RNA干扰选择性下调心肌细胞血管紧张素Ⅱ受体AT1a

目的用RNA干扰技术选择性下调乳鼠心肌细胞上血管紧张素Ⅱ1a型受体(AT1aR)的表达。方法用携带U6启动子和AT1a特异性短发夹RNA(shRNA)编码序列的质粒载体pAT1a-shRNA1,pAT1a-shRNA2,及含非特异性shRNA编码序列的对照质粒pGenesil-Con(pCon),转染原代培养的乳鼠心肌细胞,通过半定量RT-PCR和Western-blot法检测AT1a,AT2受体的表达情况,以内参照β-actin进行标化。结果pAT1a-shRNA1使AT1a的mRNA和蛋白质表达分别降低70%和67%,pAT1a-shRNA2使之分别降低66%和52%,转染对照质粒组较空白对照组AT1a受体表达及各组AT2受体表达无显著差异。结论RNA干扰技术能选择性下调乳鼠心肌细胞AT1a受体的表达,为心血管疾病基因治疗的研究提供了新的思路。     

RNA干扰选择性下调心肌细胞血管紧张素Ⅱ受体AT1a

目的用RNA干扰技术选择性下调乳鼠心肌细胞上血管紧张素Ⅱ1a型受体(AT1aR)的表达.方法用携带U6启动子和AT-1a特异性短发夹RNA(shRNA)编码序列的质粒载体pAT1a-shRNA1, pAT1a-shRNA2,及含非特异性shRNA编码序列的对照质粒pGenesil-Con(pCon),转染原代培养的乳鼠心肌细胞,通过半定量RT-PCR和Western-blot法检测AT1a,AT2受体的表达情况,以内参照β-actin进行标化.结果 pAT1-shRNA1使AT1a的mRNA和蛋白质表达分别降低70%和67%,pAT1a-shRNA2使之分别降低66%和52%,转染对照质粒组较空白对照组AT1a受体表达及各组AT2受体表达无显著差异.结论 RNA干扰技术能选择性下调乳鼠心肌细胞AT1a受体的表达,为心血管疾病基因治疗的研究提供了新的思路.     

血管紧张素Ⅱ对血管平滑肌细胞增殖、迁移作用的信号通路研究

血管平滑肌细胞（vascular smooth muscle cells,VSMCs）是血管中膜的主要细胞成分,它的增殖和迁移是血管病变的细胞基础病理改变之一。血管紧张素Ⅱ（Angio-tensinⅡ,AngⅡ）与VSMCs上其1型受体（AngiotensinⅡtype 1 receptor,AT1R）结合后,可经丝裂原激动蛋白激酶（mitogen activated protein kinase,MAPK）、核因子-κB（nuclear factorof kappa B,NF—κB）等多条信号通路,     

腺病毒介导血管平滑肌细胞转染表达血管紧张素Ⅱ2型受体的研究

目的体外培养大鼠血管平滑肌细胞（VSMC）并以腺病毒介导转染表达血管紧张素Ⅱ（AngⅡ）2型受体（AT     

转染血管紧张素Ⅱ受体(AT1)反义核苷酸对血管平滑肌细胞增殖的影响

目的:评价转染AT1反义核菩酸(AT1A)对血管平滑肌细胞(VSMCs)血管紧张Ⅱ(AngⅡ)受体亚型mRNA表达、蛋白激酶C(PKC)、丝裂素活化蛋白激酶p38(P38MAPK)蛋白表达,及蛋白核酸合成的作用.方法:RT-PCR克隆AT1 cDNA序列(476bp),将克隆的AT1cDNA反向插入PcDNA3.1,构建一完整的含AT1A的质粒(PAT1A),测序鉴定.转染培养的大鼠VSMCs,RT-PCR检测转染VSMCs AT1mRNA表达.AngⅡ(10-7mol/L)刺激24 h后,比较转染与非转染的VSMCs AT1与AT2 mRNA表达(RT-PCR)、P38MAPK和PKC蛋白表达(免疫印迹,western blot)、蛋白核酸合成(3H-Leucine及3H-Thymidine掺入).结果:成功构建PAT1A.RT-PCR显示转染VSMCs AT1 mRNA表达量显著减少,与对照VSMC相比差异显著(P＜0.01).AngⅡ(10-7mol/L)刺激24 h后,与非转染VSMCs相比,转染VSMCs AT1 mRNA明显减少(P＜0.01),AT2 mRNA明显增加(P＜0.01);但两组间PKC和P38MAPK蛋白表达;3H-Leu及3H-TdR掺入量均无显著性差异(P＞0.05).结论:经AT1A封闭后,能显著抑制VSMC AT1mRNA表达,同时上调AT2 mRNA.单纯封闭AT1 mRNA并不能有效阻断AngⅡ介导的VSMCs蛋白核酸合成及VSMCs生长相关的信号转导,其他信号通路可能有代偿作用.     

