2010年我国成人道路交通伤害行为危险因素流行特点

目的了解我国不同成年人群道路交通伤害主要行为危险因素的流行特点。方法2010年在我国162个监测点,采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样,调查了98658名18岁及以上居民,通过面对面问卷调查收集道路交通伤害相关行为危险因素信息。对样本进行复杂加权后,分析不同成年人群头盔佩戴、安全带佩戴、酒后驾驶、疲劳驾驶和无证驾驶情况。结果2010年我国成人摩托车驾乘人员中,头盔经常佩戴率为20．03％（95％CI：16．98％～23．08％）,不佩戴率为59．52％（95％CI：55．80％～63．25％）,男性佩戴情况好于女性（P〈0．001）。机动车驾驶员安全带经常佩戴率为36．74％（95％CI：33．04％～40．45％）,不佩戴率为37．22％（95％CI：33．81％～40．62％）,女性佩戴情况好于男性（P=0．028）。机动车驾驶员酒后驾驶率为10．89％（95％CI：9．65％～12．13％）,45～54岁组驾驶员酒后驾驶率最高（P=0．010）。机动车驾驶员疲劳驾驶率为19．71％（95％CI：18．06％～21．37％）,35～44岁年龄组驾驶员疲劳驾驶率最高（P=0．003）。机动车驾驶员无证驾驶率为24．68％（95％CI：22．13％～27．23％）,65岁及以上年龄组驾驶员无证驾驶率最高（P〈0．001）。结论中国成年人道路交通危险行为问题较为严重。     

南京市摩托车驾驶员酒驾调查

目的了解南京市摩托车驾驶员酒后驾驶发生情况及相应的影响因素。方法采用现况调查方法,收集合并2012年4月-2013年8月期间南京市10个交警大队机动车驾驶员呼气酒精浓度（BAC）测试和问卷调查中有关摩托车驾驶员的数据进行分析。结果符合条件的样本共468例,酒后驾驶（BAC〉Omg/100mL）发生率为12．18％,其中按照（GBl9522-2010）规定饮酒后驾车和醉酒后驾车发生率分别为9．40％和0．21％;晚上及深夜酒后驾驶发生率高于白天即=14．877,P=0．001）;周末酒后驾驶发生率高于工作日（X2=9．513,P=0．006）;驾龄3年以上的驾驶员酒后驾驶发生率高于3年及以下的驾驶员（X2=5．427,P=0．020）;驾车时间在0．5时及以下驾驶员酒后驾驶发生率高于0．5时以上的驾驶员（Fisher确切概率法,P=0．017）;未戴头盔的摩托车驾驶员酒后驾驶发生率高于带头盔者（X2=6．247,P=0．012）。结论南京市摩托车驾驶员酒后驾驶发生率较高,提示应有针对性地开展干预及强化执法活动。     

9省6类专业大学生艾滋病知识、态度、行为比较

目的比较我国9省6类专业大学生艾滋病相关知识、态度、行为的现状，为有针对性的开展大学生艾滋病健康教育提供依据。方法采用自行设计问卷，对全国28所高校6类专业的17625名大学生进行问卷调查。结果医药院校学生艾滋病的知识得分最高，民族院校学生最低；艺术类学生安全套使用意向最强，民族院校最弱；在使用安全套的自我效能方面，艺术类学生显著高于其他专业，男生中民族院校的学生自我效能最弱，女生中民族、理工和师范类较弱。男生性行为发生率从高到低依次为，艺术院校（31．2％）、民族院校（19．8％）、文科院校（12．3％）、医药院校（10．1％）、理科院校（9．9％）、师范院校（8．8％），艺术院校高于其他院校（P〈0．01），民族院校高于后4个院校（P〈0．01），文科院校高于师范院校（P〈0．05）和理科院校（P〈0．01）。女生性行为发生率排序依次为：艺术院校（13．7％）、理工院校（4．9％）、文科院校（4．2％）、民族院校（3．7％）、师范院校（3．0％）、医药院校（2．6％），艺术院校高于其他院校（P〈0．01），理工院校高于师范院校和医药院校（P〈0．01），文科院校高于医药院校（P〈0．01）。结论亟待全面加强民族院校大学生的艾滋病预防教育，艺术类院校则需要加强艾滋病防治知识教育，理工科学校需要对女生更加关注。     

