血脂、性激素水平与胆囊结石关系的研究

目的：探讨血脂、性激素水平与胆囊结石的关系。方法：选取212例确诊为胆囊结石的患者,测定其血脂TC、TG、LDL－ch,HDL-ch,LDL-ch/HDL-ch及T、E2、P、E2／P,并与72例正常对照组比较。结果：除HDL－ch外,血脂TC、TG、LDL－ch,LDL-ch/HDL-ch各项指标均值,胆囊结石组均高于健康对照组（P＜0．05－0．001）。血清T结石组与对照组比较无显著性差异（P＞0．05）。E2、P除育龄期结石组外,绝经期及男性结石组均高于对照组（P＜0．05－0．01）。育龄期结石组血清P高于对照组（P＜0．01）。血清E1虽有升高,但组间比较无显著性差异（P＞0．05）。E2／P结石组明显低于对照组（P＜0．01－0．001）。结论：脂类供谢及雌性激素代谢紊乱与胆囊结石的发生有明显关系。女性脂类代谢异常更是胆囊结石发生的重要原因之一。     

缬草提取物对类脂质代谢的影响与对胆囊结石治疗作用的关系

目的：研究缬草提取物对胆囊结石的治疗作用对血浆载脂蛋白、血清及胆汁类脂水平影响的关系。方法：大耳白种 家兔，手术植入人胆固醇为主的混合结石 。实验组灌喂缬草提取物，对照组灌喂等容、等渗盐水，8周后取出胆囊结石称重，取胆总管胆汁测胆固醇、磷脂、总胆汁酸浓度；取血清查载脂蛋白A1、B及胆固醇、磷脂、总胆汁酸水平。结果：实验组胆囊结石平均重量较对照组明显减轻（P＜0．01），结石消失率达75％；实验组血清胆固醇及总胆汁酸水平低于对照组（P＜0．05，P＜0．01），载脂蛋白A1高于对照组（P＜0．01），载脂蛋白B低于对照组（P＜0．01），胆总管胆汁酸实验组高于对照组（P＜0．05）。结论：缬草提取物对胆囊结石有明显治疗作用，其治疗作用与其对血清载脂蛋白及对血、胆汁内的类脂质水平改变有关。     

老年高血压病心衰患者血浆肾上腺髓质素及降钙素基因相关肽的变化

目的：探讨老年高血压病心衰患者血浆肾上腺髓质素（ADM），降钙素基因相关肽（CGRP）的浓度变化，探讨两种血管活性物质在老年原发性高血压心力衰竭过程中的变化及意义。方法：选取30例正常人及80例老年原发性高血压患者，其中高血压I期39例，高血压心衰41例，用特异性放射免疫法测定血浆ADM，CGRP的浓度。结果：原发性高血压患血浆ADM的浓度较正常对照组明显升高（P＜0．01），血浆CGRP的浓度较正常对照组明显降低（P＜0．01），而原发性高血压心衰患者血浆ADM浓度较高血压I期患者显著升高（P＜0．01），血浆CGRP的浓度较高血压I期患者显著降低（P＜0．01），在高血压心衰患者，随着心功能分级的增高，ADM的浓度明显增加，CGRP的浓度明显降低（P＜0．01），结论：血浆ADM合成增加及CGRP的分泌减少是老年原发性原发性高血压心衰过程中血管活性物质调节紊乱的特点，可以作为观察老年原发性高血压心衰过程中心功能变化的指标。     

胆囊结石症的血清脂质、瘦素、胆囊收缩素和胆脂水平分析

目的 探讨胆囊胆固醇结石患者血清脂质、瘦素、胆囊收缩素(CCK)和胆脂水平变化与胆囊胆固醇结石形成的关系及临床意义.方法 按胆囊结石成分将患者分为胆固醇结石组(99例)和非胆固醇结石组(57例),测定该两组及正常对照组(52名)的血脂、脂蛋白、载脂蛋白(Apo)、瘦素、CCK水平和胆汁中胆固醇、磷脂和胆汁酸浓度,比较分析三组间血脂、胆脂、瘦素和CCK的水平差异.结果 胆固醇结石组血清三酰甘油、总胆固醇和载脂蛋白B(Apo-B)均高于正常对照组(P值分别为0.000、0.002和0.017),非胆固醇结石组血清三酰甘油、总胆固醇明显高于正常对照组(P值分别为0.000和0.001);两结石组患者的血清高密度脂蛋白与CCK均显著低于正常对照组(P值均为0.000).男性患者血清瘦素水平显著高于正常对照组(P=0.016).两组患者胆汁中的胆固醇饱和指数(CSI)均大于1.结论 血清CCK、三酰甘油、胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白、Apo-B和瘦素水平变化可能与胆囊结石的形成有关.     

