优质广藿香的栽培技术和质量要求

广藿香为唇形科植物广藿香Ｐｏｇｏｓｔｅｍｏｎｃａｂｌｉｎ(Ｂｌａｎｃｏ)Ｂｅｎｔｈ .的干燥地上部分。按产地不同商品可分为石牌藿香和海南藿香 ,习惯认为主产于广州近郊石牌、棠下等地的石牌藿香历史悠久 ,自然条件优越 ,并且农民在选种、种植管理和采集加工方面均十分考究 ,故其在形、色、气、味方面一直保持优质 ,药效最佳 ,多用于配方 ,在国内外市场享有盛誉。海南藿香除药用外 ,由于含油量高 ,还用于提取挥发油供出口。本文通过对广藿香药材生态环境要求、理化指标、鉴别方法等方面进行了研究 ,制定出一套较为完善的检验优质广藿香…     

广藿香与藿香的鉴别

目的 澄清药源,保证用药安全.方法 从历史考证、植物来源、原植物性状、药材性状、显微特征、化学成分以及功效应用等方面进行比较.结果与结论 广藿香和藿香为不同品种,不应混淆使用,正品药用藿香为唇形科刺蕊草属植物广藿香.     

黄芪新的化学成分研究

黄芪为最常用的中药之一。[1] 我们对膜夹黄芪 [Ａｓｌｒａｇａｌｕｓ ｍｅｍｋｒａｎａｃｅｕｓ(Ｆｉｓｃｈ .)Ｂｇｅ.]根的化学成分进行了研究。共分离得到七个单体。经鉴定分别为Ⅰ蔗糖 (ｓｕｏｒｏｓｅ) ,Ⅲβ 谷甾醇 (β ｓｉｔｏ ｓｔｅｒｏｌ) ,Ⅳ芒柄花素 (ｆｏｒｍｏｎｏｎｅｔｉｎ) ,Ⅴ毛蕊异黄酮 (ｃａｌｙｃｏｓｉｎ) ;芒柄花素和毛蕊异黄酮系从黄芪属植物中分离出。药材为Ａ .ｍｅｍｋｒａｎａｃｅｕｓ(Ｆｉｓｃｈ)Ｂｇｅ .的根 ,系购自本市中药集团有限公司。本药材经药品监督检验所鉴定。紫外光谱用日立 2 0 0型紫外分光仪测…     

优质广藿香的栽培技术和质量要求

广藿香为唇形科植物广藿香Pogostemon cablin(Blanco)Benth.的干燥地上部分.按产地不同商品可分为石牌藿香和海南藿香,习惯认为主产于广州近郊石牌、棠下等地的石牌藿香历史悠久,自然条件优越,并且农民在选种、种植管理和采集加工方面均十分考究,故其在形、色、气、味方面一直保持优质,药效最佳,多用于配方,在国内外市场享有盛誉.海南藿香除药用外,由于含油量高,还用于提取挥发油供出口.本文通过对广藿香药材生态环境要求、理化指标、鉴别方法等方面进行了研究,制定出一套较为完善的检验优质广藿香药材的规程,为该药材的商品生产、贸易、科研及临床用药提供了依据.     

ALLHAT引起对降压药的争论

最近 ,美国医学会杂志发了一篇有关降压药的研究报道———ＡＬＬＨＡＴ(ＡｎｔｉｈｙｐｅｒｔｅｎｓｉｖｅａｎｄＬｉｐｉｄ ＬｏｗｅｒｉｎｇＴｒｅａｔｍｅｎｔｔｏＰｒｅｖｅｎｔＨｅａｒｔＡｔｔａｃｋＴｒｉａｌ) ,刊于《ＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆｔｈｅＡｍｅｒｉｃａｎＭｅｄｉｃａｌＡｓｓｏｃｉａｔｉｏｎ》 ,命题为“ＢｒｉｅｆＢａｃｋｇｒｏｕｎｄｅｒｏｎＦｉｎｄｉｎｇｓ”ＡＬＬＨＡＴ(Ｄｅ ｃｅｍｂｅｒ 18,2 0 0 2 )。该文主要介绍了高血压是导致心、脑血管疾病主要因素 ,美国有 2～ 3亿人口 ,患高血压者天天在服用多种降压药 ,…     