天津市中小学生传染病健康教育效果评价

目的评价中小学生传染病防制知识健康教育的效果，为采取健康教育方式预防学生传染病提供依据。方法整群抽取天津市18所小学和16所初中的四～九年级中小学生，随机分为项目组和对照组，以问卷形式进行基线和终末调查。项目组学生在基线调查后开展为期4个月的传染病相关知识的健康教育。结果健康教育后，项目组学生的传染病知识知晓率和健康行为形成率明显提高，项目组学生传染病预防控制知识点的知晓率上升了21．0～47．0个百分点（P〈0．001）；不喝生水、饭前便后洗手等卫生行为的形成率分别提高22．7和12．3个百分点（P〈0．01）；近1个月腹泻发生率从6．0％下降到2．8％（P〈0．001）；对健康教育的态度有较大转变，认为需要进行健康教育的学生从85．7％上升为96．9％，提高的幅度高于对照组，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论将常见传染病的预防控制知识列入中小学生健康教育项目并督导落实是降低传染病发病率的重要措施之一。     

山东省威海市服务行业从业人员乙型肝炎认知情况调查

目的了解服务行业从业人员乙型肝炎相关知识认知状况。方法采用问卷调查方法，调查威海市2006年服务行业健康查体检出的315名乙型肝炎病毒携带者和体检未查出携带乙型肝炎病毒人员320人相关知识认知情况。结果乙型肝炎相关知识答题正确率男性为49．88％，女性为56．70％（x2=87．75，P〈0．01）；乙型肝炎病毒携带者组相关知识答题正确率为45．28％，正常组为62．67％（x2=598．99，P〈0．01）；大专以上文化程度人员乙型肝炎相关知识答题正确率为66．77％，中专为58．72％，初中为48．75％，小学为29．79％（P〈0．01）；30—49岁年龄组相关知识正确率最高为60．35％，〈20岁年龄组最低为46．56％（x2=11．17，P〈0．01）；新参加工作人员相关知识正确率为51．99％，从业时间大于1年以上者为57．46％（X2=55．45，P〈0．01）；食品行业从业人员相关知识正确率为52．32％，公共场所类为56．93％（x2=38．24，P〈0．01）。结论饮食服务行业、男性、低年龄、受教育程度低者乙型肝炎相关知识缺乏，应作为教育的重点。     

南宁市高校大学生对同性恋的认知与态度调查

目的了解南宁市高校大学生对同性恋的认知和态度，为学校开展性健康教育提供基础材料，为同性恋研究工作提供依据。方法对广西医科大学、广西大学、广西艺术学院、广西师范学院452名在校大学生进行无记名问卷凋奄。结果南宁市岛校大学生对同性恋行为的接受程度较低，只占24．3％；女生对同性恋的接受程度明显高于男生（P〈0．01），旦女同性恋行为较男同性恋行为更易被接受（P〈0．01）。在接受性教育方面，只有9．1％的大学生受过系统的性教育，医学生与非医学生差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。女生及医学生对同性恋权利的认可程度分别高于男生和非医学生（P值均〈0．01）。结论高校大学生对唰性恋的认知程度较低。应加强大学生的性健康教育，促进其身心健康发展。     

社区早孕妇女预防出生缺陷相关知识调查与对策

目的了解社区早孕妇女预防出生缺陷相关知识知晓情况，以更好地做好社区出生缺陷的一级预防工作。方法对早孕门诊中234名早孕妇女进行预防出生缺陷相关知识的问卷调查。结果本组调查对象中，28．2％（66／234）的早孕妇女知晓出生缺陷相关知识。其中，本市户籍知晓率为31．6％，显著高于非本市户籍的13．6％（P〈0．05）。大专及以上文化程度知晓率为38．2％，显著大于大专以下的9．8％（P〈0．01）。各年龄组间，出生缺陷知识知晓率的差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。所有孕妇对神经管畸形（NTDS）的预防知晓率最低，为53．0％。结论社区应宣传、普及孕前、孕期保健知识，做好出生缺陷的一级预防。     