胆结石患者血液及胆囊组织内胃动素、胃泌素及血管活性肠肽含量的变化及意义

目的 探讨胃肠肽类激素紊乱与胆囊结石形成的关系.方法 胆囊结石患者36例,胆囊息肉患者14例,胆总管结石患者11例,正常对照10例,胆囊组织正常对照7例.采用放射免疫分析法比较其血液及组织内胃动素、胃泌素及血管活性肠肽的含量差别.结果 胆囊结石组空腹血浆及胆囊组织内胃动素含量明显高于对照组及胆囊息肉组(P＜0.05),胆囊结石组空腹血清胃泌素及血浆血管活性肠肽含量明显高于其他三组(P＜0.01),其他三组之间含量无明显差异.胆囊结石组胆囊组织中血管活性肠肽含量明显高于胆囊息肉及对照组(P＜0.01).结论 内分泌激素分泌紊乱与胆囊结石形成存在密切关系.血管活性肠肽可能是造成胆囊运动功能不良的重要原因,而血清胃泌素含量升高可能是胆结石患者出现胃肠道症状的重要原因之一.     

肝硬化患者的胆囊结石发生率及其与肝功能分级的关系

目的研究肝硬化患者胆囊结石的发生率与肝功能分级的关系。方法回顾性分析195例肝硬化患者的临床资料,以同期230例健康体检者为对照组。结果肝硬化患者的胆囊结石发病率明显高于健康对照组（43．1％比6．1％,P〈0．01）,且胆囊结石发病率与肝功能损害程度呈正相关,Child—PughB级和C级患者的胆囊结石发病率显著高于A级患者（A级25．5％比B级52．4％比C级44．7％,P〈0．01）。不同病因的肝硬化患者的胆囊结石发病率差异无统计学意义。胆囊结石为肝硬化患者合并急性胆囊炎、急性胰腺炎的主要原因（54．8％）,经积极抗炎、利胆等对症治疗后大部分患者症状好转。结论肝硬化患者的胆囊结石发病率明显增加,并与肝脏疾病的进展呈正相关。     

急性脑缺血患者血浆NSE水平动态观察意义

目的：研究缺血性脑卒中患者血浆神经元特异性烯醇酶（Neuron-specific enolase,NSE)的变化及与预后的关系。方法：病例组50例,正常对照组30例。患者分别于入院24小时内,第2天至第7天连续采集血标本。血浆NSE测定采用酶联免疫分析方法,神经功能缺损评定按斯堪的纳维亚卒中量表（SSS）标准进行。结果：病例组3天内血浆NSE明显高于对照组（P＜0．01）。NSE 变化是一个动态变化过程,预后恶化组血浆NSE7天后仍明显高干预良好组（P＜0．01）。结论：脑缺血早期NSE血浆明显升高,NSE的动态变化反映了缺血后神经元的损伤是一个动态变化过程,7－10天血浆NSE居高不下者预后差。     

脑卒中患者血浆神经肽Y浓度变化及临床意义

为探讨脑卒中患者血浆神经肽Y（NPY）浓度变化及意义。对63例脑卒中患者（脑出血组36例，脑梗死组37例）进行了血浆NPY测定。结果显示，与正常对照组比较，脑卒中患者病后2－4天血浆NPY浓度增高明显（P＜0．01）－，14－16天基本恢复正常（P＞0．05）。脑出血组病情轻，中，重型患者的NPY浓度有明显差异（P＜0．05），而脑梗死组无明显差异（P＞0．05）。认为血浆NPY浓度变化可作为判断脑出血患者病情和预后的参考指标。     

狼疮肾炎患者血浆内皮素水平的变化及泼尼松与环磷酰胺冲击治疗对其影响

目的：探讨狼疮肾炎（LN）患者血浆内皮素（ET）的变化及泼尼松与环磷酰胺冲击治疗（IV－CTX）对其影响。方法；采用特异性的放射免疫法检测35名健康人（正常对照组）、30例稳定期LN患者和45例活动期LN患者IV－CTX治疗前后血浆ET水平。结果：稳定期LN患者血浆ET与政党对照组比较差别无显著性（P＞0．05），而活动期LN患者血浆ET水平显著高于稳定期组与正常对照组（P＜0．01），且血浆ET与抗双链DNA抗体、血沉、24h尿蛋白定量、尿素氮、血肌酐呈正相关（P＜0．01，P＜0．01，P＜0．05，P＜0．05，P＜0．01）。与补体C3、C4、内生肌酐清除率呈显著负相关（P＜0．01，P＜0．05，P＜0．01），轻度肾功能不全组LN患者血浆ET水平显著高于肾功能正常对照组（P＜0．01），泼尼松加IV－CTX能显著降低LN患者血浆ET水平（P＜0．01）。结论：ET参与了LN的发病过程，动态观测血浆ET水平有助于判断LN的活动性、肾脏损害程度和治疗效果。     

苯那普利对充血性心力衰竭患者血浆内皮素的影响

用放射免疫法测定了36例充血性心力衰竭患者的血浆内皮素（ET）浓度，并观察了经苯那普利治疗后血浆ET的变化。结果显示：心力衰竭患者血浆ET明显高于正常组（P＜0．001），经苯那普利干扰后，较非干扰组（对照组）血浆ET下降更为显著（P＜0．01）。提示苯那普利在治疗充血性心力衰竭时，可改善内皮素的代谢紊乱状态。     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性评价

