文之路,由兴趣教学推动作文教学的发展.     

简单说说小学低年级数学教学中如何激发学生的学习兴趣

“没有兴趣的学习，无异是一种苦役；没有兴趣的地方，就没有智慧和灵感。”数学的教学内容较抽象、枯燥、无味，它没有形象生动的语言及生动的故事情节，不易引起学生对数学的学习兴趣。作为小学一年级的数学教师，我善于诱发学生的学习兴趣。我经常利用具体形象的事物和一些有趣的故事来激发学生的兴趣。     

浅谈如何培养学生的数学学习兴趣

托尔斯泰说过成功的教学不是强制,而是培养学生的兴趣兴趣是最好的老师是学生获得知识和能力的源动力,有兴趣才有渴求,有渴求才会进取,在兴趣的引导下,学生才会摆脱"要我学"变为"我要学".由此可见,学生数学学习兴趣培养的重要性.培养和激发学生学习数学的兴趣,全面提高数学教学质量是每个数学教师都必须重视的问题.     

在科学活动中培养幼儿兴趣的尝试

兴趣是学习的最大动力，他能推动孩子积极从事某种活动，从而有可能促进其某方面能力的发展并有可能形成某种专长。可是幼儿对周围环境生活以及万事万物，虽然都有很强的好奇心和探索兴趣，但因受心理水平和教育程度的局限他们这种兴趣往往肤浅并容易转移。如果教师不注重引导和课题设计只针对某一科学知识仅作就事论事的讲解，想让幼儿对科学知识产生浓厚兴趣显然是不可能的。我们应该充分认识兴趣对孩子能力发展的重要意义，理解幼儿兴趣的特点，从而积极地培养幼儿对科学活动的兴趣。     

兴趣班，莫成孩子兴趣杀手

在条件许可的情况下，多接触一些课外知识和活动可以有利于培养孩子的见识和兴趣。但是，最近刚出台的《2008年父母最关注的才艺培养问题调查报告》却显示：许多兴趣班非但没有培养孩子的兴趣，反而“扼杀”了他们的兴趣，那应该如何了解孩子的兴趣呢？     

学习兴趣与职教地理教学

积极的学习兴趣有利于集中学生学习的注意力,促进学生思维的发展,培养学生的创造性,培养学生终身学习的能 力.通过树立教师形象,培养学生的学习兴趣;通过创设问题情境,唤起学生的学习兴趣;通过创设成功的情境,增 强学生的学习兴趣,以达到提高职教地理教学的效率和教学的质量的目的.     

如何激发学生学习历史的学习兴趣

大家都知道"兴趣是最好的老师",兴趣是学生学习和创造的动力之源,学生如果对所学的科目感兴趣,就会更加愉快,积极主动地学习,因此,要提高历史教学质量,应该从培养学生学习历史的兴趣入手.怎么样才能激发学生学习历史的学习兴趣呢?     

浅谈培养孩子的学习兴趣

良好的兴趣是人生重要的心理素质,什么是兴趣?兴趣是怎么形成?怎么促进学生兴趣的发展,下面结合我的教学经验,谈谈我的一点拙见.     

中山市儿童期超重对青少年肥胖影响的队列研究

目的 了解广东省中山市7~18岁儿童青少年肥胖的发病率,探讨儿童期超重对青少年肥胖的影响。方法 于2005年对中山市一年级小学生体检测量身高、体重,连续随访10年(1次/年),共有2 188名中山市小学一年级到高中一年级学生作为回顾性队列研究对象。使用2018年颁布的《学龄儿童青少年超重与肥胖筛查》 (WS/T 586-2018) 评价超重及肥胖,并计算肥胖的检出率及发病率,采用χ²检验和log-binomial模型分析儿童期超重对青少年肥胖的影响。结果 小学一年级学生肥胖的检出率为4.89%,小学四年级时达到最高为6.99%,高中一年级时为4.43%。肥胖的发病率在小学二年级时最高为1.83%,高中一年级时降低到0.74%。小学一年级时超重的学生在高中一年级时肥胖累积发病率是小学一年级时正常体重学生的8.85倍(9年的累积发病率41.33% vs.4.67%,RR=8.85,95%CI:6.12~12.78)。结论 从小学一年级到高中一年级期间,儿童期肥胖发病率较高。儿童期超重明显增加青少年肥胖的风险。肥胖干预应该从儿童期开展,尤其应该重点关注超重的儿童。     

Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid Efficacy, potential abuse, and dependence in the treatment of alcohol addiction

The main objective in alcoholism therapy is to achieve and maintain abstinence and to prevent relapse. Pharmacotherapy may be necessary in treating persons who are not helped by group or psychosocial support alone. Among the substances experimented with in the past few years, gamma-hydroxybutyric acid has been effective in preventing alcohol withdrawal syndrome and in inducing a reduction in craving and an increase in the abstinence rate in treated alcoholics, in view of the alcohol-mimicking effects of the drug on the central nervous system. However, a possible development of craving for the drug and the risk of abuse and physical dependence have been reported in subjects who used gamma-hydroxybutyric acid for different reasons, including alcoholism therapy. The present review updates the existing differences in drug abuse behavior, side effects, and poisoning in the use of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid in a treatment alcoholism program and in self nonclinical illicit use.     

