原发性低颅压综合征26例临床分析

目的 探讨原发性低颅压综合征患者的临床特点、诊断、鉴别诊断、影像学改变及治疗.方法 回顾性分析26例原发性低颅压综合征患者的临床表现、脑脊液及影像学改变,对其进行分析.结果 26例患者均有为体位性头痛,侧卧位腰穿脑脊液压力均＜70mmH2O.其中7例为血性脑脊液(2例误穿),5例脑脊液蛋白定量增高.26例均行头部CT平扫,3例脑室、脑沟、脑池变小,其余均正常.9例行头部MRI检查,5例示硬脑膜增厚,3例硬脑膜窦扩张,1例硬脑膜下积液.结论 认识原发性低颅压综合征的临床特点、脑脊液和影像学改变,可提高临床诊断准确性,减少误诊.     

特发性低颅压综合征的临床和影像学特征

目的:探讨特发性低颅压综合征(spontaneousintracranialhypotension,SIH)的临床特点和影像学特征。方法:回顾性分析9例SIH患者的临床和CT、MRI资料。结果:本组患者均有特征性体位性头痛症状,伴有头晕4例,耳鸣3例,颈项强直2例,9例均行腰穿检查,脑脊液压力均<70mmH2O,4例患者脑脊液中红细胞数有不同程度升高。头部影像学表现硬脑膜增厚6例,硬膜下积液2例,硬膜下出血1例,伴有脑下垂3例。结论:体位性头痛是SIH的临床特征,影像学表现为硬脑膜增厚,硬膜下积液或出血,伴或不伴有脑下垂。     

原发性低颅压头痛15例临床分析

目的：探讨原发性低颅压性头痛的临床特点。方法：回顾性分析15例原发性低颅压性头痛的临床资料。结果：15例患者中,急性发病12例,慢性发病3例;女性9例,发病年龄28～56岁。93.33%患者有体位性头痛,恶心和呕吐是主要伴随症状。腰穿脑脊液平均压力（41.2±30.85）mmH2O,女性患者明显低于男性患者（P〈0.05）。影像学检查和脑池显影均未见明显异常。全部患者均保守治疗后症状明显好转。结论：典型体位性头痛,腰穿脑脊液压力〈60mmH2O为原发性低颅压性头痛的主要特点,预后良好。     

原发性低颅压综合征33例临床分析

目的探讨原发性低颅压综合征(PIH)的临床、脑脊液(CSF)和影像学特点。方法回顾性分析33例PIH患者的临床资料。结果所有患者均有体位性头痛,可伴恶心、呕吐、头晕、耳鸣、行走不稳、复视、颈肩部疼痛、颈强直;CSF压力均<70mmH2O,蛋白升高11例,WBC增多9例,RBC增多7例;28例行头颅CT检查,21例正常,3例双侧脑室系统缩小,3例硬膜下积液,1例硬膜下血肿;22例行头颅MRI检查,5例硬膜下积液,2例硬膜下血肿,8例硬脑膜增厚并弥漫性强化,1例"脑下垂"改变;给予大量补液及对症支持治疗,效果良好。结论体位性头痛是PIH特征性症状,腰穿CSF及头颅MRI检查具有诊断价值,预后良好。     

原发性低颅压综合征25例临床分析

目的研讨原发性低颅压综合征的临床及脑脊液特点。方法总结分析25例原发性低颅压综合征患者的临床资料。结果所有患者均有体位性头痛或伴有恶心、呕吐、头晕、目眩、颈强直等表现,脑脊液压力均低于70mmH2O,3例患者CSF红细胞增多,4例患者CSF蛋白增高,25例患者中23例头颅CT检查正常,2例双侧脑室系统均匀性缩小,给予大量补液,支持、对症治疗,症状严重者予以鞘内激素注入治疗,症状均消失。结论正确了解原发性低颅压综合征的临床表现,脑脊液特点,并鉴别继发性低颅压综合征。     

