应用波强技术初步评价原发性高血压患者血流动力学变化

目的 探讨波强(WI)技术评价原发性高血压患者血流动力学变化的临床应用价值.方法 对36例原发性高血压患者和30名年龄匹配的健康成人的颈动脉进行超声扫查,应用WI软件获取WI曲线,测量收缩早期峰值(W1)、收缩晚期峰值(W2)、收缩中期负向区面积(NA)、心电图R波顶点至W1的时间间隔(R-1st)、W1至W2的时间间隔(1~(st)-2~(nd))及时间标化后的R-1_(HR)~(st)、1~(st)-2~(nd)HR等参数.结果 ①与正常对照组比较,原发性高血压组W1值升高,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01),两组间W2值、NA值、R-1st、1~(st)-2~(nd)、R-1_(HR)~(st)、1~(st)-2(_(HR)~(nd))差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).②W1值与脉压、收缩压呈显著正相关(r=0.66和r=0.55,P＜0.01),W2值与脉压、收缩压亦呈显著正相关(r=0.62和r=0.44,P＜0.01),W1值、W2值与年龄和DBP无相关性(P＞0.05).结论 WI技术提供的血流动力学参数为临床综合评价高血压患者的心脏、血管功能及其相互作用提供新方法.     

瞬时波强技术在评价高原抗震官兵左心室功能中的应用

目的 应用瞬时波强(WI)技术探讨高原低氧环境对抗震官兵左心室功能的影响.方法 根据进入青海玉树地区时间的不同,将252例抗震官兵分为2组:第1组(100例,急进高原7d内),第2组(152例,留居高原1年及以上).常规超声心动图检测左室射血分数(LVEF),左室短轴缩短率(FS),二尖瓣血流舒张早期峰值流速与舒张晚期峰值流速的比值(E/A);应用WI技术测量第1个正向波搏幅大小(W1)、第2个正向波搏幅大小(W2)、R-1st间期及2个正向波之间的时间(1st-2nd)间期,并与平原健康官兵进行对比分析.结果 与对照组比较,第一组W1稍减低,但结果无统计学意义,第二组W1减低(P＜0.05);两组W2均减低,1st-2nd均缩短(P＜0.05),两组LVEF、FS、E/A及R-1st与对照组比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 WI可成为敏感评价高原缺氧状态下抗震官兵左心室舒缩功能的一项有价值的指标.     

颈动脉瞬时波强技术评价高血压患者左心室功能的临床研究

目的应用瞬时波强(WI)技术检测高血压患者颈动脉瞬时波强变化评价左心室功能,探讨其临床应用价值。方法根据血压水平将高血压患者分为1级高血压组(50例)、2级高血压组(28例)及3级高血压组(17例),同时选取60例健康志愿者作为对照组,均行颈动脉WI检测和常规超声心动图检查,对比分析高血压组与对照组各参数值的差异和其相关性。结果 WI有两个正向波(W1、W2)和二者之间的负向波NA。W1、NA在高血压各组均明显高于对照组(P0.05),T1st-2nd高血压各组低于对照组,差异有显著性统计学意义(P0.05);W2、TR-1st、(R-1st)/(1st-2nd)比值高血压组与对照组相比无显著性差异(P0.05)。高血压组W1与SBP、PP、EF呈正相关,(r=0.250、0.283、0.269,均P0.05)。NA与PP、β、Eρ呈正相关(r=0.224、0.257、0.276,P0.05),1st-2nd与脉压呈负相关(r=-0.239,P0.05)。结论 WI技术可以早期检出高血压患者左心室功能损害,具有重要的临床应用价值,可作为用于评价心脏和动脉系统功能及其相互作用的血流动力学指标。     

应用瞬时波强技术评估原发性高血压患者血流动力学的变化

目的 探讨瞬时波强(WI)技术评估原发性高血压患者血流动力学改变的临床意义.方法 应用WI技术对30例原发性高血压患者(高血压组)及30名正常人(对照组)的右侧颈总动脉进行检测,获得WI各参数,将两组参数进行比较.结果 ①高血压组瞬时加速度波强(W1)和瞬时减速度波强(W2)高于对照组(P均＜0.05),高血压组瞬时波强负向波面积(NA)显著高于对照组(P＜0.01);②高血压组NA与颈动脉血流最大速度(Umax)呈正相关(r=0.66,P＜0.01),对照组NA与Umax无相关性(r=0.34,P=0.07).结论 WI技术是一种简单、无创的评估原发性高血压患者血流动力学改变的方法.     