Human biomonitoring in Israel: past, present, future

The first human biomonitoring (HBM) studies in Israel in the 1970s and 80s focused on measuring exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine insecticides in the general population and organophosphate pesticides in agricultural workers. In the late 1990 s, a regional human biomonitoring study found differences in blood lead levels in children from Israel, Jordan, and the Palestinian Authority. Taken together with data on time trends in lead emissions in Israel, the study indicated the benefits from phasing out of leaded gasoline. More recently, a pilot study in pregnant women in Jerusalem, conducted in collaboration with the US-CDC, found widespread exposure to phthalates, organophosphate pesticides, and the carbamate bendiocarb. Creatinine-adjusted total dimethyl (DM) metabolite concentrations were between 4 and 6 times higher than populations of pregnant women in the United States. The Israel Ministry of Health is currently collaborating with the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and Al Quds University to study exposures to phthalates and organophosphates in pregnant women in Israel and the Palestinian Authority. The Israel Ministry of Health has also begun the first National Biomonitoring Study to measure exposures to bisphenol A, phthalates, organophosphates, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, the phytoestrogens genistein and daidzein, and cotinine in the Israeli adult population. This study is being carried out in collaboration with the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg in Germany. Until recently, HBM programs in Israel were targeted at selected occupational groups (workers potentially exposed to metals, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and cholinesterase inhibitors) and naval divers potentially exposed to environmental contaminants. The future of HBM in Israel lies in extending such programs to measuring exposures in representative samples of the general population, increasing international collaboration in this field, developing analytical capacity and expertise, and increasing use of human biomonitoring studies in forming and evaluating environmental health policy.     

Occupational stress and strain in the Naval Service: 1999 and 2004

BACKGROUND: Surveys of occupational stress were undertaken in 1999 and 2004. OBJECTIVE: To measure the prevalence of psychological strain and exposure to work-related stressors in personnel. METHOD: A cross-sectional survey using a validated, reliable questionnaire was undertaken in 1999 and was replicated in 2004. The data were combined and models of stress-strain were developed for male and female personnel in the Royal Navy (RN) and males in the Royal Marines (RM). RESULTS: The response rates were 78% in 1999 and 67% in 2004. Strain prevalence was 32% in 1999 and 33.5% in 2004. Strain rates were higher in females than in males and in personnel serving at sea. Reduced organizational commitment was associated with strain in males and females. Dissatisfaction with the physical work environment was associated with strain in RN females and RM. Role conflict was associated with strain in all groups. Work-family conflict was associated with strain in males, but not in females. The models accounted for 20-30% of the variance in strain. CONCLUSION: The strain rate in the Naval Service appeared to be similar to that in the other service occupations such as the UK Police, as did the sex difference in strain. The strain rate and stressor exposure ratings were remarkably stable over the period. Role conflict was found to be a generic stressor associated with strain.     

武夷山登革热媒介监测结果分析

目的：开展登革热媒介监测，预防和控制登革热暴发性流行。方法：调查武夷山机场及其毗邻居民村、度假区等环境媒介种类与滋生习性，以布雷图指数计算幼虫种群密度。结果：本调查仅查获白纹伊蚊，未发现埃及伊蚊。机场、居民村、度假区白纹伊蚊的布雷图指数分别为15．91、8．90和53．26，其中毗邻机场的旧居民点赤石村布雷图指数高达109．26，是新居民点双利村的5倍。发现白纹伊蚊阳性积水容器13种，机场生活区的阳性积水容器主要为快餐盒和电器包装盒；居民村主要为旧缸罐等容器型积水；度假区主要为旧轮胎和假山积水。结论：武夷山旧居民村白纹伊蚊种群密度明显较新村、机场和度假区为高。     

2010年与2015年江西省老年人群恶性肿瘤疾病负担研究

目的 分析2010年和2015年江西省老年人群恶性肿瘤的疾病负担及其变化趋势,为该省肿瘤防控策略的制定提供依据。 方法 从2015年中国分省份疾病负担研究中选取2010年和2015年江西省老年人群恶性肿瘤的发病数、死亡数、过早死亡损失寿命年(years of life lost, YLL)、伤残损失寿命年(years lived with disability, YLD)和伤残调整寿命年(disability-adjusted life year, DALY)等数据,使用2010年全国人口普查数据作为标准人口,计算标化的发病率、死亡率和DALY率,以此评价江西省老年人群恶性肿瘤的发病、死亡和疾病负担的变化情况。 结果 江西省老年人群恶性肿瘤总体标化发病率、标化死亡率和标化DALY率均为男性>女性。 2015年相比2010年,恶性肿瘤总体标化发病率在50～<70岁组和70~岁组中分别上升1.66%和下降5.24%,标化发病率前五位为肺癌、胃癌、肝癌、乳腺癌和结肠癌;总体标化死亡率在两个年龄组分别下降4.18%和9.12%,而总体标化DALY率分别下降5.24%和11.63%,标化死亡率和DALY率前五位均为肺癌、肝癌、胃癌、结直肠癌和食管癌。此外,2010年和2015年,YLL/DALY达95%以上;前三位癌种肺癌、肝癌和胃癌的DALY占总体的60.56%和60.00%。 结论 2015年疾病负担相对2010年有所下降。江西省老年人群需要重点防治的恶性肿瘤是肺癌、肝癌和胃癌,男性是重点防控对象。     