原发性低颅压综合征的影像学特点

目的 分析原发性低颅压综合征病人影像学特点并探讨其发生的机制。方法 回顾分析了12例临床诊断明确的原发性低颅压综合征病人的临床及影像资料。结果 腰穿结果提示10例病人脑脊液压力低于60mmH2O，11例蛋白增高，3例细胞数增高。头MRI示硬脑膜弥漫性增强6例，硬膜下出血2例，硬膜下积液1例，下垂脑2例，垂体增大2例。核素脑池造影1例显示腰骶部脑脊液漏，1例显示核素不能到达大脑半球面。结论 直立性头疼是原发性低颅压综合征病人最典型的临床症状，硬脑膜弥漫性增强是最常见的影像学表现，脑脊液容量减低是原发性低颅压综合征病人临床及影像表现的病理生理基础。     

原发性低颅压综合征所致硬膜下血肿5例临床报告

原发性低颅压(Spontaneous intracanial hypotension，SIH)是一组原因不明、以体位性头痛为主要症状，侧卧位腰穿脑脊液(CSF)压力小于70mmH2O的少见综合征。其临床的独特表现往往易误诊。对于SIH引起的硬膜下血肿则更为少见。现将我院收治的5例SIH引起的硬膜下血肿报告如下：     

伴脑膜肥厚的原发性低颅压综合征与肥厚性硬膜炎的临床对比分析

目的探讨伴脑膜肥厚的原发性低颅压综合征(SIH)与肥厚性硬膜炎(HP)的临床特点及鉴别诊断,以提高对低颅压综合征的诊治水平。方法回顾性分析有脑膜肥厚的10例原发性低颅压综合征与10例肥厚性硬膜炎的临床、实验室资料,影像学检查及治疗和转归等。结果两组病人的临床表现、CSF改变及影像学改变有相似之处,但SIH的头痛与体位变化有关,CSF压力明显低于正常,影像学上可有硬膜下积液,治疗主要以补液为主,与HP有区别。结论低颅压综合征与肥厚性硬膜炎虽有相似之处,但两者病因、发病机制和治疗上仍有区别,应注意鉴别,以防误诊。     

原发性低颅压综合征13例分析

目的探讨原发性低颅压综合征(PIH)的临床特点,脑脊液(CSF)及影像学改变,以了解PIH诊断及预后,以提高对本病的认识。方法分析13例PIH患者临床资料。结果 13例PIH患者均有体位性头痛;脑脊液压力均<70mmH2O,细胞数增高者2例,蛋白增高者6例;11例行头颅CT平扫8例正常,2例(例4、9)硬膜下积液,1例(例7)例双侧侧脑室缩少;6例行头颅MRI 2例(例1、5)硬脑膜增厚,并均匀强化,1例(例9)硬膜下积液,1例(例13)"脑下沉"。结论 PIH患者以体位性头痛为主要症状,脑脊液压力<70mmH2O,头颅CT/MRI可提示硬膜下积液、硬脑膜增厚及"脑下垂"等改变。经大量补液及鞘内注入生理盐水,口服尼莫地平等,治疗效果良好。     

自发性低颅压综合征与肥厚性硬脑膜炎的临床及影像学对比分析

目的探讨自发性低颅压综合征(SIH)与肥厚性硬脑膜炎(HCP)的临床及影像学特点,以提高诊断及鉴别能力。方法回顾性分析20例SIH患者及6例HCP患者的临床及影像学资料并进行对比。结果两组患者均以头痛为主要临床表现,SIH患者的头痛多与体位改变有关,脑脊液压力明显低于正常,HCP患者除头痛之外,多组颅神经损害较SIH更为常见。影像学上两组均可表现为硬脑膜弥漫性增厚并异常强化,但HCP硬脑膜强化可为局限性,部分病例可见邻近部位感染灶,而SIH可出现硬膜下积液。结论自发性低颅压综合征与肥厚性硬脑膜炎有一定的相似之处,但在临床及影像学上均有各自的特点,应注意鉴别。     

Spontaneous intracranial hypotension in the absence of magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities

BACKGROUND: Spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH) is a neurologic syndrome of unknown etiology, characterized by features of low cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) pressure, postural headache and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) abnormalities. METHODS: Four symptomatic cases of SIH presented to our institution over a six-month period. Magnetic resonance imaging studies were performed in all four cases. Diagnostic lumbar puncture was done in all except one case. RESULTS: All of the patients on whom lumbar punctures were performed demonstrated low CSF pressure and CSF protein elevation with negative cultures and cytology. Three out of the four patients exhibited MRI findings of diffuse spinal and intracranial pachymeningeal gadolinium enhancement and extradural or subdural fluid collections. One patient had no MRI abnormalities despite prominent postural headache and reduced CSF pressure at lumbar puncture. All patients recovered with intravenous fluids and conservative treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities are found in most, but not all patients, with SIH. Cerebral spinal fluid abnormalities can be detected even in patients with normal MRI studies. It is important to recognize the variability of imaging results in this usually benign disorder.     

自发性低颅内压综合征七例报告

目的研究自发性低颅内压综合征（SIH）的临床、脑脊液（CSF）和影像学的改变。方法对1年8个月时间收治的7例SIH患者观察其临床表现、CSF压力、生化指标及头颅CT和MRI增强扫描。结果当患者起立时即出现头痛、呕吐及颈强直,卧位时症状消失。CSF压力均低于7cmH2O。其中5例呈血性CSF,蛋白增高似蛛网膜下腔出血（SAH）。CT示脑室缩小。增强MRI示硬脑膜强化、硬脑膜下积液、桥脑扁平、桥池变窄及小脑扁桃体下疝的特征性改变。当临床症状好转时,其CSF压力和生化指标恢复正常。结论了解SIH的临床、CSF和MRI表现至关重要,因其极易与SAH相混淆。     

Headache in cerebrospinal fluid volume depletion syndrome: a case report

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) volume depletion syndrome is due to leakage of cerebrospinal fluid through lesions of the dural sac at the level of the cranial base or of the spine. When past medical history is negative for recent trauma or surgery, the term spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH) is used. SIH is characterized clinically by orthostatic headache, neck pain, nausea, emesis, horizontal diplopia, tinnitus, plugged ear, hearing difficulties, blurring of vision, facial numbness, and upper limb radicular symptoms. In SIH, brain and cervical MR scans show a diffuse pachymeningeal gadolinium enhancement that ends at the site of CSF leakage. The application of epidural blood patches has been proposed as an effective therapy for SIH. Here we describe a case of SIH with very unusual headache features; the patient reported a paradoxical pattern of postural headache provoked by clinostatic position. The CSF leakage was identified at the convexity of the skull and headache disappeared following treatment with fluid, analgesics and steroids.     

自发性低颅压症的影像学特征及硬膜外注液治疗的效果(附1例报告)

目的研究自发性低颅压症(SIH)的影像学特征及硬膜外注液治疗的效果。方法回顾性分析1例SIH患者的临床资料。结果本例患者临床表现体位性头痛伴恶心、呕吐,腰穿脑脊液(CSF)压力测不出。头颅MRI显示有典型的硬膜下积液、硬脑膜的弥漫性增强、静脉窦充血扩张、垂体充血增大、脑组织下移。高分辨率CT脊髓造影精确显示CSF漏出点。于硬膜外腔注入生理盐水15ml治疗,头痛症状缓解。结论SIH的影像学特征为静脉窦扩张、硬脑脊膜强化、硬膜下腔积液;硬膜外注液治疗的效果好。     

A case of spontaneous intracranial hypotension with multiple CSF leaks in the thoracic region]

A case of spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH) with multiple cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks is reported. A 54-year-old man experienced a severe generalized headache associated with nausea and decreased hearing. The headache appeared when he was sitting or standing but was completely relieved by lying down. Cranial MRI with gadolinium infusion showed diffuse pachymeningeal enhancement. Spinal MRI demonstrated small amount of epidural fluid collection in the upper thoracic region. Radionuclide cisternography demonstrated CSF leaks at the Th2 and Th7 levels on the left side and at the Th3 through Th5 levels on the right side. Since bed-rest and intravenous transfusion for 10 days showed no beneficial effects, epidural blood patch (EBP) at the Th6/7 interspace was performed. After receiving EBP four times repeatedly, his symptoms entirely disappeared. SIH patients with multiple CSF leaks are rare in the literature. Although no consensus exists on the treatment strategy for such cases, our case suggests that at least 2 EBPs should be performed for each leak site before considering surgical treatment.     