转染血管紧张素Ⅱ1型受体反义核苷酸对血管外膜成纤维细胞增殖的影响

为了评价转染血管紧张素Ⅱ1型受体反义核苷酸对血管外膜成纤维细胞血管紧张素Ⅱ受体亚型mRNA表达,及细胞内核酸蛋白质的合成水平的作用。采用逆转录－聚合酶链反应克隆血管紧张素Ⅱ1型受体cDNA序列（476bp),将克隆cDNA反向插入PLXSN,构建一完整的含血管紧张素Ⅱ1型受体的质粒,并转染入培养的血管外膜成纤维细胞,逆转录－聚合酶链反应和免疫印迹鉴定其转染后血管紧张素Ⅱ1型受体mRNA和蛋白表达。比较血管紧张素Ⅱ10^-7mol/L刺激24h后的转染及非转染的血管外膜成纤维细胞血管素Ⅱ受体各亚型mRNA表达、细胞内核酸蛋白质的合成水平。转染组血管紧张素Ⅱ1型受体mRNA和蛋白表达量显著减少,对照组相比差异显著（P＜0．01）。血管紧张素Ⅱ10^-7mol/L刺激24h后,与对照组血管外膜成纤维细胞相比,转染组血管紧张素Ⅱ1型受体mRNA表达明显减少,血管紧张素Ⅱ受体Ⅱ型mRNA表达明显增加（P＜0．01）,但两组间核酸和蛋白合成均无显著差异（P＞0．05）。提示反义核苷酸封闭后,血管外膜成纤维细胞血管紧张素Ⅱ1型受体mRAN表达显著抑制,同时血管紧张素Ⅱ受体Ⅱ型mRNA上调。单纯封闭血管紧张素Ⅱ1型受体mRNA并不能有效阻断血管紧张素Ⅱ介导的血管外膜成纤维细胞生长。     

转染血管紧张素受体Ⅱ(AT_l)反义核苷酸对血管平滑肌细胞增殖的影响

目的 :评价转染 ATl 反义核菩酸 (ATl A)对血管平滑肌细胞(VSMCs)血管紧张 (Ang )受体亚型 m RNA表达、蛋白激酶 C(PKC)、丝裂素活化蛋白激酶 P38(P38MAPK)蛋白表达 ,及蛋白核酸合成的作用。方法 :RT- PCR克隆 ATl c DNA序列 (476 bp) ,将克隆的 ATlc DNA反向插入 Pc DNA3.1 ,构建一完整的含 ATl A的质粒(PATl A) ,测序鉴定。转染培养的大鼠 VSMCs,RT- PCR检测转染 VSMCs AT1 m RNA表达。Ang (1 0 - 7mol/ L)剌激 2 4h后 ,比较转染与非转染的 VSMCs AT1 与 AT2 m RNA表达(RT- PCR)、P38MAPK和 PKC蛋白表达 (免疫印迹 ,westernblot)、蛋白核酸合成 (3H- L eucine及 3H- Thym idine掺入 )。结果 :成功构建 PATl A。RT- PCR显示转染 VSMCs ATlm RNA表达量显著减少 ,与对照 VSMC相比差异显著 (P<0 .0 1 )。Ang (1 0 - 7mol/ L)刺激 2 4h后 ,与非转染 VSMCs相比 ,转染 VSMCs ATl m RNA明显减少 (P<0 .0 1 ) ,AT2m RNA明显增加 (P<0 .0 1 ) ;但两组间 PKC和 P38MAPK蛋白表达 ;3H- L eu及3H- Td R掺入量均无显著性差异 (P>0 .0 5 )。结论 :经 ATl A封闭后 ,能显著抑制 VSMC ATl m RNA表达 ,同时上调 AT2 m RNA。单纯封闭 ATlm RNA并不能有效阻断Ang 介导的 VSMCs蛋白核酸合成及 VSMCs生长相关的信号转导 ,     