昆明市流动入口生殖健康知识调查

目的了解流动人口生殖健康知识现状，为流动人口生殖健康教育提供依据。方法采用多阶段随机抽样方法，对1028名流动人口进行问卷调查。结果被调查对象中，已婚男性133人（12．9％），未婚男性86人（8．4％）；已婚女性687人（66．8％），未婚女性122人（11．9％）。年龄以18～35岁为主（74．6％）。教育程度以初中和小学为主（75．4％）。统计学分析发现，男性的计划生育知识得分低于女性（P〈0．01），男性的性病／艾滋病知识得分高于女性（P〈0．01）。离家务工时间0．5～4年的调查对象生殖健康知识综合得分低于其他组（P〈0．01）。已婚者生殖健康知识综合得分高于未婚者。专业人员／行政管理人员的生殖健康知识综合得分高于其他职业人员。随教育程度增高或收入增加，生殖健康知识综合得分也明显增加。结论未婚、中低学历、从事非技术工作和低收入人群，以及离家务工时间较短的流动人口的生殖健康知识知晓率低。应根据知识实际掌握情况，有针对性地加强教育和引导。     

某地高职学校学生艾滋病认知状况及相关态度和行为

目的了解高职学生性行为和艾滋病认知的现状，为针对性地开展健康教育提供科学依据。方法整群抽取某地4所高职院校学生4873名，用自行设计的问卷调查学生性行为发生情况；对5280名学生分别于健康教育前后进行艾滋病认知情况调查。结果高职学生近50％有过恋爱经历；边缘性行为发生比例男生为48.1％，女生为34．3％；性行为发生率男生为14．4％，女生为3．0％；有性行为的女生中有6．7％有过人流经历；高职学生AIDS知识和对AIDS的态度经健康教育之后均有所改善（P值均〈0．01）。结论高职高专学生性态度趋于开放，性行为现况令人担忧；对艾滋病知识了解不够全面，对待艾滋病病人的态度还有待进一步提高。     

江苏省私营企业流动人口艾滋病健康教育效果分析

目的评价流动人口艾滋病健康教育效果,探讨艾滋病相关知识和态度的关系。方法采用整群随机抽样的方法,对江苏省8家私营企业中的流动人口开展自主学习和科普讲座为主的健康教育干预,干预前后进行艾滋病知识和态度问卷调查,评价健康教育效果。结果干预前,共调查流动人口815人,干预后共调查728人。干预后,调查对象知识点晓率大部分在75％以上,除“与艾滋病病毒携带者共用牙刷剃须刀会传播”以外,各知识点知晓率均高于干预前（P〈0．05）;调查对象对“每次性行为后都用药水冲洗生殖器不可以预防艾滋病”的知晓率最低（46．3％）。干预后,调查对象正确态度持有率较干预前有明显提高（P〈0．05）,但“认为艾滋病患者不应该被隔离”（55．0％）和“同情和关心艾滋病患者”（61．1％）的比例仍较低。干预后,调查对象知识题目全部的比例由干预前的0．9％上升为15．8％（x^2=117．84,P〈0．01）,态度题目全部正确的比例由3．2％上升为12．9％（x^2=50．67,P〈0．01）,知识与态度题目全部正确的比例由0上升为2．3％（P〈0．01）。结论健康教育对提高流动人口知识具有明显效果,但对态度转变的效果则较差,健康教育效果评价应注重知识和态度的交互关系。     

Motorcycle helmet use and legislation: a systematic review of the literature

Although there has been a marked improvement in the safety profiles of cars and in car crash outcomes, there has been a marked worsening in outcomes of motorcycle collisions. Motorcycles account for only 2% of vehicle registrations in the United States, but motorcycle collisions account for 10% of traffic deaths. Further, motorcycle riders are 34 times more likely to die in a traffic collision than automobile drivers. Motorcycle helmet use has been suggested to be an effective way to reduce death and disability after traffic collisions, and enactment of universal helmet laws has been suggested as a means to enforce helmet use. This article presents findings from an analysis of National Highway Traffic Safety Administration data and studies in the medical literature on the impact of motorcycle helmet use and helmet legislation on the risk of death or injury in motorcycle accidents. The authors found voluminous support for motorcycle helmet use as a way to prevent severe traumatic brain injury and traffic fatalities.     

