跟骨钢板治疗跟骨关节内骨折

目的探讨跟骨钢板治疗跟骨关节内骨折的疗效。方法对45例跟骨关节内骨折患者(51足)采用跟骨外侧延长L形切口,跟骨钢板内固定治疗。测量术前、术后Bhler角和Gissane角,根据Maryland足功能评分标准进行疗效评定。结果 45例均获随访,时间6～16(10.3±2.1)个月。Bhler角术前为-9°～17°(5.6°±11.4°),术后恢复至15°～40°(27.5°±11.3°);Gissane角术前为75°～97°(85.6°±11.4°),术后恢复至110°～140°(127°±13.0°)。术后发生切口延迟愈合2例,皮瓣边缘坏死1例。结论选择好恰当的手术时机,掌握骨折复位技巧,采用跟骨外侧延长L形切口,跟骨钢板治疗跟骨关节内骨折可以获得满意的疗效。     

手术治疗跟骨关节内骨折

目的 探讨跟骨关节内骨折手术治疗效果.方法 手术治疗82例跟骨骨折患者(88足),恢复跟骨B(o)hler角、跟骨外形和距下关节面的平整,并用自体或异体骨植骨,钢板内固定.结果 患者均获随访,时间10～24(18±1.5)个月.距下关节面恢复平整,B(o)hler角由术前6°±2.0°恢复至33°±2.0°.按照Maryland足部评分系统评价疗效:优56足,良21足,可8足,差3足,优良率87.5%.结论 跟骨关节内骨折手术治疗效果满意,重点是恢复跟骨外形、B(o)hler角和距下关节面的平整.     

切开复位内固定治疗移位的跟骨关节内骨折

目的探讨切开复位可塑跟骨钢板内固定治疗移位的跟骨关节内骨折的疗效。方法对76例（82足）复杂跟骨关节内骨折行切开复位可塑跟骨钢板内固定治疗,其中39足予自体髂骨植骨。结果76例均获随访,时间12-35（22.3±3.7）个月。B hler角术前9.3°±3.2°,术后恢复到26.7°±6.8°;Gissane角术前101.6°±13.3°,术后恢复到120.1°±14.2°。根据Maryland足部评分系统：优39足,良31足,可8足,差4足。结论切开复位可塑跟骨钢板内固定治疗复杂的跟骨关节内骨折,固定牢固,能早期功能锻炼,可减少并发症。     

锁定钢板内固定加植骨治疗跟骨关节内骨折

目的探讨锁定钢板内固定加植骨治疗跟骨关节内骨折的疗效。方法采用锁定钢板内固定加陶瓷骨或人工异体骨植骨治疗40例跟骨关节内骨折患者共44足,分析临床疗效。结果切口一期愈合38足,切口持续渗液4足,皮瓣坏死2足。40例均获随访,时间6~20个月。骨折愈合时间3~6个月。Bhler角由术前-15°~5°(-4.16°±3.98°)恢复至术后25°~40°(32.18°±4.28°),Gissane角由术前73.9°~91.5°(84.1°±6.28°)恢复至术后108.8°~117.4°(112.8°±5.63°),跟骨宽度由术前38~45(40.9±2.2)mm恢复至术后30~34(31.2±2.1)mm。术后无骨折畸形愈合、足弓塌陷、腓骨下端撞击综合征等并发症的发生。按Maryland评分标准评定:优29足,良10足,可4足,差1足,优良率88.6%。结论锁定钢板内固定加植骨治疗跟骨关节内骨折,能重建跟骨的大体形态,临床疗效良好。     

锁定接骨板内固定治疗移位的关节内跟骨骨折

目的 探讨锁定接骨板内固定治疗移位的关节内跟骨骨折的效果。方法 对49例(58足)移位的跟骨关节内骨折(SandersⅡ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ型)采用切开复位锁定接骨板内固定术治疗,术中关节面复位后跟骨外侧放置跟骨锁定接骨板。手术前后测量Bhler角和Gissane角,评价跟骨骨折的复位情况。结果 患者均获随访,时间6~28个月。患者切口均无严重感染和广泛的皮肤坏死;骨折均愈合,时间3.5~4.5个月。术后6个月复查X线片显示Bhler角和Gissane角分别为28.3°±6.1°和125.7°±8.5°,与术前比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。术后功能按Maryland足部评价系统评分:优40足,良14足,差4足,优良率93.1%。结论 切开复位锁定接骨板内固定术治疗移位的关节内跟骨骨折手术方法简单,疗效满意。     

