振荡法气道阻力测定在小儿支气管扩张试验中的应用

支气管扩张试验常用于了解气道阻力的可逆性 ,从而鉴别各种慢性咳嗽及某些心肺疾病。哮喘患儿哮喘发作时也常以扩张支气管气雾剂治疗 ,用药后能缓解支气管痉挛 ,减低气道阻力 ,使气道通畅 ,哮喘症状得到缓解。其疗效和支气管扩张试验的评估 ,临床多采用第１秒用力呼气量 (ＦＥＶ１)、流速峰值（ＰＥＦ）等常规指标。但由于常规肺功能检查往往不能取得儿童很好配合 ,所以不易得到理想结果。我们应用国际最新脉冲振荡肺功能检测技术(ｉｍｐｕｌｓｅｏｓｃｉｌｌｏｍｅｔｒｙｓｙｓｔｅｍ ,ＩＯＳ) ,对１８０例哮喘患儿吸入硫酸特布他林 (喘康…     

比较单阻断法和双阻断法测定呼吸道疾病婴幼儿肺顺应性和呼吸道阻力的差异

目的 比较单阻断法和双阻断法测定呼吸道疾病婴幼儿肺顺应性(Crs)和呼吸道阻力(Rrs)的差异.方法 选择门诊送检肺功能测定的82例呼吸道疾病婴幼儿,应用Master Screen Paed型肺功能仪对其进行潮气呼吸环测定,并分别采用单阻断法和双阻断法测定其Crs和Rrs.分析参数包括达峰时间比值(TPTEF/TE)、达峰容积比值(VPEF/VE)及单阻断法和双阻断法测定的Crs和Rrs.应用SPSS 11.5软件进行统计学分析.结果 82例患儿的潮气呼吸参数TPTEF/TE为(23.2±11.4)%,VPEF/VE为(25.9±9.5)%.双阻断法测定的Crs 显著高于单阻断法[(18.06±12.21) mL·kg-1·kPa-1 vs (14.40±6.93) mL·kg-1·kPa-1,P=0.001],而2种方法测定的Rrs比较差异无统计学意义[( 3.66±1.47) kPa·L-1·s-1 vs (3.82±1.91) kPa·L-1·s-1,P=0.288].经潮气呼吸环测定的TPTEF/TE、VPEF/VE与单阻断法测定的Rrs均呈负相关(r=-0.245,P=0.026;r=-0.257,P=0.020),但与双阻断法测定的Rrs均无相关性.结论 在测定Crs和Rrs时,应用单阻断法和双阻断法联合测定有助于更全面分析呼吸道疾病婴幼儿的肺功能状态.     

健康儿童呼出气体一氧化氮水平及其与肺功能相关性研究

目的 测定健康儿童呼出气体一氧化氮(eNO)浓度及其与肺功能的相关性.方法 随机测定100名7～8岁健康儿童(男53名;7岁43名)eNO及肺功能,采用SAS(8.2版)软件进行秩相关分析.结果 受试儿童eNO水平[中位数(四分位数间距)为8×10-9[(6～11)×10-9],其中男8×10-9[(6～11)×10-9],女8×10-9[(6～11)×10-9].eNO与肺功能无相关性(复相关系数r=0.22,P=0.32).eNO与身高、体质量有明显的相关性(r=0.22,P=0.03;r=0.23,P=0.02).结论 健康儿童eNO与肺功能无相关性.eNO与肺功能联合检测可全面认识气道炎症和气道高反应性.     

脉冲震荡系统对哮喘儿童肺功能的测试及其意义初探

脉冲震荡测试系统是在强迫震荡技术基础上发展起来的一种测量呼吸阻抗的新技术,是诊断小儿哮喘、判断病情严重程度的工具.它直接测量气道阻力,除黏性阻力外,尚包括整个呼吸系统的弹性阻力和惯性阻力.主要参数包括共振频率（Fres）、呼吸总阻抗（Zrs）、总气道阻力（R5）、弹性阻力（X5）、中心气道阻力（Rc）、周边气道阻力（Rp）等.测试时受试者平静自主呼吸、无需用力.具有无创伤、适应范围广、敏感度高、重复性好、所得参数多等特点.我们对正常个体、典型哮喘发作期及哮喘缓解期患儿分别进行IOS肺功能测试,并进行统计学分析,结果如下.     