Toxicology of progestogens of implantable contraceptives for women

There are currently four progestogens used in implantable contraceptives marketed or tested in clinical trials: levonorgestrel in Norplant and Jadelle, etonogestrel (3-keto-desogestrel) in Implanon, nestorone in Elcometrine, and nomegestrol acetate in Uniplant and Surplant. Each progestogen was evaluated for hormonal activity and for safety in a wide variety of tests in vitro and in animals prior to their use in women. All four progestogens underwent pre-clinical testing that generally followed the format for animal testing of steroidal contraceptives published by the World Health Organization and the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Most of the progestogens have been tested for genotoxicity in bacterial and mammalian cultured cells and in rodents. All were tested for toxicity in short- and long-term toxicology studies in rodents and dogs or monkeys, and all were tested for their effects on reproduction and fetal development. In most cases, the progestogens were tested for carcinogenicity in two rodent species, rats and mice. Early clinical trials in small numbers of women provided additional safety data prior to the exposure of large numbers of women in Phase 3 clinical trials. The published data and data submitted to the FDA demonstrate that the implantable progestogens have no significant or unusual toxicities and have a similar safety profile to the progestogens found in the approved oral contraceptives.     

Change in cardiovascular risk factors in France, 1985–1997

The change in the main cardiovascular risk factors in France was assessed using the MONICA population surveys conducted in the Urban Community of Lille, Bas-Rhin and Haute-Garonne. Trends in obesity, tobacco smoking, hypertension, hypercholesterolaemia and self-reported diabetes were established for the first (1985-1988) and the last (1995-1997) survey. The results indicate that the prevalence of overweight and obesity remained stable in both genders; tobacco smoking decreased in men but increased in women. Prevalence of hypertension decreased, and preventive measures improved in both genders. Prevalence of hypercholesterolaemia remained stable, and preventive measures improved only in men. Prevalence of self-reported diabetes increased solely in women, and preventive measures improved in both genders. However, in 1995-1997 still 40% of the treated hypertensive and 30% of the treated hypercholesterolaemic subjects were not adequately controlled. We conclude that prevalence and prevention of the main cardiovascular risk factors have evolved favourably in France, but the management of hypercholesterolaemia and hypertension can still be improved.     

Techo de cristal y desigualdades de género en la carrera profesional de las mujeres académicas e investigadoras en ciencias biomédicas

ObjectiveTo identify in the international scientific literature the obstacles and potential promoters for the advancement of women academics and researchers in biomedical sciences during their professional careers.MethodPubMed, Scopus, CinahlPlus, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, PsycInfo and Sociological Abstracts were systematically searched for articles published in English and Spanish between January 2006 and December 2016 on the phenomenon of the glass ceiling in women academics and researchers in biomedical sciences. The screening was carried out by independent reviewers.ResultsA total of 2254 studies were found, of which 23 were included in the review. The obstacles identified for the promotion of women academics and/or researchers in biomedical sciences are: gender bias in the evaluation of research results, individualism and lack of collaboration, women's lack of influence, the existence of gender inequalities in access to employment. The perception of sexism and discrimination in the work environment, and the difficulties in reconciling work and family life. The promoting elements are: examples of women in leadership positions, mentoring, facilitating conciliation, transparency in recruitment, participation in decision-making, gender assessment of research, awareness of gender inequalities in institutions, promoting collaboration, and pay equity.ConclusionsBy enhancing the elements favouring the promotion of academic women in biomedical sciences would help to reduce the glass ceiling in the career paths of women academics and health science researchers by increasing their participation, leadership and representation. A change of organizational and institutional values is required to achieve this.     

The Black diaspora and health inequalities in the US and England: does where you go and how you get there make a difference?

The relatively poor health of Black American people in the US and Black Caribbean people in England is a consistent finding in the health inequalities literature. Indeed, there are many similarities between the health, social, economic and demographic profiles of these two groups. However, there is evidence that Caribbean people in the US are faring considerably better. This paper explores differences in the social and economic position of Black American, Black Caribbean and white people in the US and Black Caribbean and white people in England, how these relate to ethnic inequalities in health, and may be underpinned by differences in patterns and contexts of migration. We use similar surveys from the US and England to explore these questions. The US data were drawn from the National Survey of American Life and the English data were drawn from the Health Survey for England and a follow up study. Findings show the advantaged health position of Caribbean American people in comparison with both Caribbean people in England and Black American people. Multivariate analyses indicate that these differences, and the differences in health between Black and white people in the two countries, are a consequence of social and economic inequalities.