老年人胆囊炎胆石症手术治疗的临床分析

目的探讨老年人胆囊炎胆石症的最佳手术时机及处理措施。方法对我院2001年1月至2007年12月153例老年人胆囊炎胆石症围手术期处理、手术时机、手术方式、术后并发症的处理和预防等进行总结分析。结果老年人胆囊炎胆石症约60%合并糖尿病、心血管疾病及慢性阻塞性肺疾病。择期手术106例发生术后并发症27例;急诊手术47例,发生并发症28例;急诊手术并发症明显高于择期手术。本组围术期无死亡病例。结论老年人胆石症合并胆囊炎应争取早期手术治疗。只要术前准备充分,选择有效安全的麻醉与手术方式,高度重视术后观察与处理,可以把风险降至最低水平。     

老年人胆石症手术治疗体会

目的:探讨老年人胆石症的临床特点及手术问题。方法:总结我院2006年1月～2010年10月98例60岁以上胆石症手术治疗临床资料。结果:98例中完全治愈90例,术后仍感右上腹疼痛7例,术后合并心梗死亡1例。结论:老年人胆石症患者多数病程长,内科合并症多,根据患者病情以及术中情况采用不同的手术方法,严格围手术期监护与处理,多能确保安全。     

胆石症合并肝硬化患者行腹腔镜胆囊切除术围手术期的护理

目的 探讨胆石症合并肝硬化患者行腹腔镜胆囊切除术的围手术期的护理,提高护理质量.方法 回顾2003年4月至2007年3月笔者所在医院52例胆石症并肝硬化患者行腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)的临床资料,总结手术前后护理.结果 患者积极配合治疗,术后恢复好,术后并发症得到有效的控制.结论 加强围手术期的监测与护理,是减少胆石症并肝硬化患者行LC术的并发症发生和促进患者康复的关键.     

肝硬化合并胆石症的围手术期治疗

目的探讨肝硬化合并胆石症的围手术期治疗。方法回顾性总结1994年～2004年收治的54例病人的手术方法、疗效及并发症的防治。结果术中大出血死亡1例；术后应激性溃疡出血2例，胆道出血2例，积极止血处理后痊愈；胆瘘2例，经引流治愈；胸腔积液5例，均随炎症消退消失；肝肾综合征2例，积极保肝治疗后痊愈；切口感染3例，积极换药后痊愈。53例恢复良好出院，随访1～5年无复发。结论严格掌握手术适应证，术前积极纠正肝功能，加强营养支持，简化手术方法，选择个体化手术方式，将提高治愈率、减少并发症及降低病死率。     

胆石症合并肝硬化施行胆道手术的体会

目的:探讨胆石症合并肝硬化施行胆道手术的处理。方法:回顾分析我院2001年以来对胆石症合并肝硬化施行胆道手术38例的临床资料。结果:术后一个月内死亡2例,均死于肝肾功能衰竭。并发症8例,其中肝性脑病3例,胸腔积液、膈下积液3例,切口裂开1例,胆瘘1例。结论:对胆石症合并肝硬化施行胆道手术要十分重视,术前要对肝功能、门脉高压、胆石症的情况要有准确评估,采取合适的手术方式,加强围手术期处理。     

93例老年性胆石症外科手术临床观察

目的:探讨老年性胆石症的临床特点、手术时机、手术方式选择、围手术期处理及术后并发症防治.方法:对2008年9月至2011年5月在我科行手术治疗的93例老年性胆石症患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果:93例老年胆石症患者均行手术治疗,术后治愈79例(84.9 %),好转13例(14.0% ),死亡1例(1.1%).其中行胆囊切除术60例,胆囊切除加胆总管探查取石术14例,胆总管探查取石术5例,胆肠吻合术4例,胆囊造瘘术3例.结论:老年胆石症应根据病情正确选择手术时机和手术方式,并重视围手术期及术后处理,对于老年性胆石症患者,如果没有明显禁忌症,应积极行手术治疗.     

肝硬化门静脉高压症合并胆石症的围手术期处理体会

目的总结肝硬化门静脉高压症合并胆石症的围手术期的处理经验。方法回顾性分析56例肝硬化门静脉高压症合并胆石症患者的临床资料。结果治愈出院50例;手术死亡6例,病死率10.71%,死亡原因：术后腹腔内大出血2例,术后多器官功能衰竭4例。术后近期并发症：腹腔内出血4例,术后大量腹水5例,肝性脑病2例,多器官功能衰竭4例,膈下脓肿3例,肺部感染3例,切口感染2例。出院后41例（82%）获得随防2个月至7年的随访,随防期间出现消化道出血3例,死亡1例;肝性脑病2例,死亡1例;脾静脉吻合口栓塞1例。2例肝移植患者分别已经生存2年和3年,无再出血和肝性脑病发生。结论术前对肝硬化门静脉高压症合并胆石症患者的肝功能和手术风险做充分的评估,积极行护肝治疗;掌握好适当的手术时机和合理的手术方式;积极防治术中、术后出血、腹水和腹腔感染等并发症;做好合理的围手术期处理,对降低并发症发生率和病死率起到决定性作用。     

糖尿病患者妇科手术的围手术期处理

目的:总结妇科疾病合并糖尿病的围手术期的处理经验.方法:分析26例需行妇科手术的糖尿病患者手术前后血糖的控制及并发病的预防.结果:26例糖尿病患者术中、术后合理使用胰岛素后预后良好,全部安全渡过围手术期,无严重并发症发生,伤口Ⅰ期愈合率88.46%,Ⅱ期愈合率11.54%.结论:糖尿病患者术前较好控制血糖,术中、术后积极监测及治疗,使围手术期的血糖相对稳定,是手术成功及减少术后并发症的关键.     

门静脉高压症断流术围手术期常见并发症及处置

目的:总结断流术治疗门静脉高压症的经验,分析围手术期并发症发生的原因并探讨处理要点。方法:回顾性分析639例肝硬化门静脉高压症患者的围手术期并发症及处理经验。结果:术前发生的肝功能不良、凝血机制障碍和上消化道出血,对患者手术的安全性有重要影响,需要积极处理。125例发生术后并发症(发生率为19.56%),包括术后腹腔内出血8例(1.25%),近期复发上消化道出血21例(3.29%),感染32例(5.00%),脾静脉血栓39例(6.10%),肝功能不全25例(3.91%)。住院期间死亡7例(病死率为1.1%)。主要死亡原因:复发上消化道出血(4例),肝功能衰竭(3例)。结论:减少围手术期并发症应注意:(1)积极有效的围手术期处理;(2)合理的把握手术时机;(3)术中完全彻底的阻断门奇静脉间的反常血流。     

妇科疾病合并糖尿病的围手术期管理

目的探讨合并糖尿病的妇科手术患者的围手术期处理方法.方法分析76例糖尿病患者择期施行中型或大型妇科手术前、术中、术后利用胰岛素控制血糖,输入适量的葡萄糖,减少蛋白质分解.结果全部患者术后24 h内血糖均较术前增高.其中全麻及手术时间120 min以上对血糖的影响分别明显大于连续硬膜外麻醉及手术时间120 min以下者.伤口Ⅰ期愈合71例(93.4%),Ⅱ期愈合5例(6.68%).所有病人均安全度过围手术期,无严重并发症.结论糖尿病患者术前应仔细检查并于手术前后积极治疗,正确使用胰岛素,保持围手术期血糖浓度相对稳定,合理使用抗生药物、选择合理的手术时间及麻醉方式,是手术成功的关键.     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.