婴幼儿肺功能检测及气道反应性测定

儿童时期的肺功能测定对于临床及科研均非常重要。婴幼儿肺功能检测包括潮气呼吸、阻断、体描以及快速胸腹腔挤压。其中最常用的是潮气呼吸肺功能检测,其主要参数为达峰时间比(TPTEF/TE)、达峰容积比(VPEF/VE),是反映气道阻塞的2个非常重要的参数。支气管激发试验可以协助哮喘的诊断,判断治疗的效果。经典的是6岁以上儿童和成人做的以1秒量FEV1(也可以用呼气峰流速PEF)为判断指标的支气管激发试验。近15年来,出现了以脉冲振荡原理监测平静呼吸时吸入支气管激发剂时气道阻力的变化,以最小激发累积剂量(Dmin)为判断指标的激发试验方法。此方法可应用于4岁以上的儿童,明显扩大了检测范围,为临床提供了更为便捷的手段。     

小气道功能障碍的测定及其临床意义

小气道功能障碍已被证实广泛存在于阻塞性气道疾病及其他小气道疾病中,其临床表现较为不典型,不易发现.但是否存在小气道功能障碍可能影响患儿的临床症状、疾病控制以及复发风险等,因此需要通过有效的检测手段,早期发现、评估小气道功能障碍,以利于改善患儿的临床诊断、治疗及预后.目前尚缺乏统一的评估方法,该文介绍目前在临床应用的一些...     

肺功能检测儿童小气道功能应用进展

<正>近年来,小气道(small airways)功能评价在哮喘等小气道阻塞性疾病中的应用引起了重视。哮喘患者小气道阻力可达总气道阻力的50%~90%,是哮喘气道阻塞的主要部分,与哮喘控制不佳、急性发作及预后密切相关[1-3]。小气道功能检测缺乏金标准,且部分方法较为复杂或有创,儿童难以配合[4]。而肺功能作为小气道功能检测的重要手段之一,尤为适用于儿童。故本文将就肺功能在儿童小气道功能检测中的应用及研究进展进行综述。     

气道反应性监测在儿童哮喘治疗中的指导意义

目的 探讨气道反应性检测在儿童哮喘治疗中的指导意义.方法 对38例确诊的支气管哮喘患儿,分别在治疗前,治疗后3个月、1年、2年进行常规肺功能检查,同时吸人浓度倍倍递增的乙酰甲胆碱进行支气管激发试验,测定最大呼气流量(PEF)、一秒钟用力呼气容积(FEV1)、最大呼气中段流最(MMEF)及比气道传导率下降35%或以上时吸入乙酰甲胆碱浓度(PC35 sGaw).PC35 sGaw≤8 mg/ml为激发试验阳性,观察随防时间为2年.结果 所有患儿对吸入糖皮质激素 长效β2激动剂(ICS LABA)的联合治疗反应良好,97.4%的患儿达到临床完全控制.治疗后肺功能仅2例存在轻微异常,FEV1、MMEF、PEF随治疗时间的增加明显升高,较治疗前差异有统计学意义.气道反应性测定在治疗后3个月、1年、2年PC35 sGaw浓度分别为(0.735±0.573)mg/ml、(1.47±1.289)mg/ml及(3.827±2.258)mg/ml,但至2年时仍有57.9%的患儿支气管激发试验阳性,均为轻度气道高反应.结论 哮喘临床指标达到完全控制的时间早于气道反应性达到理想水平的时间,气道反应性指标在联合治疗长期随访以及调整治疗方案中的价值优于临床症状和肺功能,PC35 sGaw可作为评价疗效、指导治疗方案调整的指标之一.     

