经皮冠状动脉介入治疗并发心包积液及心脏压塞的临床分析

目的 了解经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)中心包积液／心脏压塞发生率、发生的相关因素、处理以及预后，为PCI的正确操作及合理选用器械提供参考。方法 分析了1246例PCI资料，包括住院病历、PCI操作记录、护理记录和影像学资料，判定心包积液／心脏压塞发生原因、时间、临床表现、处理方式和结果。结果 共8例心包积液(0．64％)、3例心脏压塞(0．24％)，其中10例(91％)在导管室确诊，1例(9％)延期发现。冠状动脉造影直接发现导引钢丝和／或球囊致冠状动脉穿孔9例(81．8％)，其中球囊通过冠状动脉破口未扩张2例，球囊通过冠状动脉破口并扩张1例，冠状动脉穿孔多发生在慢性完全闭塞性病变(CTO)；通过临床表现、超声心动图证实起搏电极导线致右心室穿孔2例(18．2％)，均出现在心肌梗死后患者。球囊通过冠状动脉破口并扩张1例，发生迟发性心脏压塞，6h后急诊外科干预引流后治愈；右心室临时起搏电极导管穿破右心室2例，1例行心包穿刺术，另1例心包穿刺后留置猪尾导管引流2d成功治愈。结论 冠状动脉及右心室穿孔是PCI并发心包积液／心脏压塞的主要原因，前者多发生在CTO患者，后者易出现于心肌梗死后患者。正确的操作方法及合理的器械选择可能减少此并发症的发生。冠状动脉穿孔较心室穿孔易于诊断，心包积液／心脏压塞多数能在导管室早期发现，并能得以合理的处理。     

经皮冠状动脉介入治疗术中冠状动脉穿孔32例临床分析

目的总结经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)术中冠状动脉穿孔的临床特点。方法回顾性分析2004年4月至2006年8月阜外心血管病医院PCI术中发生的32例冠状动脉穿孔患者的临床资料。结果32例冠状动脉穿孔患者占同期7102例PCI患者的0.5%。病变特点按美国心脏病学会(ACC)/美国心脏协会(AHA)标准进行分型,其中B2+C型病变占81.3%,慢性完全闭塞病变占62.5%。冠状动脉穿孔的Ellis分型:Ⅰ型14例(43.8%),Ⅱ型10例(31.2%),Ⅲ型8例(25.0%)。发生原因:钢丝引起21例(65.6%),球囊预扩张引起6例(18.8%),球囊后扩张引起3例(9.4%),支架置入引起2例(6.2%)。处理措施:鱼精蛋白中和肝素14例(43.8%),穿孔近端球囊封堵9例(28.1%),心包穿刺引流7例(21.9%),置入带膜支架4例(12.5%),急诊外科修补加冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)2例(6.2%)。预后:死亡3例(9.4%),急诊外科修补加CABG2例(6.2%),急性心脏压塞6例(18.8%),迟发性心脏压塞1例(3.1%),急性心肌梗死9例(28.1%)。结论Ⅲ型冠状动脉穿孔后果严重,需积极处理。     

经皮冠状动脉介入治疗并发冠状动脉穿孔25例分析

目的 探讨经皮冠状动脉介入治疗（PCI）并发冠状动脉穿孔的处理策略。方法纳入2004年5月至2010年10月行PCI治疗并发冠状动脉穿孔的25例患者,对患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,根据穿孔的影像特征进行Ellis分型,对各型冠状动脉穿孔的处理策略进行分析与总结。结果冠状动脉穿孔的发生率为0.82%（25/2036）,其中Ⅰ型穿孔13例（52%）,Ⅱ型穿孔3例（12%）,Ⅲ型穿孔9例（36%）,死亡2例（8%）。Ⅰ型穿孔患者采取严密观察,但未行特殊处理。Ⅱ型穿孔患者予以停用抗凝药物,球囊长时间低压扩张,其中1例于术后24h出现心包填塞,心包穿刺引流后病情逐渐稳定。Ⅲ型穿孔患者4例经球囊低压力贴附封堵穿孔部位后破口消失,3例行带膜支架置入,2例在球囊长时间低压力贴附封堵穿孔部位同时使用鱼精蛋白,但使用鱼精蛋白后均出现冠状动脉内慢血流死亡;Ⅲ型穿孔患者中4例出现急性心包填塞。结论冠状动脉穿孔发生率低,但可导致严重临床后果,及时正确处理是减少恶性心脏事件的关键。     