莲子草属药用植物的研究概况

莲子草属 (ＡｌｔｅｒｎａｎｔｈｅｒａＦｏｒｓｋ)又称满天星属等 ,是苋科 (Ａｍａｒａｎｔｈａｃｅａｅ)的一个属 ,全世界有 2 0 0种 ,主要分布于美洲热带、暖温带。我国有 4种 ,主要分布于江苏、浙江、湖南、福建等江南省份 ,但某些品种在北京等地也曾引种。生长于我国的 4种植物有莲子草 (Ａ ｓｅｓｓｉｌｉｓＬ ＤＣ Ａ ｓｅｓ ) ;喜旱莲子草 (Ａ ｐｈｉｌｏｘｅｒｏｉｄｅｓＭａｒｔ )ＧｒｉｓｅｂＡ ｐｈｉ )又名空心苋、空心莲子草、螃蜞菊等 ,多药用 ;锦绣苋 (Ａ ｂｅｔｔｚｉｃｋｉａｎａ (Ｒｅｇｅｌ)ＮｉｃｈｏｌｓＡ ｂｅｔ ) …     

天然去甲二萜生物碱的研究进展

二萜生物碱是一类结构复杂的天然产物 ,主要存在于毛莨科 (Ｒａｎｕｎｃｕｌａｃｅａｅ)乌头属 (Ａｃｏｎｉｔｕｍ )、翠雀属 (Ｄｅｌｐｈｉｎｉｕｍ )和飞燕草属 (Ｃｏｎｓｏｌｉｄａ)植物中。该类化合物有广泛的生理活性 ,尤其在抗炎、镇痛等方面作用显著。目前 ,已有 3种化合物高乌甲素 (ｌａｐｐａｃｏｎｉｔｉｎｅ)、草乌甲素 (ｃｒａｓｓｉｃａｕｌｉｎｅＡ)和 3 乙酰乌头碱 (3 Ｏ ａｃｅｔｙｌａｃｏｎｉｔｉｎｅ)作为镇痛药物应用于临床。此外 ,高乌甲素在国外临床上己用于抗心律不齐。而国内关附甲素 (ｇｕｆｕｂａｓｅＡ)作为抗心…     

得自小根蒜及薤中的几种含氮化合物

从中药薤白的主要基源植物小根蒜（ＡｌｌｉｕｍｍａｃｒｏｓｔｅｍｏｎＢｕｎｇｅ）鳞茎中首次分得５种化合物。它们是腺苷（Ａｄｅｎｏｓｉｎｅ，１）、胸苷（Ｔｈｙｍｉｄｉｎｅ，２）、２，３，４，９－四氢－１－甲基－１Ｈ－吡啶骈［３，４－ｂ］吲哚－３－羧酸（２，３，４，９－ｔｅｔｒａｈｙｄｒｏ－１－ｍｅｔｈｙｌ－１Ｈ－ｐｙｒｉｄｏ［３，４－ｂ］ｉｎｄｏｌｅ－３－ｃａｒｂｏｘｙｌｉｃａｃｉｄ，３）、２，３，４，９－四氢－１Ｈ－吡啶骈［３，４－ｂ］吲哚－３－羧酸（２，３，４，９－ｔｅｔｒａｈｙｄｒｏ－１Ｈ－ｐｙｒｉｄｏ［３，４－ｂ］ｉｎｄｏｌｅ－３－ｃａｒｂｏｘｙｌｉｃａｃｉｄ，４）和丁香甙（Ｓｙｒｉｎｇｉｎ，５）．从另一种基源植物薤（Ａ．ｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｅＧ．Ｄｏｎ）鳞茎中分得腺苷（１）、色氨酸（Ｔｒｙｐｔｏｐｈａｎ，６）和化合物（４）．     

2000年美国上市的新药和生物制品

20 0 0年在美国上市的新药 2 7个 ,新的生物制品6个 ,详细见附表。附表　 2 0 0 0年美国上市的新药和生物制品　　　药　品　　创制公司　　　适应证二十二烷醇 (ｄｏｃｏｓａｎｏｌ,Ａｂｒｅｖａ)Ａｖａｎｉｒ/ＧＳＫ唇疱疹比伐卢定 (ｂｉｖａｌｉｒｕｄｉｎ ,Ａｎｇｉｏｍａｘ)ＴｈｅＭｅｄｉｃｉｎｅｓＣｏ抗凝血药阿加曲班 (ａｒｇａｔｒｏｂａｎ ,Ａｃｏｖａ)针剂ＧＳＫ/ＴｅｘａｓＢｉｏｔｅｃｈ肝素诱发的血小板减少西曲瑞克 (ｃｅｔｒｏｒｅｌｉｘ ,Ｃｅｔｒｏｔｉｄｅ)Ａｓｔａ/Ｓｅｒｏｎｏ促黄体激素过早升高巴柳氮 (ｂａｌｓａ…     

