双功彩超、腘静脉穿刺造影、光电容积描记检查下肢静脉倒流的比较

目的　了解双功彩超、经皮静脉穿刺造影、光电容积描记 (PPG)在检测下肢静脉倒流中的优缺点及相对适应证。　方法　对 40例下肢慢性静脉疾病的患者 ,术前应用双功彩超、经皮静脉穿刺造影和PPG的方法进行检测 ,并对检测的结果进行比较分析。　结果　双功彩超与经皮静脉穿刺造影探测股 静脉段静脉倒流性疾病的结果差异无显著性意义 (P >0 0 5 ) ;与双功彩超相比 ,PPG探测下肢静脉倒流性疾病的精确度为 6 7%。　结论　PPG可作为下肢慢性静脉疾病的初步筛选检查 ;双功彩超可为大部分患者的治疗提供较充分的信息 ;对于前 2种方法不能确诊的病例仍需用经皮静脉穿刺造影。     

股深静脉的形态学和血流动力学分析

目的 初步阐明股深静脉在下肢慢性静脉疾病程中的作用。方法 应用顺行静脉造影、双功彩超对104条慢性静脉疾病的患肢进行股深静脉形态学和血流动力学分析。结果 其中19条肢体深静脉顺行造影股深静脉全程显影，13条肢体股深静脉主干与腘静脉或股浅静脉远端直接相交通，5条肢体股深静脉通过数条细小分支与腘静脉或股浅静脉远端直接相交通。双功彩超检查显示：下肢深静脉顺行造影股深静脉全程显影者均有明显的股深和腘静脉倒流，股深静脉全程显影者其近端股深静脉管径明显大于股深静脉未全程显影者。结论 根据本组资料所示：股深静脉在形态学上可分为5型，股深静脉显影与股深静脉倒流密切相关，Ⅱ型和Ⅲ型股深静脉倒流影响下肢腓肠肌泵功能，这类思考，静脉瓣膜重建应选择在股浅与股深静脉远端相交通的部位之下即腘静脉或同时行股浅与股深静脉瓣膜重建术。     

双功彩超、静脉穿刺造影、光电容积描记检查下肢静脉倒流的比较

目的 了解双功彩超、经皮Ｇｅ静脉穿刺造影、光电容积描记（ＰＰＧ）在检测下肢静脉倒流中的优缺点及相对适应证。方法 对４０例下肢慢性静脉疾病的患者,术前应用双功彩超、经皮Ｇｅ静脉穿刺造和ＰＰＧ的方法进行检测,并对检测的结果进行比较分析。结果 双功彩超与经皮Ｇｅ静脉穿刺造影探测股－Ｇｅ静脉段静脉倒流性疾病的结果差异无显著性意义。与双功能超相比性 ＰＰＧ探测下肢静脉倒流性疾病的精度度６７％。结论 ＰＰＧ可     

股浅静脉第一对瓣膜包窄术治疗原发性下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全

目的:评估应用股浅静脉第一对瓣膜包窄术治疗原发性下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全的疗效.方法:对原发性下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全的55例患才施以股浅静脉第一对瓣膜包窄术,包窄材料选用聚四氟乙烯人造血管.结果:本组病人术后均随访4-14个月,术前临床症状缓争,疗效好,结论:股浅静脉第一对瓣膜包窄术治疗瓣膜轻,中度倒流的原发性下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全,有坚实的理论基础,并有并发症少,操作简单,疗铲好等优点,值得推广.     

股浅静脉第一对瓣膜环缩术治疗原发性下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全(附40例报告)

目的 评估应用股浅静脉第一对瓣膜环缩术治疗原发性下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全的疗效。方法 对原发性下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全的40例患者(共45条下肢)施以股浅静脉第一对瓣膜环缩术．环缩材料选用7—0或6—0无损伤缝线。结果 经上述治疗后．全组病例术后随访2～24个月．临床症状均明显缓解。彩超复查88．6％(31／35)的患肢瓣膜无返流发生。结论 股浅静脉第一对瓣膜环缩术是治疗原发性下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全比较理想和有效的方法。     