目的评价氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性，为现场大规模应用灭螺提供依据。方法按照中华人民共和国国家标准GB 15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》和鱼类毒性试验方法进行。结果经口、经皮肤的LDso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000 mg/kg，经呼吸道的LCso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000mg/m3，该药经口、经皮肤、经呼吸道毒性均属微毒类药物；兔眼用药后，观察期内无不良反应，对眼无刺激性；皮肤用药后对皮肤无刺激性。与氯硝柳胺原药、氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐原药和氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂相比，氯硝柳胺悬浮剂对鱼急性毒性最低。结论氯硝柳胺悬浮剂属微毒类药物，对鱼的毒性低于其乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂，适合于现场应用。     

124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌基因突变特征分析

目的对临床分离的耐多药结核分枝杆菌相关基因的突变特征进行分析。方法对124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌以及50株敏感株的耐药相关基因(包括异烟肼inh A、kat G、oxyR-ahp C间隔区以及利福平rpo B)进行序列测定,分析其基因突变情况。结果异烟肼耐药inh A基因突变率为14.5%;kat G基因突变率为70.2%(87/124),主要位于315位;oxyR-ahp C间隔区突变率为15.3%;inh A、kat G两种基因同时突变率75.0%,三种基因同时突变率为89.5%。利福平rpo B基因突变的检出率高达95.2%,突变主要发生在531、526、516位点。结论我省耐多药菌异烟肼耐药相关基因最常见突变为kat G 315、inh A C-T(-15)、axyR-ahp C间隔区(-10)C-T,利福平为rpo B531、526、516。结合MDR-TB耐药相关基因的特征分析,可以建立一种快速、准确、特异的适合于我省的检测结核菌耐多药性的新方法。     

Assessment of quality of life of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis

The aim of the study was to assess the quality of life (QOL) and the psychological status of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA). The QOL, anxiety and depression of the parents of 28 children with JCA were evaluated and compared to those of the parents of 28 healthy children. Mothers of JCA children and mothers of healthy children reported similar QOL. The reported anxiety and depression levels were similar for mothers and fathers in both groups. The parents of children with pauciarticular-type JCA reported lower QOL and higher levels of anxiety and depression than the parents of children with other types, namely polyarticular and systemic JCA. These findings may be explained by the fact that the pauciarticular patients had shorter disease duration and were less frequently seen in the outpatient clinic. The QOL of mothers of children with JCA was found to be slightly impaired in the group of children with pauciarticular JCA. Future larger studies are needed to confirm these results, as the number of subjects in the three groups was rather low. Received: 26 September 2001 / Accepted: 8 February 2002     

Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Rate of Change of Glucose on Measurement Error of Continuous Glucose Monitors

Background

A 5-day in-patient study designed to assess the accuracy of the FreeStyle Navigator® Continuous Glucose Monitoring System revealed that the level of accuracy of the continuous sensor measurements was dependent on the rate of glucose change. When the absolute rate of change was less than 1 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (75% of the time), the median absolute relative difference (ARD) was 8.5%, with 85% of all points falling within the A zone of the Clarke error grid. When the absolute rate of change was greater than 2 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (8% of the time), the median ARD was 17.5%, with 59% of all points falling within the Clarke A zone.

Method

Numerical simulations were performed to investigate effects of the rate of change of glucose on sensor measurement error. This approach enabled physiologically relevant distributions of glucose values to be reordered to explore the effect of different glucose rate-of-change distributions on apparent sensor accuracy.

Results

The physiological lag between blood and interstitial fluid glucose levels is sufficient to account for the observed difference in sensor accuracy between periods of stable glucose and periods of rapidly changing glucose.

Conclusions

The role of physiological lag on the apparent decrease in sensor accuracy at high glucose rates of change has implications for clinical study design, regulatory review of continuous glucose sensors, and development of performance standards for this new technology. This work demonstrates the difficulty in comparing accuracy measures between different clinical studies and highlights the need for studies to include both relevant glucose distributions and relevant glucose rate-of-change distributions.     

Study of constancy of hydrogen-consuming flora of human colon

The constancy of the hydrogen consuming flora of the human colon was studied in 15 healthy subjects via two measurements obtained 18 to 36 months apart. Hydrogen disappearance rate and the major products of H₂-consuming bacteria, methane and sulfide, were measured during incubation of fecal homogenates with excess hydrogen and sulfate. In 11/15, the hydrogen consumption rate and the predominant hydrogen-consuming pathway (methanogenesis, sulfate reduction, or neither) remained constant. However, major shifts in these pathways were observed in four subjects, with two losing and two gaining the ability to produce methane. Methanogenesis was associated with the highest hydrogen consumption rate. This study demonstrates that clinically unrecognizable, major alterations of the colonic flora occur in healthy subjects. Understanding of the factors responsible for these alterations might allow for therapeutic manipulation of the colonic flora.Supported in part by the Department of Veterans Affairs and NIDDKD RO1 DK 13309-25.