瞬时波强技术评价心脏再同步化治疗术后短期疗效的临床研究

目的 探讨瞬时波强(WI)技术评价心脏再同步化治疗(CRT)术后短期疗效的临床应用价值.方法 对16例充血性心力衰竭患者于CRT术前、术后1周、术后1月和术后3月,应用Aloka α10分别测量左室内径及容积,计算左室收缩末容积变化率(△ESV)及左室射血分数(LVEF),应用WI技术测量W1及R-W1间期、W1-W2间期等指标.结果 慢性心力衰竭患者CRT治疗后左室发生逆重构,其中术后1月及术后3月左室收缩末期及舒张末期内径、左室收缩末期及舒张末期容积明显小于术前(P＜0.01,P＜0.05);左室收缩力增加,LVEF明显提高(P＜0.01).W1显著增加,W1-W2间期延长(P＜0.01).结论 WI为评价慢性充血性心力衰竭患者心脏再同步化治疗术后短期疗效提供了一种新的方法.     

瞬时波强技术对2型糖尿病早期患者左心室舒张功能的研究

目的 应用瞬时波强(WI)技术结合多普勒组织成像(DTI)分析2型糖尿病早期患者左室舒张功能变化.方法 选择左室射血分数(LVEF)＞ 50％的单纯2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者21例和糖尿病合并高血压(T2DM+ EH)患者25例,正常对照组25例.应用脉冲多普勒测量舒张早期和舒张晚期二尖瓣口血流峰值速度(E、A),DTI测量二尖瓣环舒张早期和舒张晚期峰值速度(Ea、Aa),WI检测右颈总动脉瞬时减速度波强(W2),对比分析三组受试者各项指标的差异.结果 与对照组比较,T2DM组Ea减低(P＜0.05),E/Ea呈增高趋势,但差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),W2明显增高(P＜0.01).T2DM+ EH组与对照组比较Ea明显减低(P＜0.01),E/Ea明显增高(P＜0.01),W2增高(P＜0.05).与T2DM组比较,T2DM+ EH组E/Ea增高(P＜0.05),Ea、W2呈减低趋势,但差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).T2DM+ EH组、T2DM组与对照组比较,Aa呈增高趋势,但差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 WI技术联合DTI可以无创、全面地评价2型糖尿病早期左室舒张功能异常改变.     

高频率超声影像在急性心肌梗死大鼠心功能评价中的应用

目的 采用高频率超声影像技术方法观察急性心肌梗死大鼠心功能变化.方法 用冠状动脉结扎法建立心肌梗死大鼠模型,采用高频率超声影像系统测量左心室舒张末期前壁厚度(LVAWd)与后壁厚度( LVPWd)、舒张末期(LVIDd)和收缩末期左室内径(LVlDs),计算舒张末期和收缩末期左室容积(LVEDV,LVESV),射血分数(EF)、短轴缩短率(FS)、每搏输出量(SV).同时对梗死心肌组织进行定量检查,并检测血清中肌酸激酶(CK)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)等生化指标,进一步证实超声影像评价小动物心脏功能的可行性和准确性.结果 模型组与正常组、假手术组比较,LVIDs,LVESV,EF、FS、SV有显著性差异(P＜0.01).心肌梗死面积有极显著性差异(P＜0.01).模型组与正常组比较,CK、LDH值明显升高,有极显著性差异(P＜0.01).MDA值明显升高,有极显著性差异(P＜0.01).结论 高频率超声影像对大鼠心脏功能的评价有较高的准确性,可以作为大鼠心梗模型实验研究中可选择的无创性心功能评价技术之一.     