木瓜与其伪品小木瓜的鉴别

木瓜为蔷薇科植物贴梗海棠Ｃｈａｅｎｏｍｅｌｅｓｓｐｅ ｃｉｏｓａ (Ｓｗｅｅｔ)Ｎａｋａｉ的干燥近成熟果实。小木瓜为其同科属植物Ｄｏｃｙｎｉａｄｅｌａｖａｙｉ (Ｆｒａｎｃｈ .)Ｓｃｈｎｅｉｄ .和印度Ｄ .ｉｎｄｉｃａＤｅｃｎｅ .等的果实。近来笔者在检验中发现 :市场上有用小木瓜充当木瓜出售和使用。据文献[1] 记载 :小木瓜系伪品 ,不得入药。由于二者的饮片除大小略有差别外 ,其它极为相似。中国药典 2 0 0 0年版有 2个鉴别反应[2 ] :一是Ｌｉｅｂｒｍａｎｎ -Ｂｕｒｃｈａｒｄ反应 ,用于鉴别皂苷。另一个是三氯…     

中日产川芎的matK、ITS基因序列及其物种间的亲缘关系

目的分析中国产川芎Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort.及日本产川芎Cnidium officinale Makino的核基因组ITS和叶绿体基因组matK序列,为探讨中日产川芎物种间的亲缘关系提供分子依据。方法采用PCR直接测序技术测定川芎和日本川芎的ITS基因和matK基因核苷酸序列并作序列变异分析。结果川芎和日本川芎的matK序列长度均为1268 bp,编码422个氨基酸。ITS1-5.8S-ITS2序列长度均为699 bp,其中18S rRNA基因3′端序列54 bp,ITS1序列215 bp,5.8S rRNA基因序列162 bp,ITS2序列222 bp,26S rRNA基因5′端序列46 bp。根据排序比较,川芎原植物与其商品药材间的matK基因和ITS基因序列完全相同,而川芎与日本川芎间matK基因则仅有1个变异位点,即在上游959 nt处1个转换替代(T→C),反映在氨基酸序列则发生一个非同义取代V(GTG)→A(GCG);ITS基因也仅有1个变异位点,即在ITS1上游54 nt处1个转换替代(T→C)。结论通过进化速率较快的基因序列同源性分析,基本可以认为中日所产川芎基原一致,日本川芎学名似应改为Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort.。     

广藿香的基因序列与挥发油化学型的相关性分析

目的探讨“南药”广藿香Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth.不同产地间的叶绿体和核基因组的基因型与挥发油化学型的关系，为广藿香道地性品质评价、规范化种植提供分子依据。方法用PCR直接测序技术对广藿香6个产地样本的叶绿体matK基因和核18S rRNA基因核苷酸序列进行测序分析研究。结果广藿香6个样本的matK基因序列长均为1 245 bp，编码415个氨基酸成熟酶。18S rRNA基因序列长为1 803～1 805 bp。根据排序比较，广藿香6个样本间的matK基因序列存在47个变异位点，18S rRNA基因存在17个变异位点，非加权组平均法构建的系统分支树表明广藿香基因序列分化与其产地、所含挥发油化学变异类型呈良好的相关性。结论结合挥发油分析数据，基因测序分析技术可作为广藿香道地性品质评价方法这一以及规范化种植过程关键技术“物种鉴定”的强有力工具。     

基因测序技术在中药质量研究中的应用（Ⅰ）——山东郓城猴头半夏基原的DNA测序鉴别

目的：分析半夏Pinellia ternata(Thunb.)Breit.及其伪品虎常南星Pinellia pedatisecta Schott的核基因组序列,为半夏正品基原鉴别提供分子依据。方法：采用PCR直接测序技术测定半夏及其伪品的18S rRNA基因核苷酸序列并作序列变异和选择性内切酶谱（PCR－SR）分析。结果：半夏和伪品的18S rRNA序列长度均为1805bp,根据排序比较,半夏原植物与商品药材间的序列完全相同,虎掌南星亦如此。而半夏与其伪品虎掌南星间则存在序列差异（有4个变异位点）。在半夏18S rRNA序列中有一个限制性内切酶Ase Ⅰ识别位点,通过PCR－SR图谱显示800bp和900bp2个酶切片断,而虎掌南星则无此位点,PCR－SR图谱显示1个未消化的1800bp片断。结论：通过核基因组序列和PCR－SR图谱差异DNA测序技术可成为半夏正品基原鉴别准确而有效的分子方法。     