转染血管紧张素Ⅱ受体反义核苷酸对心肌成纤维细胞的作用

目的 :评价转染血管紧张素 （Ang ）受体 （AT1 ）反义核苷酸 （AT1 A）对心肌成纤维细胞 （Fbs） Ang 受体亚型 m RNA、蛋白激酶 C（PKC）、丝裂素活化蛋白激酶 P38（P38MAPK）蛋白表达 ,及蛋白质合成的作用。方法 :RT-PCR克隆 AT1 c DNA片段 （4 76 bp） ,将克隆的 AT1 c DNA片段反向插入 Pc DNA 3.1（5 .4kb） ,构建一完整的含AT1 A的质粒 （PAT1 A）。转染培养的大鼠 Fbs,RT- PCR检测转染的 Fbs AT1 m RNA表达。 Ang 10 - 7m ol/ L 刺激 2 4h后 ,比较转染及非转染的 Fas Ang 受体 AT1 及 AT2 m RNA表达 （RT- PCR）、P38MAPK和 PKC蛋白表达（western blot）、蛋白质合成 （3H- L eu掺入 ）。结果 :成功构建 PAT1 A。 RT- PCR显示转染 Fbs AT1 m RNA的水平降低 ,与对照 Fbs相比差异显著 （P<0 .0 1）。 Ang 10 - 7m ol/ L 刺激 2 4h后 ,与非转染 Fbs相比 ,转染 Fbs AT1m RNA明显减少 ,AT2 m RNA明显增加 （P<0 .0 1） ;但两组间 PKC和 P38MAPK蛋白表达、3H- L eu及 3H- Td R掺入量均无显著性差异 （P>0 .0 5 ）。结论 :经 AT1 A封闭后 ,能显著地抑制 Fbs AT1 m RNA表达 ,同时上调 AT1 m RNA。单纯封闭 AT1 m RNA并不能有效阻断 Ang 介导的 Fbs蛋白质合成及 Fbs生长相关的信号转导。     

小发夹核糖核酸沉默鼠孤束核血管紧张素Ⅱ受体mRNA表达

目的 了解小发夹核糖核酸（short hairpin ribonucleic acid,shRNA）,在小鼠孤束核抑制血管紧张素Ⅱ1型受体（angiotensin Ⅱ receptor 1,AT1R）信使核糖核酸（messenger RNA,mRNA）表达的有效性和特异性。方法 8只雄性C57BL小鼠作为动物模型,选择脑干孤束核作为研究靶点,用微量注射方法,将携带shRNA的腺病毒注入脑干右侧孤束核,左侧同时注射对照腺病毒。正常饮食喂养10d后宰杀,用原位杂交的方法检测每只小鼠脑干AT1aR mRNA表达的情况,用配对的t检验进行统计学分析。结果 注入携带针对AT1aR mRNA的shRNA腺病毒后,AT1aR mRNA的表达量由1.81μCi/mg下降为0.71μCi/mg,降低了61%±7%,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）,而AT1bR mRNA的表达则不受影响（P〉0.05）。结论 本所设计的shRNA,能够在活体上有效和特异地抑制AT1aR mRNA表达;脑干孤束核的解剖特点适宜作为活体上评价小片段RNA干扰AT1R mRNA表达效率的位置。     