下肢慢性静脉功能不全术后复发60例诊治分析

目的分析和总结下肢慢性静脉功能不全(CVI)术后复发原因及诊治经验。方法对1995年8月至2005年11月上海交通大学医学院附属仁济医院血管外科收治的60例(66侧)CVI术后复发病人行下肢静脉顺行造影、双功多普勒彩超检查,明确复发原因,针对深、浅、交通静脉功能不全施行相应手术。结果复发原因中交通静脉功能不全占95.45%(63/66),隐静脉主干及部分属支残留占72.72%(48/66),深静脉瓣膜功能不全占43.94%(29/66)。下肢静脉顺行造影在静脉通畅性诊断准确率为100%;下肢静脉顺行造影和双功彩超在深静脉瓣膜功能检测及隐静脉主干、属支残留的诊断符合率为87.5%、79.16%;双功彩超对交通静脉的漏诊率(5.11%)明显低于静脉造影(28.31%)。再次手术术后按临床表现严重程度评分(VCSS)为(1.9±1.3)分,明显低于术前(7.0±4.2)分,P<0.01。结论交通静脉功能不全、浅静脉主干及属支残留是CVI术后复发的重要原因,再次手术应全面纠正深、浅、交通静脉功能不全,双功彩超对CVI术后复发病例的病因及定位诊断,尤其是隐-股静脉交界处的病因分析和交通静脉精确定位,具有不可替代的优势。     

深筋膜重叠缝合术治疗原发性下肢深静脉瓣功能不全症

原发性下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全是近几年来一种比较新的概念,由于瓣膜失去功能,血液由上而下,由深向浅倒流,逐渐破坏交通静脉和浅静脉系统,出现了类似大隐静脉曲张的临床表现。原发性下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全常主要累及股浅静脉第一对瓣膜,目前常用的治疗方法亦主要针对这一点,方法主要包括①股浅静脉瓣膜修复术;②瓣膜移植术;③瓣膜移位术;④股浅静脉带戒术等。以上方法都存在一定局限性。为     

彩超辅助下股浅静脉瓣膜环包术治疗原发性下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全67例体会

目的评价术中彩超辅助下股浅静脉瓣膜环包术治疗原发性下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全的疗效。方法回顾性分析1998年1月至2005年12月收治的原发性下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全67例（76条患肢）的临床资料，根据不同时间段将患者分为两组，非彩超辅助组（1998年1月至2000年12月）33例（38条患肢），在股浅静脉和股深静脉汇合处稍远侧找到股浅静脉的第1对瓣膜，用人工血管片缩窄该处血管周径约1／3；彩超辅助组（2001年1月至2005年12月）34例（38条患肢），彩超确定股浅静脉第1对瓣膜的位置及返流程度，人工血管片均匀环包瓣膜，缩窄该处血管周径约1／4～1／3。结果术后1年两组间比较，彩超检查股浅静脉瓣膜返流时间，彩超辅助组≤1S的患肢明显增加，1～6S的患肢明显减少。差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．01；P〈0．05）。X线造影检查股浅静脉瓣膜功能，彩超辅助组患肢0级明显增加；Ⅰ～Ⅲ级明显减少。差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．01；P〈0．05）。结论术中彩超辅助下确定股浅静脉瓣膜的位置、返流程度，从而确定人工血管片环包位置确切、程度恰当。与传统股浅静脉瓣膜环包术比较有明显的优越性。     

鼻咽镜下股浅静脉瓣膜修复成形术

原发性股浅静脉瓣膜功能不全是下肢静脉倒流性疾病的重要原因之一 ,其病变部位主要集中在股浅静脉瓣膜区。特征有 :瓣环扩张、瓣叶游离缘松弛、瓣叶不能在血管腔正中紧密对合并有效制止血液倒流[1] 。针对这一特点 ,我们用自制的“血管镜”即 :纤维鼻咽镜 腹腔镜监视系统 ,实施了直视下股浅静脉瓣膜修复成形术 ,初步观察效果良好。资料与方法1.一般资料 :1999年 6月至 2 0 0 0年 5月 ,实施鼻咽镜下股浅静脉瓣膜探查术 15例 ,其中男性 9例 ,女性 6例 ,年龄36～ 6 0岁。除 2例瓣膜情况较差外 ,13例行股浅静脉瓣膜壁外修复成形术。术前均诊断…     