广州地区382名健康学龄儿童脉冲振荡肺功能的测定

目的　探讨儿童脉冲振荡肺功能技术 (IOS)的特点 ,建立国内儿童的正常参考值。方法对 382例 6～ 14岁正常儿童 (男性 196例 ,女性 186例 ) ,采用德国Jaeger公司生产的MasterscreenIOS肺功能仪 ,参考欧洲呼吸学会标准测定呼吸总阻抗 (Zrs)、不同振荡频率 (5Hz～ 35Hz)的粘性阻抗 (Rrs)及电抗 (Xrs)、响应频率 (Fres)等 2 0个指标 ,并对各实测指标作多元逐步线性回归及曲线回归 ,得出预计方程式。以实测数据与试验所得方程的预计值及Lechtenboerger方程式预计值进行相关系数的配对比较。结果　Zrs、Rrs与儿童生长 (身高及年龄 )呈负相关 [Zrs(男 ) =- 1 0 4 8+2 34 398/身高 ,r =-0 839,P <0 0 0 1;Zrs(女 ) =- 1 14 8+2 4 4 36 6 /身高 ,r=- 0 812 ,P <0 0 0 1];而Xrs则与儿童生长呈正相关 ,且变异减少。振荡频率 5Hz与 2 0Hz下的气道阻力之差 (R5-R2 0 )与儿童身高呈负相关 ,R5-R2 0 (男 ) =0 74 9- 0 0 0 4 3×身高 ,r=- 0 6 86 ,P <0 0 0 1;R5-R2 0 (女 ) =0 85 1- 0 0 0 5 1×身高 ,r=-0 6 2 7,P <0 0 0 1。多数IOS参数与身高的关系最为密切 ,年龄次之 ,体重的影响相对较少 ;建立了各IOS呼吸阻抗主要指标的多元回归方程式。IOS各实测值与所得方程预计值的相关系数均大     

组胺激发试验结合呼吸道阻力测定在学龄前儿童哮喘诊断和疗效判定中的应用价值

目的探讨组胺激发试验结合呼吸道阻力测定在学龄前儿童哮喘诊断和疗效判定中的应用价值。方法利用意大利MEFARMB3激发仪和德国产Microloop肺功能仪对42例哮喘(其中支气管哮喘27例,咳嗽变异性哮喘15例)和21例健康对照组儿童进行组胺激发试验和呼吸道阻力测定,比较其差异并评价在疗效判定中的价值。结果呼吸道阻力比值在健康对照组为(97.11±9.09)%,哮喘组为(229.37±57.48)%,咳嗽变异性哮喘组为(248.80±76.80)%。哮喘、咳嗽变异性哮喘组与健康对照组间比较有统计学意义(F=48.466P<0.001)。哮喘组16例予激素治疗,治疗前平均呼吸道阻力比值为(223.85±49.24)%,治疗3个月为(122.35±26.14)%,治疗后较治疗前呼吸道阻力比值显著降低(t=10.405P<0.005)。结论组胺激发试验结合呼吸道阻力测定是诊断和评价学龄前儿童哮喘的非常有效的一种方法。     

布地奈德溶液雾化吸入治疗对喘息性支气管炎患儿呼吸道阻力的影响

目的研究布地奈德雾化溶液吸入治疗对喘息性支气管炎患儿呼吸道阻力（AR）的影响。方法喘息性支气管炎患儿56例随机分为A组（常规＋布地奈德雾化溶液吸入治疗）和B组（常规治疗）,同时选取同期保健门诊同年龄组正常幼儿30例为对照组。应用Microloop肺功能仪加载的MicroRint传感器分别对各组儿童治疗前后的AR进行监测。结果喘息性支气管炎患儿急性期与对照组相比,AR明显增高（P〈0.01）;治疗2周后,A、B组AR均显著降低（Pa〈0.001）;但A组AR降低程度更明显,与对照组相比无明显差异;B组AR仍高于对照组。结论喘息性支气管炎患儿急性期AR明显升高;加用布地奈德雾化溶液吸入治疗可迅速减低患儿AR,缩短病程。     