原发性高血压患者左心室舒张早期血流传播速度的变化及其临床意义

目的探讨原发性高血压患者左心室舒张早期血流传播速度(VP)变化与左心室几何构型改变之间的关系.方法对原发性高血压患者105例和健康志愿者37例,应用M型超声心动图测量左心室舒张末期内径(LVIDd)、室间隔舒张末期厚度(IVSd)、左心室后壁舒张末期厚度(LVPWd)和左心室射血分数(LVEF),并计算左心室相对室壁厚度(RWT)及左心室心肌质量指数(LVMI),采用彩色M型多普勒在心尖四腔心切面测量VP,并对超声参数行组间分析比较.结果根据LVMI和RWT的不同,将高血压患者分为左心室正常构型(35例)、向心性重构型(22例)、向心性肥厚型(28例)和离心性肥厚型(20例),高血压各组VP均较对照组减小(P＜0.05或0.01),且在正常构型、向心性重构、向心性肥厚和离心性肥厚组呈逐渐减小趋势(P＜0.05或0.01).Spearman等级相关分析显示VP与左心室几何构型变化之间存在良好相关性(r=-0.62,P＜0.01).多元线性回归分析显示,LVMI、收缩压和年龄是高血压患者VP的重要影响因素(分别r=-0.40,P=0.02;r=-0.25,P=0.04;r=-0.20,P=0.01).结论VP在原发性高血压患者均小于正常对照组,且在正常构型、向心性重构、向心性肥厚和离心性肥厚组呈依次递减趋势,准确反映了高血压左心室重构过程中舒张功能受损程度的变化.     

瞬时波强技术评价2型糖尿病合并周围神经病变患者颈动脉弹性

目的 探讨瞬时波强(WI)技术在评价2型糖尿病(T2DM)合并周围神经病变(DPN)患者的颈动脉弹性中的临床应用价值.方法 收集88例T2DM患者,根据是否合并DPN分为A、B两组,A组43例为T2DM未合并DPN患者,B组45例为T2DM合并DPN患者;另选同期42名健康志愿者作为对照(C组).应用WI技术测量患者颈总动脉弹性的相关参数,并进行统计学分析.结果 A、B两组血管硬化参数(β)、血管压力应变弹性模量(Ep)、脉搏波传导速度(PWVβ)均高于C组(P均＜0.05);B组β、Ep、PWVβ高于A组(P均＜0.05);A组及B组瞬时加速度波强(W1)、瞬时减速度波强(W2)、血管顺应性(AC)低于C组(P均＜0.05);B组W1、W2、AC低于A组(P均＜0.05).3组间负向波面积(NA)、管径面积(NAd)的差异均无统计学意义(P均＞0.05).结论 WI技术可以便捷、无创地评价T2DM合并DPN患者颈动脉弹性的异常改变.     

Tei指数评价卡维地洛治疗慢性心衰效果研究

目的：用Tei指数及其他心功能指标评价卡维地洛治疗慢性心衰的效果。方法：63例慢性心衰患者（NYHAⅡ～Ⅲ级）随机分为2组,一组为常规治疗组,用常规抗心衰的方法治疗;另一组为卡维地洛治疗组,在常规治疗方法的基础上加用卡维地洛。所有的病人至少随访6个月,用超声心动图分别检查左室射血分数（LVEF）、Tei指数、左室舒张末期内径（LVIDd）、室间隔舒张末期厚度（IVSd）、左室后壁舒张末期厚度（LVPWd）以及左室的等容收缩期（ICT）、等容舒张期（IRT）、射血时间（ET）。结果：治疗后常规治疗组和卡维地洛治疗组的LVIDd、ICT、IRT和Tei指数均较治疗前显著减低,IVSd、LVPWd、LVEF和ET均显著增加。治疗6个月后,卡维地洛治疗组的LVEF和ET显著高于常规治疗组（P〈0.05,P〈0.01）,卡维地洛治疗组的Tei指数和ICT显著低于常规治疗组（P〈0.01,P〈0.05）。结论：在常规治疗方法的基础上加用卡维地洛治疗慢性心衰效果好于仅用常规的方法治疗。Tei指数较LVEF和NYHA分级法评价心功能更为敏感。     

