异丙酚复合雷米芬太尼全凭静脉麻醉在临床工作中的应用

目的 观察异丙酚复合雷米芬太尼全凭静脉麻醉的临床效果.方法 60例ASA I-II级全身麻醉患者,随机分成A组(静吸复合组)异氟醚,芬太尼,维库溴铵30例,B组(全凭静脉组) 异丙酚,雷米芬太尼,维库溴铵30例.麻醉诱导均为咪达唑仑,芬太尼,维库溴铵,依托咪酯.分别记入患者血流动力学变化及停药后患者清醒时间,拔管时间.结果 两者术中MAP、HR与术前无明显变化.全凭静脉组清醒时间,拔管时间均快于静吸复合组.结论 异丙酚复合雷米芬太尼全凭静脉组患者血流动力学稳定,术后恢复快,苏醒完全,同时可以减少手术室污染,是一种较为理想的麻醉方法.     

异丙酚与咪达唑仑复合芬太尼对减轻阑尾牵拉反射的作用比较

目的比较小剂量畀丙酚与咪达唑仑复合芬太尼用于椎管内麻醉下阑尾切除术中,观察麻醉中血流动力学的变化和术后恢复时间以及不良反应。方法选择60例ASAⅠ—Ⅱ级患者,随机分为两组,咪迭唑仑复合芬太尼组（A组）;异丙酚组（K组）。观察并记录患者给药前、给药后5min、分离阑尾时以及阑尾切除后5min时的MAP、HR、RR、SPO2和术后恢复时间以及不良反应。结果两组MAP和HIK差异无显著意义（P〉0．05）。A组RR减慢较K组明显,SPO2降低较K组显著（P〈0.05）A组起效时间、苏醒时间均较K组长,差异有显著意义（P〈0．05）。A组的呼吸抑制发生率较K组高。结论异丙酚较咪达唑仑复合芬太尼用于抑制阑尾牵拉反射作用明确,副作用更小。     

异丙酚复合瑞芬太尼用于腹腔镜胆囊切除手术麻醉的临床研究

目的 评价瑞芬太尼和异丙酚持续微泵输注全凭静脉麻醉用于腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)患者的效果.方法 选择在本院就诊的LC患者50例,随机分成观察组和对照组,对照组采用芬太尼复合异丙酚麻醉,观察组采用瑞芬太尼和异丙酚持续微泵输注全凭静脉麻醉.结果 观察组和对照组麻醉效果没有明显的差异.麻醉前后两组之间平均动脉压(MAP)、血氧饱和度(SpO2)和心率(HR)的变化差异不显著;停药后,观察组(8.0±4.5)min时可以唤醒,(15.2±3.2)min拔管,(22.5±4.3)min可以回答问题;对照组(13.2±3.9)min即可唤醒,(20.4±4.2)min拔管,(29.3±4.6)min可以回答问题;观察组和对照组均未见明显的不良反应.结论 瑞芬太尼和异丙酚持续微泵输注全凭静脉麻醉用于择期LC患者镇痛作用较好,搭配理想,而且具有很好的安全性,建议临床进一步推广.     

丙泊酚配伍不同镇痛剂在人工流产术中的比较

目的通过比较丙泊酚分别配伍咪唑安定、曲马多、芬太尼以及氯胺酮四种麻醉。方法探究人工流产手术合理的异丙酚麻醉配方。方法160例ASAⅠ-Ⅱ级、自愿终止妊娠的早孕妇女随机分为四组：M组、T组、F组、K组在丙泊酚麻醉前分别静注咪唑安定0．06mg／kg、曲马多1mg／k、芬太尼1μg/kg、氯胺酮0．2mg／kg。术中连续监测MAP、HR和SpO2。记录各组病人丙泊酚用量、意识消失时间、术后苏醒时间及术中术毕不良反应的发生情况。结果与术前比较。M组、T组、F组MAP、HK、SpO2均下降（P〈0．05、P〈0．01）;K组SpO2下降较小（P〉0．05）;F组、T组和K组丙泊酚用量、意识消失时间、术后苏醒时间明显低于M组（P〈0．01）。结论丙泊酚配伍其它静脉全麻药都可获得较满意的麻醉效果,其中与小剂量氯胺酮配伍对呼吸循环影响微小,不良反应少．麻醉效果好,值得临床实用。     