常规肺通气功能检测在儿童支气管哮喘诊疗中的作用

目的 通过对比支气管哮喘(哮喘)患儿规范化治疗前后肺功能指标的变化,探讨其大小呼吸道功能改变及改变时间段.通过对比哮喘患儿吸入支气管扩张剂前后肺功能变化,明确哮喘患儿对支气管扩张剂的反应及呼吸道狭窄、呼吸道阻塞的可逆性.方法 采用肺功能测定系统对25例哮喘患儿分别于哮喘急性发作期、正规治疗后缓解期3个月、6个月、1 a行常规肺通气功能测定,比较各期实测值与预测值;并从中选出10例患儿于急性发作期行支气管舒张试验,比较支气管扩张剂雾化吸入前后其肺功能指标变化. 结果 哮喘患儿急性发作期用力肺活量(FVC)、一秒钟用力呼气量(FEV1)、1秒率(FEV 1.0%)、最大呼气流量(PEF)、25%用力呼气肺活量(FEF25)、FEF50、FEF75、中段呼气流速(MMEF75/25)等实测值均较预测值降低,治疗3个月FVC、FEV1等大呼吸道功能指标恢复,治疗1 a、FEF50、FEF75、MMEF75/25等小呼吸道功能指标恢复.哮喘患儿支气管扩张剂雾化吸入后大呼吸道功能指标FEV1、PEF及小呼吸道功能指标FEF50、FEF75、MMEF75/25等均较雾化前恢复.结论 哮喘患儿的肺功能指标在急性期和缓解期存在特异性动态变化,肺功能检测在儿童哮喘的诊断、疗效及病情判断方面具有良好的作用.     

Pulmonary function in children treated for rhabdomyosarcoma

Chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and surgical intervention have markedly improved the survival of patients treated for rhabdomyosarcoma. Unfortunately, the therapy may have deleterious effects on the lung. Pulmonary functions tests were obtained from 17 patients treated for rhabdomyosarcoma because of our concern regarding potential pulmonary dysfunction in this group of patients who had received bleomycin, which is known to be associated with lung injury. Mean age at the time of the diagnosis of rhabdomyosarcoma was 10.1 (±7.2) years (range 0.01–23.5 years). The mean age at the time of pulmonary function testing was 17.0 (±7.5) years (range 5.8–34.0 years). Study patients reportedly had no pulmonary symptoms. Approximately 87% of study patients had a restrictive ventilatory impairment on pulmonary function testing as measured by total lung capacity (TLC) values less than the lower limit of normal. Approximately 70% of study patients had carbon monoxide diffusing capacity (D_LCO) values less than the lower limit of normal. There were no significant differences in pulmonary function parameters when male study patients were compared to female study patients. There was a statistically significant lower forced expiratory volume in 1 second/forced vital capacity (FEV₁/FVC) ratio (P = 0.03) and percent predicted forced expiratory flow at 25–75% of the FVC (FEF_25–75%; P = 0.03) in the group of patients diagnosed with rhabdomyosarcoma over 8 years of age as compared to those individuals diagnosed under 8 years of age. In addition, there were no statistically significant differences in pulmonary function when the variables of sex and age at diagnosis (as outlined above) were studied in combination. In summary, we identified a high incidence of restrictive ventilatory abnormalities in a group of individuals (predominantly children) treated for rhabdomyosarcoma as well as a significantly lower FEV₁/FVC ratio and percent predicted FEF_25–75% in the group of patients diagnosed with the neoplasm over 8 years of age. Individuals caring for such patients are encouraged to obtain pre- and sequential posttreatment pulmonary function tests. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

The measurement of airways resistance using the interrupter technique (Rint)

The interrupter technique (Rint) is a quick, easy and effort-independent way to obtain indirect measurements of airways resistance in the preschool child. Results may be obtained using a portable Rint machine or a whole-body plethysmograph. Normative data are available and recent studies have improved standardisation of the methodology. Despite this, between-occasion results can be variable, particularly in children with wheeze. This limits the usefulness of the test in the assessment of long-term interventions such as the administration of inhaled steroids. The most useful role for Rint, therefore, appears to be in the assessment of bronchodilator responsiveness where it is as sensitive as spirometry in separating children with reversible airways disease from healthy controls. This paper describes the physiology of the interrupter technique and the methodology needed to obtain reliable results. Normal ranges are provided. The clinical applicability, repeatability, strengths and limitations of the technique are also discussed.     