儿童遗传性心律失常的诊治进展

回顾在遗传性心律失常领域最新发表的相关研究,主要关注与儿童心源性猝死关系密切的离子通道病,包括长QT综合征（LQTS）、短QT综合征（SQTS）、Brugada综合征（BrS）和儿茶酚胺敏感性多形性室性心动过速（CPVT）,总结它们在发病机制及诊治方面的进展。     

The acoustic characteristics of the skull

Many investigators have stated that the difficulties of imaging with acoustical energy through the skull result from the marked attenuation of the energy by the skull. In the literature measurements of total attenuation have been confused with those for absorption.Measurements made by us show that absorption by compact bone varies between 2–3 dB cm^?1 MHz^?1 and, in the low megaHertz region appears to be directly proportional to frequency.It has also between shown that the convoluted inner surface of the ivory bone of the inner table of the skull may degrade the collimation and directionality of the beam by refraction.Cancellous bone, such as is present in the dipole of the skull, greatly attenuates the energy. It is postulated that this largely results from scattering. It is also postulated that the energy propagates through cancellous bone as two components, one in the soft tissues and the other partly in the bony spicules. Observations suggest that attenuation due to scattering much more markedly affects the latter of these components and scatters more greatly the higher frequencies in a pulse of broad bandwidth.The energy in each component has varying propagation paths so that the later cycles in the pulse of each component are subject to increasing interference as a result of the variations in propagation times. The two components moreover may have different propagation times so that interference may occur between the pulses of each component as well.All of these phenomena degrade the collimation, coherence, directionality, beam width, pulse length, frequency and other properties of the ultrasonic energy upon which imaging through the skull depends.The interference effects described above are least for the first cycle in the pulse which usually is not the cycle of highest amplitude. Since, in the free field, most of the energy is concentrated around the beam axis, most of the energy in the field which is deflected from its normal propagation path is deflected away from the beam axis. Thus the directionality of the beam is least degraded in the beam axis. The effects of the skull in degrading the properties of the ultrasonic pulse would therefore be lessened if the amplitude of the first cycle of the pulse and the directionality of its energy could be used for imaging.     

Organ Preservation: Current Concepts and New Strategies for the Next Decade

SUMMARY: Organ transplantation has developed over the past 50 years to reach the sophisticated and integrated clinical service of today through several advances in science. One of the most important of these has been the ability to apply organ preservation protocols to deliver donor organs of high quality, via a network of organ exchange to match the most suitable recipient patient to the best available organ, capable of rapid resumption of life-sustaining function in the recipient patient. This has only been possible by amassing a good understanding of the potential effects of hypoxic injury on donated organs, and how to prevent these by applying organ preservation. This review sets out the history of organ preservation, how applications of hypothermia have become central to the process, and what the current status is for the range of solid organs commonly transplanted. The science of organ preservation is constantly being updated with new knowledge and ideas, and the review also discusses what innovations are coming close to clinical reality to meet the growing demands for high quality organs in transplantation over the next few years.     

2017年呼吸疾病主要进展

2017年,国内外学者在呼吸系统疾病的临床和基础领域均进行了深入研究,不仅对相关指南进行了更新,并且针对一些临床热点、难点问题达成专家共识,现就2017年呼吸疾病相关进展作一简单介绍。     

家族性噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症1例并文献复习

目的加强对家族性噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症（familially hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis,FHL）的认识。方法报道确诊为FHL的新病例1例,结合国内外报道的FHL的病例,对该病的临床特点进行汇总分析。结果FHL2常与PRF1基因突变相关,约20%~40%的患者存在穿孔素基因突变。结论对于有阳性家族史,基因诊断明确,应尽早行化疗或者造血干细胞移植。若无家族史,未发现与继发性HLH相关的原发病因,可考虑行基因筛查以明确是否存在FHL的可能。     