下肢深静脉瓣膜包窄术缩窄比例的个体化初探

目的　评价缩窄比例个体化行人造血管股浅静脉第一瓣膜包窄术治疗原发性下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全的疗效。方法　对 5 4例 ( 5 6条肢体 )施以人造血管股浅静脉第一瓣膜包窄术 ,并根据瓣膜反流程度施以不同的缩窄比例 ,术后观察临床疗效和瓣膜反流情况。结果　术中检查显示 5 4条肢体瓣膜在包窄术完成后不再反流。 5 5条肢体获随访 14～ 3 5个月 (平均 2 3个月 ) ,临床有效率为94.5 %。双功彩超复查瓣膜功能修复率 85 .5 % ,轻、中度反流两组术后瓣膜功能修复率无显著性差异( P >0 .0 5 ) ;重度反流组术后瓣膜功能修复率 66.7%明显低于轻中度反流组的 92 .5 % ( P <0 .0 5 )。结论　行人造血管股浅静脉第一瓣膜包窄术治疗原发性下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全时 ,应根据术中情况选择不同的缩窄比例。尤其对于轻中度返流的病例 ,缩窄比例的个体化是可行而有效的     

浅静脉剥脱术治疗合并深浅静脉反流的下肢静脉曲张

目的 探讨下肢浅静脉剥脱术对合并深、浅静脉反流的静脉曲张的疗效.方法 2004年1月至2006年12月选取合并深浅静脉反流患者20例共22条下肢,以单纯浅静脉反流患者22例共27条下肢为对照,采用传统静脉剥脱手术方法治疗.以静脉临床严重程度评分(venous clinical severity score,VCSS)临床评分体系以及彩色多普勒超声检查观察二组术前以及术后2年临床症状改善以及深静脉反流程度的变化.结果 深浅静脉反流组和单纯浅静脉反流组术前VCSS分别为(7.1±2.9)分和(6.6±2.0)分,差异无统计学意义(P=0.44).术后两组VCSS分别为(2.3±1.2)分和(1.8±0.8)分,差异无统计学意义(P=0.13).随访两年各组手术前后VCSS评分差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01),2年后超声检查深浅静脉反流组中深静脉反流程度无改变肢体11条,改善7条,加重4条,单纯浅静脉反流组4个肢体出现深静脉反流.结论 浅静脉剥脱术可改善合并深静脉反流患者的临床症状,对深静脉反流总体无影响.     

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目的探讨下肢浅静脉剥脱术后病人深静脉反流程度的变化。方法 2007年1月至2009年1月承德医学院附属医院血管外科收治下肢静脉曲张合并有节段性深静脉反流的病人46例,对其共48条下肢采用传统手术治疗,超声观察下肢深静脉反流程度,应用临床表现严重程度评分(VCSS)评估临床症状的改善情况。结果 42例病人随访2年,术后2年VCSS为1.95±1.78,低于术前(6.33±1.78),差异具有统计学意义(P<0.01)。2年后超声检查深静脉反流程度无改变肢体22条,改善14条,加重6条,手术前后深静脉反流程度差异无统计学意义。不同CEAP分级的反流程度的改善差异无统计学意义(P=0.359)。结论浅静脉剥脱术后能改善伴有深静脉反流病人的临床症状,对部分病人可改善深静脉反流程度,改善程度与CEAP分级不相关。     

Validation of air plethysmography,photoplethysmography, and duplex ultrasonography in the evaluation of severe venous stasis

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to validate the diagnostic capabilities of the most commonly used noninvasive modalities for evaluation of chronic venous insufficiency.Methods: Twenty limbs in 20 patients were studied with air plethysmography (APG), photoplethysmography (PPG), and duplex ultrasonography. Ten limbs (group 1) were clinically without any venous disease. Group 2 consisted of 10 limbs with severe, class 3 venous stasis. Duplex ultrasonography, complemented with Doppler color-flow imaging was used to examine the superficial and deep venous systems to identify reflux.Results: Ultrasonography identified deep venous reflux in eight of 10 limbs in group 2. Severe superficial reflux was identified in the two remaining limbs. Seven limbs with deep reflux also demonstrated severe superficial reflux. Superficial venous reflux was identified in one leg in group 1. APG accurately separated normal limbs from those with reflux. Parameters that were significantly different (p < 0.05) between the two groups were the venous filling index, (group 1 = 1.37 ± 0.16 ml/sec, group 2 = 29.5 ± 6.2 ml/sec), venous volume (group 1 = 107 ± 10.1 ml, group 2 = 220 ± 22.5 ml), ejection fraction (group 1 = 52.5% ± 2.3%, group 2 = 32.5% ± 4.6%), and residual volume fraction (group 1 = 21.4 ± 2.0%, group 2 = 52.1% ± 2.5%). PPG refill times were significantly shortened in group 2 versus those of group 1 (6.4 ± 0.89 sec vs 20.2 ± 1.1 sec). The sensitivity of PPG refill times to identify reflux was 100%, but the specificity was only 60%, whereas the sensitivity and specificity for the residual volume fraction was 100%. The venous filling index was able to identify reflux and determine whether only superficial reflux was present with a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 90%. The κ coefficient of agreement between duplex scanning and APG was 0.83, whereas between duplex and PPG it was only 0.47.Conclusions: APG accurately identifies limbs with and without venous reflux when compared with duplex ultrasonography. APG is a better method of evaluating clinically significant venous reflux than PPG. PPG is a sensitive method of detecting reflux, but the specificity is poor, and PPG refill times cannot accurately predict the location of reflux. The combination of APG and duplex ultrasonography provides the best means of assessing venous reflux. (J VASC SURG 1994;20:721-7)     

