Roentgen diagnosis of the posterior part of the base of the skull

Since the cranial nerves and the base of the skull are spatially close to each other, certain complexes of symptoms and signs give a very accurate indication of the possible location of the lesion. Basing on such neurologic-topical structuralisation, lesions of the cerebrellopontine angle, the foramen jugulare, the clivus and of the foramen magnum are discussed systematically. The various techniques of radiological imaging or examination are assessed in accordance with their diagnostic ranking, and characteristic constellations of findings are described.     

Imaging of the nerves of the knee region

Peripheral neuropathies are a frequent, but often underdiagnosed, cause of pain and functional impairment. The clinical symptoms can be subtle, and other neurologic or non neurologic clinical entities are often evoked. MRI and ultrasonography are the imaging modalities of choice for depicting nerves and assessing neuropathies. Common neuropathies in the knee area involve the saphenous, the tibial, the common peroneal and the sural nerves. The most frequent mechanisms of nerve injury in this area are nerve entrapment and nerve stretching. A perfect knowledge of the normal imaging anatomy is essential for accurate assessment of neuropathies. In this article, we will review the anatomy of the nerves around the knee, and their normal and pathological appearance.     

Propagation of the uncertainties of sample position to the uncertainty of the counting efficiency in gamma-ray spectrometry.

The uncertainties generated by inaccurate positioning of homogeneous cylindrical samples are propagated into the uncertainty of the counting efficiency. In this work general expressions describing the uncertainty of the counting efficiency in terms of the sample and detector properties are derived. The uncertainty of the counting efficiency generated by the uncertainty of the sample-detector distance is evaluated using the point detector concept. The uncertainty generated by the displacement of the symmetry axes of the sample and the detector is evaluated using the empirical radial dependence of the efficiency for point sources. Results are presented for some counting geometries resembling counting conditions frequently used in actual measurements. The results of the evaluations are compared to experimentally measured results and are briefly discussed.     

Roentgen diagnosis of the medial part of the base of the skull

The median section of the base of the skull offers many diagnostic problems in radiology. Findings of the plain radiographs and tomographs, of computed tomography and angiography are demonstrated in cases of space-occupying growths of the sella region, lesions of the fossa temporalis and of the region of the pyramid of the medulla oblongata, from a differential diagnostic viewpoint. Sequelae of traumas are discussed separately.     

Service for Disaster Medicine of the Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation at the present stage

The basic documents of the history of service Disaster Medicine in the USSR and the Armed Forces of the country, employed in this branch of medical terminology, classification of emergency situations are presented. The problem of Disaster Medicine Service of the Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation at the present stage, the levels of its operations and readiness, as well as the structure and objectives of the medical detachment for special purposes are considered. The involvement of service in peacekeeping operations and medical support of local armed conflicts are assessed.     

Articular Fractures of the Dome of the Talus

Osteochondral fractures of the talar dome are often overlooked because the symptoms are similar to ankle sprains. The most common site of fracture is on either the superolateral or superomedial margin of the dome. Lateral lesions are caused by inversion and dorsiflexion of the ankle, while medial lesions result from inversion and plantar flexion. Careful inspection of x-ray films is the only way to diagnose an acute injury. Surgical treatment is usually required to avoid a long period of immobilization.     

The automatization of the control over the processes determining the risk of HIV-infection spreading among servicemen

The possibilities of the control over the processes determining the HIV-infection spreading risk are considered. In the view of that the automated system which enables to evaluate risk factors predetermining the appearance of new infection cases was proposed. These factors are systematised in a multilevel database. On the basis of the statistical analysis of the risk factors situations of the spread of the HIV infection are revealed and analysed and measures for their liquidation are worked out promptly. The system is universal and can be used for the prevention of the beginning of other extreme situations caused by the spread of different infections. The examples of the comparative analysis of the risk of sexual behaviour in various groups of servicemen are given.     

CT of the main ligaments of the cervico-occipital hinge

Summary The results of a CT-anatomical correlative study of the main ligaments of the cervico-occipital hinge are reported. CT criteria of normal ligamentous structure of this region are presented in axial, coronal and sagittal views with a special attention to the transverse ligament of the Atlas. Examples of pathological transverse ligaments are illustrated and emphasis is laid upon the better statement CT allows in such cases.     

Imaging of the posterolateral corner of the knee

The structures of the posterolateral corner of the knee are increasingly recognized as fulfilling an important role in maintaining knee stability. The posterolateral aspect of the knee is stabilized by a complex anatomy of osseous, myotendinous and ligamentous structures. Unrecognized injuries to this part of the knee are a cause of failure of cruciate ligament reconstruction. This review focuses on the anatomy and common injury patterns involving the posterolateral corner of the knee, with emphasis on magnetic resonance imaging.     

Surgical anatomy of the medial collateral ligament and the posteromedial capsule of the knee

The supporting structures on the medial side of the knee consist of a superficial fascial layer (I), a deep capsular layer (III) with the deep medial collateral ligament in it and in between the superficial collateral ligament (layer II). The attachment sites of the different ligaments and the functions of the various ligamentous structures are described and suggestions for surgical repair are given.     