微创切口内固定治疗SandersⅡ、Ⅲ型跟骨骨折

目的探讨微创切口内固定治疗SandersⅡ、Ⅲ型跟骨骨折的疗效。方法采用微创切口内固定治疗38例SandersⅡ、Ⅲ型跟骨骨折患者。结果 38例术后均获得随访,随访时间14～18个月。骨折均骨性愈合。末次随访时,跟骨B9hler角由术前5. 28°±10. 38°改善至28. 45°±6. 82°,Gissane角由术前98. 73°±25. 36°改善至120. 61°±15. 57°,差异均有统计学意义(P 0. 05)。末次随访时,按AOFAS踝-后足评分标准评估疗效:优24例,良10例,可4例,优良率89. 5%。结论微创切口内固定治疗SandersⅡ、Ⅲ型跟骨骨折,复位满意,固定牢固,术后允许早期活动,有效减少术后切口并发症,是治疗跟骨关节内骨折的有效方法。     

开窗直视下联合复位内固定治疗跟骨骨折

目的探讨跟骨外侧开窗直视下联合复位钢板内固定治疗跟骨骨折的临床疗效。方法对36例(38足)SandersⅡ~Ⅳ型跟骨骨折患者采用跟骨外侧切口,在跟骨外侧皮质开窗后直视下复位塌陷的关节面,尽量恢复Gissane角、Bhler角;对有骨缺损者行自体髂骨及异体骨植骨后钢板内固定。术后X线片上测量Bhler角、Gissane角及跟骨的长度、宽度、高度,与术前进行比较。按照Maryland足功能评分系统对患者术后功能进行评定。结果 31例患者(32足)获得随访,失访5例(6足),随访时间12~24个月。术后1年X线片示骨折处均达到骨性愈合。Bhler角:术前-3.6°±5.8°、术后29.4°±4.0°,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);Gissane角:术前88.9°±6.3°、术后115.9°±5.6°,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。术后跟骨长度、宽度及结节部高度与术前比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。采用Maryland足功能评分标准评估术后功能:优11足,良13足,可5足,差3足。结论跟骨外侧开窗直视下联合复位内固定治疗跟骨SandersⅡ、Ⅲ型骨折疗效满意,SandersⅣ型骨折疗效尚可。     

跗骨窦切口钢板联合空心螺钉治疗跟骨关节内骨折

目的探讨跗骨窦切口钢板联合空心螺钉治疗跟骨关节内骨折的临床疗效。方法采用经跗骨窦切口钢板联合空心螺钉治疗23例跟骨关节内骨折患者(24足),比较手术前后B9hler角、Gissane角,并按照AOFAS踝-后足评分系统评价疗效。结果患者均获得随访,时间6～15个月。未发生切口并发症。末次随访跟骨高度、宽度及长度均较术前改善;B9hler角由术前16.05°±3.53°提高至术后28.24°±3.94°(P0.05);Gissane角由术前112.58°±7.85°提高至术后124.58°±9.68°(P0.05)。术后6个月按AOFAS踝-后足评分系统评价疗效:优15例,良4例,可3例,差1例。结论跗骨窦切口钢板联合空心螺钉治疗跟骨关节内骨折能有效重建距下关节结构,改善患者术后功能,临床疗效确切。     

可塑性钛钢板内固定治疗跟骨关节内骨折

目的观察可塑性钛钢板内固定治疗跟骨关节内骨折的疗效。方法对28例跟骨关节内骨折患者(34足)采用切开复位可塑性钛钢板内固定治疗。结果 28例均获随访,时间10~24个月,骨折全部愈合。末次随访时,Bhler角从术前的13.6°±3.5°改善至25.8°±4.7°,差异有统计学意义(P0.01);Gissane角从术前的87.8°±7.7°改善至115.9°±7.8°,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。采用Maryland足部评分系统评分:优24足,良6足,可4足,优良率为88.2%。结论采用可塑性钛钢板内固定治疗跟骨关节内骨折手术效果满意,并发症少。     

锁定接骨板结合人工骨植骨治疗跟骨关节内骨折

目的探讨锁定接骨板结合植骨治疗跟骨关节内骨折的临床效果。方法对36例跟骨关节内骨折患者（39足）采用锁定接骨板结合植骨治疗,并评价其效果。结果36例均获得随访,时间8～19个月。骨折全部愈合,患者功能均恢复满意。疗效根据Maryland足部评分系统评定：优25足,良8足,可6足,优良率为84．6％。Bohler角：术前为11．2°±1．8°,术后恢复为39．2°±3．5°;Gissane角：术前为76．0°±9．1°,术后恢复为118．0°±3．7°。距下关节面最大垂直位移术前为5．0mm±2．0mm,术后恢复为0．4mm±0．1mm。结论锁定接骨板结合植骨治疗跟骨关节内骨折,能有效恢复跟骨关节面的解剖形态和足的功能,临床疗效满意。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.