COVID‐19 and COVID‐19 vaccine‐related dermatological reactions: An interesting case series with a narrative review of the potential critical and non‐critical mucocutaneous adverse effects related to virus,therapy, and the vaccination

This narrative review article was conducted to lay out a summarized but exhaustive review of current literature over mucocutaneous manifestations in 4 dimensions of SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic: virus itself, treatment‐related, vaccine‐induced, and alteration of chronic dermatologic diseases following infection. Virus and vaccine‐related were mainly self‐limited and non‐severe. Treatment‐related reactions could be life‐threatening.     

Burkitt's lymphoma of maxillary gingiva: A case report

Burkitt's lymphoma(BL) is an aggressive form of nonHodgkin's B-cell lymphoma with three variants namely endemic, sporadic, and immunodeficiency-associated types. It is endemic in Africa and sporadic in other parts of the world. While the endemic form is widely reported to occur in early childhood and commonly involves the jaw bones, the sporadic form typically presents as an abdominal mass. This presentation reports a rare case of sporadic form of BL clinically manifesting as a generalized gingival enlargement in an immunocompetent adult male which demonstrated an aggressive behavior. The patient reported with a prominent anterior gingival swelling of 6 mo duration which slowly enlarged in size and associated with multiple lymph node involvement. Microscopic examination of the lesion using H, E and immunohistochemical diagnosis confirmed the diagnosis as BL. The patient succumbed to the disease before any therapy could be instituted. Since a wide array of causes can be attributed to gingival enlargements, it is necessary to consider malignancies as one of the important differential diagnosis so as to facilitate the need for appropriate diagnosis and prompt treatment.     

Real‐life effectiveness of biological therapies on symptoms in severe asthma with comorbid CRSwNP

BackgroundWe aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of different antibody therapies on nasal polyp symptoms in patients treated for severe asthma.MethodsWe performed a retrospective analysis of patients with severe asthma and comorbid CRSwNP who were treated with anti‐IgE, anti‐IL‐5/R or anti‐IL‐4R. CRSwNP symptom burden was evaluated before and after 6 months of therapy.ResultsFifty patients were included hereof treated with anti‐IgE: 9, anti‐IL‐5/R: 26 and anti‐IL‐4R: 15 patients. At baseline median SNOT‐20 was similar among groups (anti‐IgE: 55, anti‐IL‐5/R: 52 and anti‐IL‐4R: 56, p = 0.76), median visual analogue scale (VAS) for nasal symptoms was 4, 7 and 8 (p = 0.14) and VAS for total symptoms was higher in the anti‐IL‐4R group (4, 5 and 8, p = 0.002). After 6 months SNOT‐20 improved significantly in all patient groups with median improvement of anti‐IgE: −8 (p < 0.01), anti‐IL‐5/R: −13 (p < 0.001) and anti‐IL‐4R: −18 (p < 0.001), with larger improvement in the anti‐IL‐4R group than in anti‐IgE (p < 0.001) and anti‐IL‐5/R (p < 0.001) groups. VAS nasal symptoms improved by median anti‐IgE: 0 (n.s.), anti‐IL‐5/R: −1 (p < 0.01) and anti‐IL‐4R: −3 (p < 0.001), VAS total symptoms by anti‐IgE: −1 (n.s.), anti‐IL‐5/R: −2 (p < 0.001) and anti‐IL‐4R: −2 (p < 0.001).ConclusionsTreatment by all antibodies showed effectiveness in reducing symptoms of CRSwNP in patients with severe asthma, with the largest reduction observed in anti‐IL‐4R‐treated patients.     

Recalcitrant giant orf recurrence after amputation: A case report and review of the literature

Orf is caused by a parapoxvirus. We present a recurrent, giant digital orf case in a female patient with a history of hairy cell leukemia. In spite of shave excision, the lesion progressed and recurred after digital amputation. Treatment with topical imiquimod cream and systemic subcutaneous interferon alfa‐2a was successful.