Course of Paget's osteodystrophia deformans--exemplified by the roentgen morphology of the cranial bones

The still unknown etiology and pathogenesis of Paget's disease or Osteodystrophia deformans Paget are discussed; localisation of skeletal lesions and clinical findings of the disease are described. The skull bones are used to give an example for the 4 phases of the course of the disease, shown by X-ray pictures. Typical X-ray findings of changes in structure, pattern, size, and shape of the skull bones are compared with the pathological and anatomical picture.     

Osteitis of the base of the skull]

The base of the skull and calvarium may be the site of osteitis secondary to haematogenous or loco-regional dissemination of a nasal sinus or postoperative, external ear or middle ear infection. Although most of the complications of osteitis are eradicated by antibiotics, some persist and are still serious due to the delay in the diagnosis extensive necrosis due to the bacteria and the clinical context.     

Fine-needle biopsy of the kidneys

The methods, indications, results, and complications in fine-needle puncture of the kidneys are discussed, with particular attention to cysts that have an atypical appearance in tomographic procedures. The problems of percutaneous cyst treatment and the possibilities of abscess therapy by fine-needle puncture are presented. The limited indications of using this method in solid kidneys tumors are defined, and antegrade pyelography and the differentiation of perirenal processes are discussed.     

Development of the Soviet system of the medical selection of cosmonauts (the hospital stage)

The system of medical selection of Soviet cosmonauts stemmed from that used in aviation medicine, particularly medical expertise of the flying personnel. Selection in the hospital included two-stage detailed clinical and physiological examinations using various provocative tests. The system of medical selection and clarification of medical requirements was improved and refined through regular observations over candidates and cosmonauts and careful analysis of their grounding due to medical problems. The American and Soviet systems of selection used at an early stage of space programs are compared and similarities and differences between them are indicated.     

Painful sclerosis of the medial end of the clavicle

Pain and swelling of the medial end of the clavicle may be associated with radiographic sclerosis. The commonest causes are osteoarthritis, infection and condensing osteitis of the clavicle. Distinguishing between these clinically and radiologically can be difficult but computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are often useful for their differentiation. In this review, the typical imaging features of these conditions are presented with an emphasis on the CT and MRI appearances. These are correlated with clinical features, which together should enable a confident diagnosis to be made.     

Diagnosis and correction of the vegetative dysfunction of the aircrew

The article is concerned with the topical issue of aeromedicine--diagnosis and correction of the vegetative dysfunction of the aircrew. Causative factors leading to the dysfunction are discussed. Clinical and instrumental methods of the valuation of vegetative status and vegetative supporting of activity are studied. The data of researches is represented; the possibility of the correction of elicited variant of the vegetative dysfunctions with the help of drug and drug-free modalities is evaluated.     

Aspects of the anatomy of the cerebellum on computed tomography

Summary The salient features of the normal CT anatomy of the various lobules of the cerebellar hemispheres and vermis are described. The subdivisions of the vermis were found to be most constant. The surface appearance of the hemisphere lobules was also relatively constant; however, at CT these fissures are imaged at depth and this constancy is not reflected in CT images because folia cross the depths of the major sulci from one lobule to the other in a highly variable manner. The flocculus has been confused with the anterior angle of the cereellum, and the cerebellar tonsils with the biventral lobule.     

CT of the gut in the immunocompromised host

The spread of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, the increasing popularity of bone marrow, renal, and other organ transplants, and the development of potent immunosuppressive drugs have produced a large population of immunocompromised hosts. These patients are at great risk for developing both opportunistic infections and neoplasms such as Kaposi's sarcoma and lymphoma. The gastrointestinal complications and computed tomographic manifestations of these previously rare disorders are discussed.     

Regional analysis of the left ventricle of the heart.

This paper presents a method to analyze the local wall motion of the left ventricle of the heart. Data are sets of points (obtained from various medical imaging modalities) corresponding to surfaces of the left ventricle, which evolve as a function of time. After re-sampling, the surfaces are segmented in order to create regions of equivalent volume. Then, the local cardiac parameters are estimated: evolution of the regional volumes as a function of time, ejection fraction, end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes, end-diastolic and end-systolic instants. The method has been validated using deformable surfaces synthesized from an ellipsoidal model. It has also been tested in vivo on a set of 59 patients using a specially developed software product, which satisfies severe constraints of robustness, real-time, interactivity and ergonomics. The results obtained are similar to those provided by a reference nuclear medicine examination, but the proposed method is faster and gives a more precise localization of the cardiac wall motion anomalies.     

Radiologic patterns of the metastatic tumours of the large intestine (author's transl)]

The metastatic tumours of the large intestine are not unfrequent. In the majority of cases they are due to the direct invasion from endo or retro peritoneal tumours, especially of the stomach and the pancreas. The radiologic findings of such lesions are described, and a correlation is made with the pathologic, pathogenetic and clinical aspects.