冠状动脉穿孔导致心脏积血四例

回顾 1999年 3月～ 2 0 0 2年 9月在我院进行的 6 82例经皮冠状动脉介入性治疗 (PCI)手术 ,共出现 4例心包积液病例。 4例均为男性 ,年龄 5 6～ 81(6 8± 10 )岁 ,2例发生了心脏压塞。心脏压塞的原因均为冠状动脉穿孔。心包积液主要根据临床表现和超声心动图检查结果诊断。判断主要根据超声心动图 ,积液量分为少量 (≤ 0 5cm) ,中等量 (0 5～ 1 0cm) ,大量 (≥ 1 0cm )。根据影象学结果冠状动脉穿孔主要分为自由穿孔 (freeperforation ,造影剂直接渗入到心包 ) ,包裹性穿孔 (containedperforation ,造影剂充盈的冠状动脉腔外局限型包绕…     

经皮冠状动脉介入性治疗并发急性心脏压塞15例的诊断与处理

目的 急性心脏压塞是经皮冠状动脉介入性洽疗少见但严重的并发症之一。本文旨在总结分析此并发症的诊断、处理方法与临床效果。方法 回顾分析西京医院自1992年2月至2003年5月间行经皮冠状动脉介入性治疗的2326例冠心病患者，其中确诊为心脏压塞的患者15例占同期冠状动脉介入性治疗病例的0．64％。冠状动脉介入术中或术后患者突然出现烦躁、难以纠正的低血压、心率减慢等提示心脏压塞的症状与体征，X线示心脏搏动减弱伴心影扩大，超声心动图发现心包内液性暗区、冠状动脉造影发现局部造影剂外渗漏人心包腔。除一般抢救与治疗措施外，尽快采用常规心包穿刺抽液或中心静脉导管置入法引流心包积血。采用灌注球囊或带膜支架治疗制止冠状动脉出血，必要时行外科手术治疗。结果 15例心脏压塞患者中，8例在导管室行介入性治疗术中诊断，7例在术后延迟出现(30min～8h，平均4．5h)。8例患者仅行心包穿刺引流而解除心脏压塞；4例患者行灌注球囊／带膜支架治疗及心包穿刺引流后解除心脏压塞；3例病情严重者经外科处理。6例患者采用常规心包穿刺抽液方法，其中4例成功解除心脏压塞，2例经外科处理成功；9例患者采用中心静脉导管置入法，其中8例成功解除心脏压塞，1例经外科处理。结论 急诊床旁超声心动图和X线检查对于诊断冠状动脉介入治疗并发的急性心脏压塞有重要意义。心包穿刺引流是解除心脏压塞的首选治疗方法，中心静脉导管置入引流法是一种快速、安全、准确的方法。灌注球囊、带膜支架治疗及外科手术是处理心脏压塞的重要措施。     

心包腔内注入凝血酶治疗经皮冠状动脉介入治疗围术期急性心脏压塞的疗效和体会(附13例)

目的探讨冠心病经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)并发冠状动脉穿孔致急性心脏压塞的临床特征、处理方法,以提高抢救成功率。方法回顾性分析2005年1月至2015年12月在新疆维吾尔自治区人民医院心内科住院行PCI时并发冠状动脉穿孔导致急性心脏压塞的冠心病患者13例,分析发生原因、临床表现、处理方法及预后。结果所有患者均得到及时诊断,心包穿刺均获得成功,心包腔内注入凝血酶冻干粉500~1000 U得到有效止血,术后2 h、4 h、6 h、24 h及出院前复查心脏超声未发现新的心包积液及心包粘连。所有患者出院后6个月随访心脏超声未见心包缩窄或粘连。结论急性心脏压塞是PCI术中严重的并发症之一,一旦诊断明确,需紧急心包穿刺引流。心包腔内注入凝血酶能成功止血,提高抢救成功率。     