异丙酚伍用不同药物用于人工流产术麻醉的观察

目的观察异丙酚分别伍用芬太尼、氯胺酮、咪唑安定、曲吗多用于人工流产术麻醉时的临床效果及对呼吸、循环的影响。方法100例人工流产孕妇,分单纯异丙酚组(Ⅰ组)、复合芬太尼组(Ⅱ组)、复合氯胺酮组(Ⅲ组)、复合咪唑安定组(Ⅳ组)、复合曲吗多组(Ⅴ组),Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ组于异丙酚静注前分别给予芬太尼0.8ug/kg、氯胺酮0.3mg/kg、咪唑安定0.04mg/kg、曲吗多2mg/kg,观察异丙酚用量、麻醉效果、对呼吸循环的影响。结果Ⅰ组、Ⅳ组用药2min后血压、心率明显下降(P<0.01),Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ组异丙酚用量明显比Ⅰ组减少(P<0.01),且麻醉效果优于Ⅰ组,Ⅳ组苏醒时间延长(P<0.05)。无1例发生人工流产综合征(PASS),出血量及宫颈松弛度均无显著差异。结论芬太尼、氯胺酮、咪唑安定、曲吗多均可提高异丙芬的麻醉效能,减少异丙酚用于人工流产术麻醉的用量,可防止PASS的发生。氯胺酮可对抗异丙酚的降压作用,咪唑安定可使异丙芬静脉麻醉的时间延长。     

左旋布比卡因骶管阻滞复合异丙酚静注在小儿下腹部手术中的应用

目的探讨左旋布比卡因骶管阻滞复合异丙酚静注在小儿下腹部手术中应用的效果。方法选择择期斜疝修补术或睾丸固定术的患儿50例,随机分成两组。观察组(A组)和对照组(B组)。A组用0.25%左旋布比卡因0.7ml/kg骶管阻滞复合异丙酚2～4mg/kg.h静脉麻醉。B组以0.1%氯胺酮复合异丙酚2～4mg/kg.h静脉麻醉。记录两组患儿在麻醉前、术中探查时、MAP、HR、的变化,术后并发症恶心呕吐、呼吸抑制、苏醒后烦躁哭闹的发生率和术毕苏醒时间。结果B组在术中探查时的MAP、HR明显高于A组(P<0.05),差异有显著性,且恶心呕吐、呼吸抑制、苏醒后烦躁哭闹的发生率明显高于A组(P<0.01)术毕苏醒时间明显比A组延长(P<0.05),差异有显著性。结论左旋布比卡因骶管阻滞复合异丙酚麻醉用于小儿下腹部手术是一种镇痛完善、血流动力学稳定、苏醒快、术后并发症少的安全有效的麻醉方法。     

异丙酚与异丙酚-芬太尼复合麻醉用于无痛人工流产的比较

目的：比较单纯异丙酚与异丙酚复合芬太尼用于无痛人流术的效果。方法：选择行无痛人流术160例分两组，每组80例，分别使用单纯异丙酚和异丙酚复合芬太尼麻醉，观察效果。结果：两组在麻醉起效、恢复及离院时间，术中生命体征变化，术中出血及术后宫缩方面无明显差异（P〉0．05），镇痛效果上无明显差异（P〉0．05），但在扩张宫颈方面复合组效果更佳（P〈0．05）。结论：异丙酚-芬太尼复合麻醉用于无痛人流术，具有镇痛完全、宫颈扩张效果好的优点。     