深静脉瓣膜修复成形术治疗下肢慢性静脉功能不全的随机对照临床研究

目的探讨深静脉瓣膜修复成形术在下肢慢性静脉功能不全治疗中的作用与疗效。方法30例双下肢慢性静脉功能不全的患者接受静脉系统手术治疗。每例2条肢体各采取不同手术方式并随机分组。1条患肢行股浅静脉外瓣膜复成形术加浅静脉手术(A组);另1条患肢仅行浅静脉手术(B组)。术后1个月和3年,利用彩超、流速剖面图彩超技术、空气体积描记仪(APG)和静脉功能不全评分等方法,比较各例2条肢体的疗效以及2组间疗效。结果全组30例患者60条肢体均为CEAP临床分级(Kistner分级)C2～C4级,经彩超和下肢静脉造影证实深静脉瓣膜功能不全返流均为Ⅲ度。术后1个月和3年随访比较,各例属于A组的患肢在静脉返流度、静脉返流量及各项指标均比属于B组患肢改善明显;A组的静脉返流量、静脉灌注指数均值与B组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。2组的静脉返流度比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。3年随访时2组的射血分数和剩余容量分数均值比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);静脉功能不全评分均值比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。结论深静脉瓣膜修复成形术可使下肢深静脉返流量明显减少,瓣膜功能明显恢复,与下肢浅静脉手术联合治疗下肢慢性静脉功能不全有更好的疗效。     

The postthrombotic syndrome in relation to venous hemodynamics, as measured by means of duplex scanning and strain-gauge plethysmography

PURPOSE: Venous hemodynamics were evaluated in relation to the postthrombotic syndrome (PTS) 7 to 13 years after deep venous thrombosis (DVT). METHODS: The presence of flow, reflux, and compressibility of 1394 vein segments in 82 patients was assessed by means of duplex scanning. The venous outflow resistance was measured by means of strain-gauge plethysmography. The venous hemodynamics were related to the clinical severity of the PTS, characterized by the CEAP (clinical, etiologic, anatomic, pathophysiologic) classification. RESULTS: In patients with severe clinical symptoms of PTS, the prevalence of reflux was significantly higher. There was no relationship between the severity of the PTS and the noncompressibility or the combination of reflux and noncompressibility or an increased venous resistance. By means of multiple regression analysis with the variables of age, gender, reflux, and venous resistance, age and reflux were shown to be the main contributors to the severity of PTS. Significantly more patients (64%) with severe signs of PTS had a combination of deep and superficial reflux. In each of the traceable vein segments, the mean of the CEAP classification was calculated for the vein segments with and without reflux. In the proximal superficial femoral vein (P <.001), distal superficial femoral vein (P <.05), and popliteal vein (P <.05), a significantly higher mean CEAP classification was found in the veins with reflux, whereas in the distal, long, and short saphenous veins, no such relationship was found. CONCLUSION: Most patients with severe PTS had a combination of deep and superficial reflux. Reflux in the deep proximal veins contributes significantly to the PTS.     