应用siRNA抑制神经胶质瘤C6细胞受体表达的探讨

目的构建编码大鼠血管紧张素Ⅱ受体基因mRNA的短发夹RNA真核表达载体质粒,研究体外培养的哺乳细胞中siRNA抑制靶基因表达的有效性,为利用基因沉默技术从转录后水平进行高血压治疗的研究做准备.方法根据大鼠AT1受体mRNA序列设计并合成siRNA寡核苷酸片段,退火形成双链并克隆进入载体pGenesil-1.用构建完成的pGenesil-1-siRNA质粒和重新洗牌的对照质粒转染大鼠胶质瘤细胞,并在不同时相收集转染的细胞,进行RT-PCR和Western blot检测.结果 AT1R基因短发夹RNA抑制大鼠血管紧张素Ⅱ受体mRNA基因及其蛋白的结果类似.与对照组比较(100%),在转染后48 h血管紧张素Ⅱ受体mRNA基因水平下降到35.5%±3.0%,72 h后达到最低点(20.7%±4.0%).而与对照组相比,血管紧张素Ⅱ受体蛋白在24 h和48 h分别减少至46.9%±4.2% 和37.0%±3.7%,最大减少在转染后72 h(28.1%±4.0%).结论成功地构建了编码大鼠血管紧张素Ⅱ受体mRNA的短发夹RNA真核表达载体后,在体外转染哺乳细胞中表达siRNA可有效地抑制靶基因的表达,并导致其蛋白的翻译受到抑制,达到基因干扰的目的.为利用RNAi从转录后水平对心血管疾病进行治疗做有益的探索,为进一步研究基因沉默在自发性高血压大鼠的降压治疗研究奠定了基础.     

Adenovirus-mediated small-interference RNA for in vivo silencing of angiotensin AT1a receptors in mouse brain

Because of the lack of pharmacological approaches, molecular genetic methods have been required to differentiate between angiotensin type 1(AT1) receptor subtypes AT1a and AT1b. RNA interference is a new tool for the study of gene function, producing specific downregulation of protein expression. In this study, we used the small hairpin RNA (shRNA) cassette method to screen target sites for selectively silencing AT1a or AT1b receptor subtypes in cultured Neuro-2a cells using real-time RT-PCR. For in vivo functional studies, we used C57BL mice with arterial telemetric probes and computerized licking monitors to test the effect of adenovirus carrying the DNA sequence coding AT1a shRNA (Ad-AT1a-shRNA). Ad-AT1a-shRNA was injected into the lateral ventricle (intracerebroventricular) or the brain stem nucleus tractus solitaries/dorsal vagal nucleus (NTS/DVN) with measurement of water intake, blood pressure (BP), and heart rate (HR) for up to 20 days after injection. Tissue culture studies verified the specificity and the efficiency of the constructs. In animal studies, beta-galactosidase staining and Ang receptor binding assays showed expression of shRNA and downregulation of Ang AT1 receptors in the subfornical organ and NTS/DVN by >70%. Intracerebroventricular injection of Ad-AT1a-shRNA increased water intake with no effect on BP or HR. In contrast, microinjection of Ad-AT1a-shRNA into NTS/DVN caused a decrease in BP with no effect on HR or water intake. Results demonstrate the use of the RNA interference method in site-directed silencing of gene expression and provide a method for the in vivo study of Ang AT1 receptor function.     

Pivotal role of tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1 in AT2 receptor-mediated apoptosis in rat fetal vascular smooth muscle cell