全凭静脉麻醉14例临床观察研究

目的探讨雷米芬太尼一丙泊酚全凭静脉麻醉与异氟醚静吸复合全身麻醉用于胆囊切除术对促炎性和抗炎性细胞因子的影响。方法对慢性胆囊炎或胆囊结石患者14例患者进行分组研究观察，随机均分为为凭静脉麻醉组（Ⅰ组）和静吸复合麻醉组（Ⅰ组），测定两组患者麻醉前、术后4、12h血浆细胞因子自细胞介素-6（IL-6）和白细胞介素-10（IL-10）水平。结果两组血浆IL-6、IL-10水平在术后4h均显著升高（P〈0．05）。术后12hT组血浆IL-6水平显著低于Ⅰ组（P〈0．05）。结论全凭静脉丙泊酚复合雷米芬太尼麻醉可增强抗炎细胞因子反应，减轻手术致使的细胞因子反应，具有治疗潜力。     

右美托咪定和芬太尼复合异丙酚用于小儿胃镜检查术的麻醉效果比较

目的比较右美托咪定和芬太尼复合异丙酚用于小儿胃镜检查术的麻醉效果和安全性。方法将拟行无痛胃镜检查的小儿80例随机分为两组：右美托咪定组（D组,n=40例）,芬太尼组（F组,n=40例）。D组静脉输注右美托咪定0.5μg/kg,输注时间为10min,复合异丙酚1mg/kg;F组静脉输注芬太尼1μg/kg,复合异丙酚1mg/kg。两组术中异丙酚每次追加量为1mg/kg。记录患儿入胃镜室时（T0）、用药5min时（T1）、用药10min时（T2）、胃镜检查开始前（T3）、胃镜通过咽喉时（T4）、胃镜退出咽喉时（T5）和退镜后5min（T6）的心率（HR）、血氧饱和度（SpO2）及平均动脉压（MAP）水平。记录异丙酚总用量、苏醒及离室时间,记录术中呛咳、严重体动（迫使检查中断）、呼吸暂停（呼吸暂停时间〉10s）、低氧血症及心血管不良事件的发生情况。记录苏醒期恶心呕吐和躁动的发生情况。结果 D组在T4-T6时点HR和MAP明显低于F组（P〈0.05）;与T0时点比较,F组在T4-T6时点HR和MAP均明显升高（P〈0.05）,D组T4-T6时点的HR和MAP无明显差异（P〉0.05）;D组的异丙酚用量少于F组（P〈0.05）,镜检时间短于F组（P〈0.05）,两组苏醒时间无明显差异（P〉0.05）,D组术中呛咳、严重体动、呼吸暂停、低氧血症、心动过速及苏醒期躁动、恶心呕吐的发生率均低于F组（P〈0.05）。结论与芬太尼比较,0.5μg/kg右美托咪定复合异丙酚对胃镜检查术患儿的麻醉效果好,且对呼吸循环影响小,术中术后相关的不良反应发生率低。     

瑞芬太尼与丙泊酚全凭静脉麻醉对开胸手术患者苏醒时间的影响

目的探讨瑞芬太尼与丙泊酚全凭静脉麻醉对开胸手术患者苏醒时间的影响。方法50例ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级择期行开胸手术患者,随机分为2组,A组(瑞芬太尼与丙泊酚组)25例,术中瑞芬太尼与丙泊酚持续泵入维持麻醉;B组(芬太尼与咪达唑仑组n=25例),术中芬太尼与咪达唑仑持续泵入维持麻醉。术中根据血压及心律的变化调整输注速度,维持血压及心率在基础值±20%范围内。观察患者苏醒时间、拔管时间及警觉/镇静评分(OAA/S)。结果苏醒时间、拔答时间A组与B组比较有著性差异(P<0.05),A组的苏醒时间、拔管时间最短,且术后苏醒质量评分最佳。结论瑞芬太尼与丙泊酚持续输注维持全凭静脉麻醉由于开胸手术,苏醒最快、质量最佳。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.