心脏介入性治疗并发早发和迟发心脏压塞的诊断及处理

目的　总结心脏介入治疗 (PCI)并发早发和迟发心脏压塞的发生率、临床特点、诊断、处理和结果。方法　分析 1994年 1月至 2 0 0 3年 5月连续进行的 63 0 6例PCI病例资料。结果 63 0 6例PCI患者发生心脏压塞 10例 (0 16% ) ,其中 3例 (3 0 % )在导管室诊断 (早发心脏压塞 ) ;7例 (70 % )延迟发生 (迟发心脏压塞 ,平均发生在PCI术后 2 6h)。发生心脏压塞患者的平均年龄显著高于无该并发症的PCI者 [(66 8± 9 3 )岁对 (55 4± 13 3 )岁 ,P <0 0 1]。多数经皮腔内冠状动脉成形术合并心脏压塞的患者为多支和复杂血管病变。 3例早发心脏压塞表现为术中血压突然下降和左前斜位X线透视下心影外缘出现透亮环。 7例迟发心脏压塞患者早期表现为心率、血压突然下降 ,经阿托品和多巴胺治疗后出现心动过速但血压不能恢复至原水平。急诊超声心动图示 8例有大量或中量心包积液。 2例早发心脏压塞直接急诊外科手术治疗 ,8例行心包穿刺引流 ,仅 1例引流后仍需外科处理。 5例患者静脉应用鱼精蛋白 ,4例患者心包腔内应用了鱼精蛋白。 10例均成功治愈。结论强化诊断意识、识别心脏压塞的早期临床表现和急诊超声心动图检查是快速诊断的关键。经及时行心包穿刺引流、应用鱼精蛋白和外科处理后 ,PCI并发心脏压塞可取得良好的     

经皮冠状动脉介入治疗并发急性心脏压塞的临床分析

目的:分析8例经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)并发的急性心脏压塞原因、临床表现和治疗结果。方法:2005年1月至2008年12月对5 241例冠心病患者进行了PCI术,8例患者并发急性心脏压塞。采用心包穿刺引流术处理,无效时采用外科手术。结果:急性心脏压塞的发生率为0.15%。8例患者早期均表现为胸闷、血压下降。7例患者行紧急心包穿刺引流,其中2例因引流后仍继续出血而行外科修补手术。1例患者未行心包穿刺引流死亡。结论:急性心脏压塞是PCI术的严重并发症,及时发现和有效救治是十分重要的。     

经皮冠状动脉腔内成形术并发冠状动脉穿孔

目的 :探讨经皮冠状动脉腔内成形术 (PTCA)并发冠状动脉穿孔的发生及其适当处理对策。　　方法 :对我院进行的所有 PTCA病例发生冠状动脉穿孔者进行回顾性分析。　　结果 :共行 PTCA治疗 172 8例 ,并发冠状动脉穿孔 6例 ,均为完全闭塞性病变 ,发生率为 0 .35 %。3例漏入心包 ,2例形成冠状动脉左心室瘘 ,1例形成冠状动脉右心室瘘。经球囊长时间加压扩张 ,穿孔全部闭合 ;无一例需要进行心包穿刺引流和急诊冠状动脉旁路移植术及死亡。　　结论 :PTCA并发冠状动脉穿孔并不常见 ,只要及时发现 ,恰当处理 ,可以避免严重并发症的发生。     

慢性完全闭塞冠状动脉病变1148例患者的介入治疗

目的　总结慢性完全闭塞(CTO)冠状动脉病变经皮冠状动脉介入(PCI)治疗的技术及疗效。方法　对1993年6月至2004年12月实施PCI治疗的1148例CTO患者的临床资料、病变特征和PCI结果进行回顾性分析。共涉及CTO靶血管1458支,靶病变1494处,CTO平均闭塞时间(49. 1±31. 6)个月,置入冠状动脉支架1499枚。结果　病例成功率为90 .2% ( 1036 /1148 ),病变成功率为88 。2% (1317 /1494)。随CTO闭塞时间延长,PCI成功率降低,闭塞部位呈刀切状、存在桥侧支、闭塞长度≥15mm的CTO病变PCI成功率降低(P<0. 05)。操作失败112例,其中82 .1%因导丝不能通过CTO病变, 17 .9%因球囊不能跨越病变。术中无死亡病例,支架内急性血栓形成2例(0. 2% ),术中及术后共发现心包穿孔9例( 0 .8% )全部处理成功。术后住院期间共死亡3例(0 .3% ),支架内亚急性血栓形成3例(0 .3% ),总的主要不良心脏事件发生率为0 .6% (7 /1148)。存活患者出院心绞痛症状缓解率为87. 1%。结论　在技术成熟的心脏中心,PCI治疗CTO病变可获得较高的成功率和较好的临床效果。     