内翻式大隐静脉剥脱术对交通支反流的影响

目的：探讨内翻式大隐静脉剥脱术对反流交通支的影响。 方法：选择2010年3月—2012年3月收治的合并有交通支反流的下肢静脉曲张患者36例（39条患肢）行内翻式大隐静脉剥脱术治疗,术后采用临床表现严重程度评分（VCSS）评估临床症状的改善情况,采用超声观察交通支反流的变化情况。 结果：36例患者均获术后1年随访。术前VCSS为5.12±1.36,术后1年为1.25±1.48,两者间差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。术前超声检查出反流交通支143条,位于大腿部的反流交通支34条,位于小腿部的反流交通支109条;术后1年超声复查共检查发现原反流交通支仍存在28条（19.6%）,位于大腿部的反流交通支2条（5.9%）,位于小腿部的反流交通支26条（23.9%）。 结论：对合并交通支反流的静脉曲张患者仅施以浅静脉手术就可以达到改善症状及减少反流交通支的目的,浅静脉手术疗效不佳时再进行交通支手术。     

Deep venous thrombosis in peripheral vascular disease.

BACKGROUND: This prospective study aimed to determine the prevalence of lower limb deep venous thrombosis in patients with peripheral vascular disease (PVD). METHODS: Some 136 patients admitted for arteriography, angioplasty or arterial reconstruction with limiting claudication (n = 72), ischaemic rest pain (n = 26) or gangrene (n = 38) and 40 control subjects admitted for general surgical procedures but without evidence of PVD were screened with colour duplex ultrasonography for the presence of venous thrombosis in the lower limb deep veins before any surgical or radiological procedures were undertaken. Patient age, the ankle : brachial pressure index (ABPI) and the presence of other risk factors for venous thromboembolism were also recorded. RESULTS: Venous thrombosis was found in 27 of 136 patients with PVD and two of 40 control patients (P = 0.03). Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that decreasing ABPI independently contributed to an increased risk of deep venous thrombosis. CONCLUSION: There was a high prevalence of venous thrombosis among patients with PVD which was related to the severity of the ischaemia. Presented to the South West Vascular Surgeons Meeting in Newport, UK, March 1998     

Comparison of descending phlebography with quantitative photoplethysmography, air plethysmography, and duplex quantitative valve closure time in assessing deep venous reflux.

To assess the role of noninvasive tests--quantitative photoplethysmography, air plethysmography, and quantitative duplex scanning, we compared a group of normal (group N, eight limbs) volunteers to patients with severe chronic venous insufficiency who were stratified according to the degree of reflux seen on the current "gold standard," descending phlebography. Group M (10 limbs) had mild (grades 0 to 2) reflux, and group S (10 limbs) had severe (grades 3 to 4) reflux as determined by phlebography. Quantitative photoplethysmography could identify normal from abnormal limbs but could not distinguish the severity of reflux. Air plethysmography was used to calculate venous filling index, ejection fraction, and residual volume fraction. Ejection fraction was the same in all groups. Venous filling index could not significantly distinguish the degree of reflux (group M vs group S) but increased as reflux increased. Residual volume fraction was considerably higher in group S. Quantitative duplex valve closure time was measured in the superficial femoral and popliteal veins, with the values added together in each limb to give a total valve closure time (TVCT). A TVCT value greater than or equal to 4 seconds correlated best with severe phlebographic reflux, with a sensitivity of 90%, a specificity of 94%, and an accuracy of 93%. This value was confirmed as the best test for venous reflux by receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. Thus in the evaluation of patients with severe chronic venous insufficiency who are candidates for phlebography and surgery, quantitative duplex measurement of TVCT gives the best noninvasive assessment of the severity of deep venous reflux.     

Association of Venous Volume and Diameter of Incompetent Perforator Veins in the Lower Limb—Implications for Perforator Vein Surgery

PURPOSE: To define the association between venous volume as measured with air-plethysmography and the duplex ultrasound measured diameter of incompetent perforator of the lower limb. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Thirty-six patients with chronic venous disease were investigated with air-plethysmography and duplex ultrasound. Venous volume and venous filling time was measured. Venous filling index was calculated. The findings were correlated with the diameter of the largest incompetent perforator vein of the lower limb. RESULTS: Twenty-six patients with venous volume in the normal range (80-170 ml) had a median perforator diameter of 3.5 mm (IQR 3.2-4.3). Ten patients with venous volume above 170 ml had median perforator diameter of 5.5 mm (IQR 4.6-7.7). (p=0.001, Mann-Whitney). There was a correlation between the venous volume and diameter of the largest incompetent perforator vein. (Pearson correlation factor 0.69, p=0.01). CONCLUSION: Limb volume correlates to the diameter of the largest incompetent perforator of the calf. Increase in venous limb volume could be partly responsible for an increase in the size of calf perforators thereby promoting incompetence.