6种川产姜黄属药用植物叶绿体trnK基因序列变异分析及其分子鉴定

目的建立6种川产姜黄属（Curcuma）药用植物快速简单的分子鉴定方法。方法采用叶绿体赖氨酸tRNA基因（trnK）测序与序列变异分析方法。结果6种姜黄属药用植物（包括姜黄C. longa、莪术C. phaeocaulis、川郁金C. sichuanensis、川郁金C. chuanyujin、川黄姜C. chuanhuangjiang、川莪术C. chuanezhu）完整trnK基因长度在2699～2705 bp。序列可变区包括matK基因编码区和trnK外显子与matK内含子之间区域，共有6个单核苷酸多态性（SNPs）位点、1个9-bp的缺失重复序列和2个4-bp、14-bp插入重复序列。结论trnK基因序列可变位点可以作为6种川产姜黄属药用植物快速简单的分子鉴定标记，并为它们之间种的归并提供了分子依据。     

6种川产姜黄属药用植物叶绿体trnK基因序列变异分析及其分子鉴定

目的建立6种川产姜黄属(Curcuma)药用植物快速简单的分子鉴定方法.方法采用叶绿体赖氨酸tRNA基因(trnK)测序与序列变异分析方法.结果 6种姜黄属药用植物(包括姜黄C. longa、莪术C. phaeocaulis、川郁金C. sichuanensis、川郁金C. chuanyujin、川黄姜C. chuanhuangjiang、川莪术C. chuanezhu)完整trnK基因长度在2699～2705 bp.序列可变区包括matK基因编码区和trnK外显子与matK内含子之间区域,共有6个单核苷酸多态性(SNPs)位点、1个9-bp的缺失重复序列和2个4-bp、14-bp插入重复序列.结论 trnK基因序列可变位点可以作为6种川产姜黄属药用植物快速简单的分子鉴定标记,并为它们之间种的归并提供了分子依据.     

Phylogenetic relationship in the genus Panax: inferred from chloroplast trnK gene and nuclear 18S rRNA gene sequences

Chloroplast trnK gene and nuclear 18S rRNA gene sequences of 13 Panax taxa, collected mainly from Sino-Japanese floristic region, were investigated in order to construct phylogenetic relationship and to assist taxonomic delimitation within this genus. The length of trnK gene sequence varied from 2537 bp to 2573 bp according to the taxa, whereas matK gene sequences, embedded in the intron of trnK gene, were of 1512 bp in all taxa. Species-specific trnK/ matK sequence provided much insight into phylogeny and taxonomy of this genus. 18S rRNA gene sequences were of 1808 or 1809 bps in length, only 9 types of 18S rRNA sequences were observed among 13 taxa. Parsimony and neighbor-joining analyses of the combined data sets of trnK-18S rRNA gene sequences yielded a well-resolved phylogeny within genus Panax, where three main clades were indicated. P. pseudoginseng and P. stipuleanatus formed a sister group located at a basal position in the phylogenetic tree, which suggested the relatively primitive position of these two species. Monophyly of P. ginseng, P. japonicus (Japan) and P. quinquefolius, which are distributed in northern parts of Asia or America, was well supported (Northern Clade). The remaining taxa distributed in southern parts of Asia formed a relatively large clade (Southern Clade). The taxonomic debated taxa traditionally treated as subspecies or varieties of P. japonicus or P. pseudoginseng showed various nucleotide sequences, but all fell into one cluster. It might suggest these taxa are differentiated from a common ancestor and are in a period of high variation, which is revealed not only on morphological appearance, but also on molecular divergence. By comparing trnK and 18S rRNA gene sequences among 13 Panax taxa, a set of valuable molecular evidences for identification of Ginseng drugs was obtained.     

Genetic heterogeneity of ribosomal RNA gene and matK gene in Panax notoginseng

Previously, 185 ribosomal RNA gene and matK gene sequences of Chinese herbal medicines, Ginseng Radix, Panacis Japonici Rhizoma and Panacis Quinquefolli Radix were shown to correspond with those of the original plants, Panax ginseng, P. japonicus and P. quinquefolius, respectively, with the species-specific sequences especially for 18S rRNA gene sequences. In P. notoginseng and its derivative, Notoginseng Radix, however, we found two genetic groups with respect to both gene sequences. Five base substitutions were detected on both gene sequences and the homology between two groups was 99.7% for the 18S rRNA gene and 99.6% for the matK gene, respectively. One genetic group was found to have the identical sequences as those of P. ginseng.     