Coronary perforation during percutaneous coronary intervention

Coronary perforation is an undesirable complication during percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). We reviewed the cases of overt coronary perforation in our institute and analyzed their clinical backgrounds, the characteristics of the target lesion, management, and clinical outcomes. Between 1991 and 2005, we experienced 12 cases (0.35%) of coronary perforation in a total of 3415 PCI procedures. The perforation occurred during the use of debulking devices in 3 cases, immediately after stenting in 2, immediately after postdilatation of the stent in 2, and during wiring in 3 cases. Restoration was attempted by long inflation of a balloon in 7 cases, implantation of a covered stent graft in 1, and emergency surgical repair in 1 case. Subsequent cardiac tamponade occurred in 3 patients who required pericardiocentesis, and 1 patient died due to congestive heart failure. Administration of protamine was effective in stopping the bleeding in 6 patients, whereas continuation of antiplatelet therapy resulted in no overt rebleeding. Coronary perforation during PCI is a rare complication but is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Intravenous administration of protamine is effective when it is used in conjunction with nonsurgical devices for initial management of perforation.     

Acute and long-term outcome after coronary artery perforation during percutaneous coronary interventions

BACKGROUND: Coronary artery perforation is a rare but serious complication of percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI). METHODS: We reviewed our database for cases of overt coronary perforation during PCI procedures. Hospital charts, procedural reports, and coronary angiograms of these patients were reviewed, with particular emphasis on mechanisms of perforation, management of the complication, and clinical outcome. RESULTS: Between 01/1998 and 12/2003, a total of 19 cases (mean age: 66+/-8 years, 13 male) of coronary perforation occurred during 6433 PCI procedures performed within this period (incidence: 0.3%). In 12/19 (63%) cases, perforation occurred during recanalisation procedures of chronic total occlusions of coronary arteries. In all but one patient, non-surgical management was attempted: 2 out of 19 (11%) patients were treated conservatively by reversal of heparin anticoagulation. Prolonged balloon inflation at the perforation site was applied in 10/19 (53%) patients. Six (32%) patients received stents (5 of them received covered stentgrafts), 3 (16%) patients developed cardiac tamponade requiring percardiocentesis, and only 2 (11%) patients underwent bailout surgical repair. There were 2 (11%) deaths early after the procedure. CONCLUSION: Coronary perforation during PCI is a rare complication, but is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. In the majority of patients, non-surgical management is both feasible and associated with a high success-rate.     

Closure of guide wire-induced coronary artery perforation with a two-component fibrin glue.

Perforation or rupture of a coronary artery with subsequent pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade is a potentially life-threatening complication of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Several emergency treatment strategies exist to close the perforation including reversal of anticoagulation, prolonged balloon inflation, implantation of stent grafts, local injection of thrombogenic molecules, placement of microcoils, or open heart surgery. Here we report on a 66-year-old patient who underwent urgent PCI for acute stent thrombosis in the proximal LAD. The artery was reopened, a new stent implanted successfully, and a GPIIb/IIIa-antagonist was given. Shortly thereafter the patient suffered from cardiac tamponade requiring pericardiocentesis and pericardial drainage. The coronary angiogram indicated a severe guide wire-induced perforation and pericardial effusion originating from a distal diagonal branch segment. Prolonged balloon inflation did not stop the leakage. Therefore the monorail balloon was exchanged for an over-the-wire balloon. A two-component commercial fibrin glue consisting of fibrinogen and thrombin was rapidly but separately injected through the wire channel of the balloon into the distal segment of the diagonal branch. The coronary leak was successfully closed and the patient recovered quickly. In comparison with the previously reported cases of thrombin injection important differences should be noticed: (1) a two-component hemostatic seal was used without reversal of anticoagulation, (2) rapid injection instead of prolonged infusion of the hemostatic drugs was performed, and (3) the rescue technique was applied in a cath lab that routinely uses monorail catheter systems. Therefore we consider this a novel and effective approach for closure of coronary ruptures.     