OBJECTIVE: To examine the possible crosstalk and the roles of angiotensin (Ang) II type 1 (AT1) and type 2 (AT2) receptors in the control of apoptosis in fetal vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). METHODS: Fetal VSMCs were prepared from rat fetal aorta at embryonic day 20. Expression of Ang II receptors was measured by a radioligand binding assay. Apoptotic changes were assessed by caspase 3 activity and chromatin dye staining. Regulation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activity via Ang II receptors was analysed by determining phosphorylated ERK with Western blot. Ang II receptor-mediated activation of tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1 was assessed by protein tyrosine phosphatase assay. RESULTS: The expression of AT1 and AT2 receptors was approximately 70%: 30% per cell. Serum depletion induced apoptosis in fetal VSMCs and selective AT1 receptor stimulation attenuated the apoptotic changes, whereas selective AT2 receptor activation enhanced apoptosis. Ang II increased ERK phosphorylation, which was inhibited by addition of the AT1 receptor-specific antagonist CV11974, but enhanced by addition of the AT2 receptor-specific antagonist PD123319, suggesting that activation of AT2 receptor attenuated the AT1 receptor-mediated ERK phosphorylation. Moreover, we demonstrated that AT2 receptor stimulation activated SHP-1 in fetal VSMCs, whereas AT1 receptor stimulation did not. Transient transfection of a dominant-negative SHP-1 mutant into rat fetal VSMCs resulted in a significant decrease of the AT2 receptor-mediated inhibition of ERK phosphorylation and attenuated the proapoptotic effect of AT2 receptor. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that a crosstalk between AT1 and AT2 receptors regulates the survival of fetal VSMCs and substantiate SHP-1 as a key molecule in AT2 receptor signaling.     

Angiotensin II type 2 receptor gene transfer downregulates angiotensin II type 1a receptor in vascular smooth muscle cells

Two distinct subtypes of angiotensin (Ang) II receptors, type 1 (AT(1)) and type 2 (AT(2)), have been identified. Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) usually express AT(1) receptor. To elucidate the direct effects of the AT(2) receptor on the AT(1) receptor in VSMCs, we transfected AT(2) receptor gene into cultured rat VSMCs. Overexpression of AT(2) receptor significantly decreased expression of AT(1a) receptor at both the mRNA and protein levels in the presence and absence of Ang II in VSMCs. Overexpression of AT(2) receptor increased expression of bradykinin and inducible NO in the presence and absence of Ang II in VSMCs. Bradykinin B(2) receptor antagonist HOE-140 and NO synthase inhibitor N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) inhibited the decreases in AT(1a) receptor expression by the overexpression of AT(2) receptor in VSMCs. L-Arginine augmented the decrease in AT(1a) receptor expression. Overexpression of AT(2) receptor suppressed basal DNA synthesis and proliferation of VSMCs and abolished response of DNA synthesis to Ang II in VSMCs. Our results demonstrate that overexpression of the AT(2) receptor downregulates AT(1a) receptor expression in rat VSMCs in a ligand-independent manner that is mediated by the bradykinin/NO pathway. Downregulation of AT(1a) receptor is a novel mechanism by which the AT(2) receptor regulates growth and metabolism of VSMCs.     

cAbl tyrosine kinase mediates reactive oxygen species- and caveolin-dependent AT1 receptor signaling in vascular smooth muscle: role in vascular hypertrophy

Important output signals of the angiotensin subtype 1 receptor (AT1R) in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are mediated by angiotensin II (Ang II)-stimulated transactivation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-R), which is critical for vascular hypertrophy. Ang II-induced EGF-R transactivation is mediated through cSrc, a proximal target of reactive oxygen species (ROS) derived from NAD(P)H oxidase (NOX) and is dependent on AT(1)R trafficking through caveolin1 (Cav1)-enriched lipid rafts. Underlying molecular mechanisms are incompletely understood. The nonreceptor tyrosine kinase, proto-oncogene cAbl is a substrate of Src and is a major mediator for ROS-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation of Cav1. We thus hypothesized that cAbl is important for ROS-, cSrc-, and Cav1-dependent growth-related AT1R signal transduction. Here we show that Ang II induces tyrosine phosphorylation of cAbl in rat VSMCs and mouse aorta, and that Ang II promotes association of cAbl with AT(1)R, both of which are Src-dependent. Pretreatment of rat VSMCs with the NOX inhibitor diphenylene iodonium or the antioxidants N-acetylcysteine or ebselen significantly inhibited Ang II-induced cAbl phosphorylation. Cell fractionation shows that both EGF-Rs and cAbl are found basally in Cav1-enriched membrane fractions. Knockdown of cAbl protein using small interference RNA inhibits Ang II-stimulated: (1) trafficking of AT1R into, and EGF-R out of, Cav1-enriched lipid rafts; (2) EGF-R transactivation; (3) appearance of the transactivated EGF-R and phospho-Cav1 at focal adhesions; and (4) vascular hypertrophy. These studies provide a novel role of cAbl in the spatial and temporal organization of growth-related AT1R signaling in VSMCs and suggest that cAbl may be generally important in signaling of G-protein coupled receptors.     