Pulmonary Function in Survivors of Wilms' Tumor

The respiratory status of 47 patients surviving childhood Wilms' tumor was studied. The group that had receivedflnnk irradiation (which impinges on the lower lung) (n - 17) had a sisnijGantly lower mean percent predicted for forced expiratory volume in one second, residual volume, and total lung capaci(v when compared to those who had received no irradiation (n - 23). Those patients who had received whole-lung irradiation (n - 3) had sisnijicantly lower transfn. foctor for carbon monoxide and gas transfer per unit lung volume whm compared to the nonirradiated group (n - 23). There was no sipiftiant dimue in the prevalence of respiratory symptoms between the three groups. Patients receiving any form of radiotherapy for Wilms' tumor may have abnormulities o f pulmonary function and should have pulmonary function tests performed as part o f their long-tmn follow-up.     

肺表面活性物质联合布地奈德对急性呼吸窘迫综合征极低出生体质量儿肺功能的影响

目的 探讨肺表面活性物质(PS)联合布地奈德对急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)极低出生体质量儿肺功能的影响,并评价联合用药的治疗效果.方法 2010年8月-2011年3月南京市妇幼保健院收治的胎龄<34周、出生体质量<1 500 g、出生4 h内发生ARDS的早产儿30例,随机分为PS组和PS+布地奈德组.PS+布地奈德组(男9例,女6例)使用PS和布地奈德混合剂(每70 mg PS中加入0.25 mg布地奈德),剂量:PS 70 mg·kg-1,布地奈德0.25 mg·kg-1.PS组(男8例,女7例)单使用PS,70 mg·kg-1,出生30～60 min内由气管内滴入.监测2组患儿血气及肺功能.结果 PS+布地奈德组患儿动脉血气pH值第2、5、6天明显高于PS组(Pa<0.05),二氧化碳分压[pa(CO2)]第3、4、6天明显降低(Pa<0.05),氧合指数(OI)第3、4、6天明显升高(Pa<0.05);肺功能监测2组胸肺总顺应性(Crs)升高、呼吸道阻力(Raw)下降、潮气量(TV)增加,第5、6天与PS组比较有显著差异(Pa<0.05).结论 使用PS联合布地奈德对ARDS极低出生体质量儿能较快改善肺功能,尽早撤离呼吸机,减少肺损伤,减少早产儿支气管肺发育不良的发生.     

Airway hyper-responsiveness to adenosine 5''-monophosphate in preschool-age children with asthma

Airway hyper-responsiveness (AHR) to adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP) is closely associated with airway inflammation; however, not all asthmatic patients are responsive to it. This study was planned to investigate the predictive factors of AHR to AMP in asthmatic children aged between 3 and 6 yr. We performed a retrospective analysis of data from 63 asthmatic preschool-age children who were challenged by AMP in our department. All children were characterized by skin-prick tests, serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels, peripheral blood eosinophil percentage and bronchial challenge with methacholine (MCH) and AMP. Potential determinants for AHR to AMP were assessed within the group. AHR to AMP was found in 46% of preschool-age children with asthma, while that of MCH was 93.7%. All children responsive to AMP were also responsive to MCH. The geometric mean provocative concentration of MCH and AMP causing a 15% fall in transcutaneous oxygen tension (PC(15)PtcO(2)MCH and AMP) were 0.55 mg/ml (0.004-9.19) and 10.53 mg/ml (0.59-342.89), respectively. AMP-responsive children did not differ from non-responsive ones with respect to demographic factors, geometric mean PC(15)PtcO(2)MCH and atopic status. The median serum IgE level was significantly higher in AMP-responsive group than the non-responsive ones (p = 0.011). The peripheral blood eosinophilia was more frequent among responsive children (p = 0.019), and it was found as the only predictive factor for AMP responsiveness in preschool-age children with asthma in logistic regression model (odds ratio: 5.14; 95% CI: 1.23-21.47; p = 0.025). AMP responsiveness may be predicted by peripheral blood eosinophilia but not with atopy markers in young children with asthma.