Successful collapse vessel treatment with a syringe for thrombus-aspiration after the guidewire-induced coronary artery perforation

Coronary artery perforation is a rare however potentially life-threatening complication of percutaneous coronary intervention that could cause cardiac tamponade. It requires emergent surgery unless an appropriate procedure is performed immediately. In distal coronary artery perforations with guidewires, several procedures were reported to be effective in refractory cases after prolonged balloon inflation and reversal of heparin by protamine sulfate to induce hemostasis. We describe a case of successful collapse distal coronary artery treatment with a syringe for thrombus-aspiration without materials for an embolization after guidewire-induced coronary artery perforation.     

The changing pattern of coronary perforation during percutaneous coronary intervention in the new device era

We report the incidence, management and clinical outcome of coronary perforations in 39 of 12,658 patients (0.3%) undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Coronary perforation occurred more frequently with debulking techniques than with non-debulking (percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty and stent) techniques (1% versus 0.2%; p<0.001). There were 8 type I (20.5%), 15 type II (38.5%) and 16 type III (41%) perforations. Importantly, fifty-one percent of the coronary perforations were guide-wire related. Major adverse clinical outcomes occurred more frequently in patients who experienced type III perforations. Conventional strategies to treat perforations (i.e., prolonged balloon inflation and reverse of the anticoagulated state) were used. There was one death (2.6%), two emergency surgeries (5.2%) and no Q-wave myocardial infarctions. Pericardial effusion occurred in 18 of 39 patients (46.2%), with cardiac tamponade occurring in 7 patients. In the current device era, the incidence of coronary perforation remains low; it occurs more frequently with debulking devices and is often a consequence of guidewire injury. Its outcome is not affected with the use of IIb/IIIa antagonists. Treatment of coronary perforation requires early detection, angiographic classification, immediate occlusion of coronary vessel extravasation and relief of hemodynamic compromise, reversal of heparin anticoagulation, platelet transfusion in those patients treated with abciximab and cover stents.     

Diagnosis,management, and clinical outcome of cardiac tamponade complicating percutaneous coronary intervention

Cardiac tamponade is an uncommon but life-threatening complication of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). The purpose of the present study was to characterize the incidence, management, and clinical outcome associated with this complication. We analyzed a prospective database of 25,697 PCIs performed at William Beaumont Hospital (Royal Oak, Michigan) between October 1993 and December 2000. Cardiac tamponade was observed in 31 of 25,697 PCI procedures (0.12%). Cardiac tamponade was diagnosed in the catheterization laboratory in 17 of 31 patients (55%), and 14 patients (45%) had a delayed presentation (mean time from PCI 4.4 hours). Cardiac tamponade was twice as frequent after use of atheroablative devices compared with percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty and stenting (0.26% vs 0.11%, p <0.05). All patients with immediate cardiac tamponade had coronary artery perforation. In 11 of 14 patients with delayed tamponade (79%), no actual site of perforation could be identified. A moderate or large pericardial effusion was observed in 20 patients, and 9 had small effusions without typical echocardiographic features of tamponade. Pericardiocentesis was performed in 30 patients; 19 patients (61%) were treated successfully with aspiration alone, but 12 patients (39%) required further emergency surgical intervention. In-hospital complications included death (42%), emergency surgery (39%), myocardial infarction (29%), and transfusion (65%). Cardiac tamponade is an uncommon but important complication of PCI and is associated with high mortality and morbidity. Most cases are recognized in the catheterization laboratory, but delayed cardiac tamponade may occur and must be considered as a cause of late hypotension after PCI.     

Emergency Placement of Platinum Coils to Prevent Cardiac Tamponade After Wire Perforation of an Occluded Venous Coronary Bypass Graft

A case is reported of a patient with impending cardiac tamponade due to vessel perforation following balloon angioplasty of an occluded venous bypass graft. Prolonged balloon inflation failed to seal the perforation. Leakage was controlled immediately by the delivery of two platinum coils into the perforation. In case of a vessel perforation during an attempt to recanalize an occluded coronary artery bypass, placement of intracoronary platinum coils to seal the perforation may prevent the development of cardiac tamponade.