Redox-sensitive signaling by angiotensin II involves oxidative inactivation and blunted phosphorylation of protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP-2 in vascular smooth muscle cells from SHR

Angiotensin II (Ang II) signaling in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) involves reactive oxygen species (ROS) through unknown mechanisms. We propose that Ang II induces phosphorylation of growth signaling kinases by redox-sensitive regulation of protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTP) in VSMCs and that augmented Ang II signaling in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) involves oxidation/inactivation and blunted phosphorylation of the PTP, SHP-2. PTP oxidation was assessed by the in-gel PTP method. SHP-2 expression and activity were evaluated by immunoblotting and by a PTP activity assay, respectively. SHP-2 and Nox1 were downregulated by siRNA. Ang II induced oxidation of multiple PTPs, including SHP-2. Basal SHP-2 content was lower in SHRs versus WKY. Ang II increased SHP-2 phosphorylation and activity with blunted responses in SHRs. Ang II-induced SHP-2 effects were inhibited by valsartan (AT(1)R blocker), apocynin (NAD(P)H oxidase inhibitor), and Nox1 siRNA. Ang II stimulation increased activation of ERK1/2, p38MAPK, and AKT, with enhanced effects in SHR. SHP-2 knockdown resulted in increased AKT phosphorylation, without effect on ERK1/2 or p38MAPK. Nox1 downregulation attenuated Ang II-mediated AKT activation in SHRs. Hence, Ang II regulates PTP/SHP-2 in VSMCs through AT(1)R and Nox1-based NAD(P)H oxidase via two mechanisms, oxidation and phosphorylation. In SHR Ang II-stimulated PTP oxidation/inactivation is enhanced, basal SHP-2 expression is reduced, and Ang II-induced PTP/SHP-2 phosphorylation is blunted. These SHP-2 actions are associated with augmented AKT signaling. We identify a novel redox-sensitive SHP-2-dependent pathway for Ang II in VSMCs. SHP-2 dysregulation by increased Nox1-derived ROS in SHR is associated with altered Ang II-AKT signaling.     

Serotonin potentiates angiotensin II--induced vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation.

Vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation is a key feature in the development of atherosclerosis and restenosis after angioplasty, which can occur in response to many different humoral and mechanical stimuli. We investigated the growth promoting activities of two potent vasoactive substances, angiotensin II (Ang II) and serotonin (5-HT), on cultured rabbit VSMCs. Growth-arrested VSMCs were incubated with serum-free medium containing different concentrations of Ang II in the presence or absence of 5-HT. [3H]thymidine incorporation into VSMC DNA was measured as an index of cell proliferation. Ang II and 5-HT stimulated DNA synthesis in a dose-dependent manner with a maximal effect at 1.75 microM for Ang II (202%) and 50 microM for 5-HT (205%). When added together, low concentrations of Ang II (1 microM) and 5-HT (5 microM) synergistically induced DNA synthesis (363%). Candesartan (1 microM), an AT(1) receptor antagonist, but not PD 123319 (1 microM), an AT(2) receptor antagonist, inhibited the mitogenic effect on Ang II and its interaction with 5-HT. Sarpogrelate (10 microM), a 5-HT(2A) receptor antagonist, and pertussis toxin (10 ng/ml) inhibited the mitogenic effect of 5-HT and its interaction with Ang II. The protein kinase C inhibitor Ro 31-8220 (0.1 microM), the Raf-1 inhibitor radicicol (10 microM), and the MAPK kinase inhibitor PD 098059 (10 microM) abolished mitogenic effects of Ang II and 5-HT, and also their synergistic interaction. The JAK2 inhibitor AG 490 (10 microM) had only a minimal inhibitory effect of Ang II-induced DNA synthesis but significantly inhibited the interaction of Ang II with 5-HT. The synergistic effect on Ang II (1 microM) with 5-HT (5 microM) on DNA synthesis was completely reversed by the combined use of both candesartan (1 microM) and sarpogrelate (10 microM). Our results suggest that Ang II and 5-HT exert a synergistic interaction on VSMC proliferation via AT(1) and 5-HT(2A) receptors. The activation of MAPK and JAK/STAT pathways may explain the synergistic interaction between Ang II and 5-HT.     