自发性低颅压综合征31例临床特征和影像学分析

目的 探讨自发性低颅压综合征（SIH）的临床特点和影像学改变.方法 回顾性分析31例SIH患者的临床及影像资料.结果 所有患者均有体位性头痛,可伴有恶心、呕吐、头晕、耳鸣、听力丧失、行走不稳、一过性视物模糊、复视、颈肩部疼痛、颈强直 CSF压力均＜70 mmH2O,蛋白升高12例,WBC增多11例,RBC增多7例 全部患者行头颅CT检查,8例见脑肿胀,脑沟变浅,脑室变窄,临床症状消失后复查均恢复正常 15例行头颅MRI检查,8例行增强检查示硬脑膜弥漫性强化,头颅CT及MRI检查见4例硬膜下积液、2例硬膜下血肿 全部患者采用内科综合疗法,1例行硬膜下血肿清除术,均痊愈.结论 SIH的临床表现多样,体位性头痛是特征性症状,腰穿CSF及头颅MRI检查具有诊断价值 本病预后良好,但少数并发硬膜下血肿.     

Epidural blood patch in Trendelenburg position pre‐medicated with acetazolamide to treat spontaneous intracranial hypotension

Background: Spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH) is characterized by orthostatic headache, diffuse pachymeningeal enhancement on brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and low cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure. Treatment ranges from conservative management, such as bed rest, overhydration and caffeine, to invasive procedures, such as the autologous epidural blood patch (EBP), computed tomography (CT)‐guided fibrin glue injection at the site of the leak and open surgical intervention. EBP has emerged as the treatment of choice for SIH when initial conservative measures fail to bring relief. Methods: Forty‐two patients with SIH were treated with lumbar autologous EBP in Trendelenburg position preceded by pre‐medication with acetazolamide. Results: A complete recovery was obtained in all patients after one (90%), two (5%) or three (5%) EBPs. After EBP, two patients (5%) also performed evacuation of bilateral chronic subdural hematoma with mass effect. Conclusions: Spontaneous intracranial hypotension can be effectively cured by lumbar autologous EBP in Trendelenburg position pre‐medicated with acetazolamide.     

Spontaneous intracranial hypotension: correlation of imaging findings with clinical features

BACKGROUND: Spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH) is increasingly recognized as a clinically variable and likely underdiagnosed syndrome caused by non-traumatic CSF leaks. The aim of this study was to correlate the findings of imaging studies - magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), radionuclide cisternography - with clinical features and CSF pressure in SIH in order to improve the diagnostic yield and management in patients with SIH. METHODS: Clinical case study of 10 consecutive cases of SIH, MRI, radio-isotope cisternography. RESULTS: 5 out of 10 patients had unusual clinical symptoms of SIH(2 subdural haematomas, 1 gait ataxia, 1 tinnitus, 1 haemodialysis-associated headache). In 7 patients pachymeningeal gadolinium enhancement was detected in MRI accompanied by a reduced CSF opening pressure. In contrast, the 3 patients with normal MRI also had a normal CSF pressure. Radio-isotope cisternography was abnormal in all patients tested. There was no correlation between the severity of clinical symptoms and MRI or radionuclide cisternography findings. CONCLUSIONS: The spectrum of clinical symptoms and imaging findings in SIH is highly variable. There- fore the diagnosis of SIH is often delayed. Radio-isotope cisternography is an important additional diagnostic method to detect CSF leaks or pathological kinetics of radio-isotope movement particularly in cases with normal MRI findings.