DNA sequencing analysis of ITS and 28S rRNA of Poria cocos

We determined the DNA sequences of the internal transcribed spacer 1 and 2 (ITS 1 and 2), the 5.8S rRNA gene and most of the 28S rRNA gene of Poria cocos for the first time, and conducted analysis of 20 samples including cultured mycelias and crude drug materials obtained from various localities and markets. Direct sequencing of the ITS 1 and 2 regions of the samples, except for four wild samples, showed that they had identical DNA sequences for ITS 1 and 2 with nucleotide lengths of 997 bps and 460 bps, respectively. By cloning, the four wild samples were found to have combined sequences of common ITS sequences with 1 or 2-base-pair insertions. Altogether both ITS 1 and 2 sequences were substantially longer than those of other fungal crude drugs such as Ganoderma lucidum and Polyporus umbellatus. Thus, Poria cocos could be distinguished from these crude drugs and fakes by comparing the nucleotide length of PCR products of ITS 1 and 2. Contrary to the basic homogeneity in ITS 1 and 2, three types (Group 1, 2, 3) of the 28S rRNA gene with distinctive differences in length and sequence were found. Furthermore, Group 1 could be divided into three subgroups depending on differences at nucleotide position 690. Products with different types of 28S rRNA gene were found in crude drugs from Yunnan and Anhui Provinces as well as the Korean Peninsula, suggesting that the locality of the crude drugs does not guarantee genetic uniformity. The result of DNA typing of Poria cocos may help discrimination of the quality of the crude drug by genotype.     

Molecular analysis of medicinally-used Chinese and Japanese Curcuma based on 18S rRNA gene and trnK gene sequences.

Curcuma drugs have been used discriminatingly for invigorating blood circulation, promoting digestion, and as a cholagogic in China. However, there is confusion about the drug's botanical origins and clinical uses because of morphological similarity of Curcuma plants and drugs. In order to develop an ultimate identification, molecular analysis based on 18S rRNA gene and trnK gene sequences were performed on 6 Curcuma species used medicinally in China and Japan. The 18S rRNA gene sequences were found to be of 1810 bps in length. In comparison with the common sequence of C. longa, C. phaeocaulis, C. wenyujin and C. aromatica, that of C. kwangsiensis had one base substitution, and the same base difference was observed between the Chinese and the Japanese populations of C. zedoaria. The trnK gene sequences were found to span 2698-2705 bps. There were base substitutions, small deletions or insertions at some sites between the trnK coding region and matK region among each species. Based on the base substitutions, C. zedoaria and C. kwangsiensis specimens were divided into two groups, respectively. An identical sequence was detected in C. phaeocaulis and in the Chinese population of C. zedoaria, as well as in the Japanese population of C. zedoaria and in one group of C. kwangsiensis with a purple-colored band in leaves. New taxonomic information to be used for authenticating Curcuma drugs was obtained.     

鹿类中药材的位点特异性PCR鉴定研究

目的　建立一种简便、准确的鹿类中药材鹿茸、鹿鞭、鹿筋、鹿胎的DNA分子标记鉴定方法。方法　在对鹿类中药材的正品原动物梅花鹿、马鹿及其混伪品原动物的Cyt b 基因全序列分析的基础上,设计了一对专用于鉴定正品鹿类药材的位点特异性鉴别引物ILu01-L和ILu01-H。结果　在6 4℃的复性温度下,用鉴别引物对原动物样品进行鉴别PCR ,仅正品能得到约365bp阳性扩增带;对鹿茸、鹿鞭及鹿筋正、伪品药材进行PCR鉴定,结果表明:3批鹿茸仅一批为正品,2批鹿鞭皆为伪品,鹿筋正、伪品药材PCR鉴定与形态鉴定结果一致。随机选取2枚鹿茸及一个原动物做Cyt b 基因片段序列分析,其结果与PCR鉴定完全一致。结论　对市售鹿类商品药材需加强质量监督和管理。所设计的鉴别引物对梅花鹿、马鹿有高度特异性,可应用于以其为原动物的鹿类中药材的鉴定。