Role of angiotensin II type-1 and type-2 receptors on vascular smooth muscle cell growth and glucose metabolism in diabetic rats

This study investigates the mechanisms whereby angiotensin II (Ang II) signaling contributes to cell growth and glucose metabolism in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) from male Wistar fatty rats (WF) and their littermates (Wistar lean rats, WL). The levels of the medial outgrowth rate of VSMCs and Ang II type-1 receptors (AT1R) in aortae from WF were more enhanced than those in aortae from WL, but the level of Ang II type-2 receptors (AT2R) was not different. A mixture of insulin and Ang II additively increased the values of [(3)H]-thymidine incorporation in WF and WL, which was inhibited by olmesartan, an AT1 receptor blockade (ARB), but not by PD123,319, an AT2 receptor blockade. Similarly, insulin and Ang II phosphorylated extracellular-regulated protein kinase 1/2, retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein, and cyclic AMP response element binding protein, and these levels were higher in WF than in WL. In contrast, the phosphorylation was suppressed by olmesartan but not PD123,319. Insulin-stimulated Akt phosphorylation and 2-deoxy-d-glucose uptake in WF were significantly reduced by Ang II, and the reduction was ameliorated by olmesartan but not PD123,319. Differently from the result of Akt, the phosphorylation of the insulin-stimulated insulin receptor beta-subunit was not affected by Ang II, olmesartan, or PD123,319. However, the phosphorylation of insulin-stimulated insulin-related substrate (IRS)-1 was suppressed by Ang II, and the suppression was ameliorated by olmesartan, but not PD123,319, in both WF and WL. In contrast, the phosphorylation of IRS-1 on Ser(307) was elevated by the Ang II, and the elevation was suppressed by olmesartan, but not by PD123,319, in both WF and WL. These findings demonstrated that Ang II signaling contributes to cell proliferation and inhibition of the insulin signaling pathways through AT1R, but not trough AT2R, in both non-diabetic and diabetic VSMCs.     

TNF-α对培养乳鼠心肌细胞的作用

目的:探讨不同浓度肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)对培养的乳鼠心肌细胞活力、蛋白合成、分泌AngⅡ及AT1受体表达的影响。方法: 体外培养的SD乳鼠心肌细胞随机分为对照组和不同浓度TNF-α（20、40、60、80、100 μg/L）干预组,用BCA法测定心肌细胞蛋白合成总量,MTT比色法和LDH检测反映心肌细胞的活力,ELISA法检测心肌细胞培养液中AngⅡ的含量,免疫细胞化学染色法检测心肌细胞膜AT1受体表达的变化。结果: TNF-α浓度依赖性地增强乳鼠心肌细胞活力、增加蛋白合成,20、40、60、80 μg/L TNF-α组细胞活力较对照组分别增加1.21（P<0.05)、1.42、1.51和1.73倍（均P<0.01),蛋白合成分别增加27.8%（P<0.05）、38.9%、46%和66.7%（均P<0.01）,而LDH含量差异无显著性。100 μg/L TNF-α组与对照组比较,心肌细胞活力降低18.5%（P<0.01）、蛋白合成降低18.3%（P<0.01）及心肌LDH生成增加1.48倍（P<0.01)。TNF-α浓度依赖性地增加乳鼠心肌细胞AngⅡ分泌,与对照组比较分别增加0.5、1.1、1.6、3和3.6倍（均P<0.01）。TNF-α还具有诱导AT1受体的表达的作用。结论: TNF-α可促进心肌细胞内源性AngⅡ产生,引起心肌细胞活力、蛋白合成改变,AT1受体表达上调,可能介导了心肌肥大、心肌受损等心肌改建的病理生理过程。