2004—2008年浙江省15岁以上摩托车驾驶员道路交通伤害监测结果分析

目的分析浙江省摩托车驾驶员道路交通伤害情况,为今后开展相关干预提供依据。方法利用浙江省医院伤害监测数据进行分析。结果 2004—2008年共监测15岁以上摩托车驾驶员道路交通伤害病例7053例,男女性别比为3.58∶1;25～44岁年龄组占59.59%。伤害严重程度以中度为主,占43.46%。安全头盔配置率和使用率分别为40.61%和33.43%,伤害病例中,自报饮酒率为4.08%。伤害性质以软组织伤为主(71.93%),伤害部位以头部为主(41.25%)。结论摩托车驾驶员道路交通伤害的发生有其特性与规律,应针对安全头盔使用和酒后驾驶开展干预。     

Helmet use by drivers and passengers of motorcycles in Pamplona (Spain), 1992

In 1992 a new Traffic Rules Code was enacted in Spain. This Code included a helmet law that came into force on 1 September 1992. Since then, helmet use is compulsory for motorcycles in urban areas. Previously, helmet use had been obligatory only for motorcycle in highways. To evaluate driver and passenger compliance with the helmet law, an observational prevalence survey of helmet use in Pamplona (a city of 183,539 inhabitants in the north of Spain) was performed. The utilization of helmet by motorcycle drivers and their passengers was recorded three months before and three after the helmet law took effect. Helmet use increased from 19.7% in the first period to 94,8% in the second period. After the law took effect helmet use was higher among drivers 97.5% than among passengers 77.5%. Passengers used helmet more frequently when the driver was also using helmet. The prevalence ratio of helmet use, in those passengers whose driver used helmet versus those who didn't, was 9.91 (95% CI=1.52, 64.83). Health education and law enforcement efforts should be targeted to drivers to prevent them from giving a ride to passengers without helmet.     

广西摩托车驾乘人员佩戴头盔的研究

目的　调查了解摩托车驾乘人员佩戴头盔的情况 ,为预防和控制摩托车伤害提出正确佩戴合格头盔的对策。方法　在广西贵港地区 18个观察点 ,通过路边观察和问卷调查的方法估计摩托车驾乘人员的头盔佩戴率、合格头盔佩戴率和合格头盔正确佩戴率。结果　在 4 76 8位接受调查的摩托车驾乘人员中有 2 6 79位佩戴头盔 ,佩戴率为 5 6 .2 %。在头盔佩戴者中 ,只有 32 .7%的人佩戴合格头盔。只有 16 .4 %的摩托车驾乘人员正确佩戴合格头盔。结论　尽管我国的交通法规强制要求摩托车驾乘人员佩戴头盔 ,但实际头盔佩戴率、合格头盔佩戴率和合格头盔正确佩戴率都很低 ,为了有效预防和控制摩托车伤害的发生 ,急需开展正确佩戴合格头盔的综合干预项目。     

2003～2005年永州市冷水滩区摩托车驾驶员上岗前职业健康检查结果分析

[目的]掌握冷水滩区申领摩托车驾驶证人员上岗前职业健康检查状况。[方法]对冷水滩区2003~2005年5 672名申领摩托车驾驶证人员的上岗前健康检查情况进行统计学分析。[结果]5 672名申请摩托车驾驶证人员中共检出职业禁忌证64人,检出率1.13%;其中男性检出率为1.68%,女性为0.05%,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。[结论]建议对申领摩托车驾驶证人员上岗前健康检查应严格把关,采用卫生部《职业健康监护管理办法》必检项目和评价标准。     

南京市不同人群道路交通伤害知识、信念、行为调查研究

目的 了解南京市不同人群预防道路交通伤害的知识、信念、行为情况,比较事故驾驶员、非事故驾驶员和社区居民中非驾驶人员知识、信念、行为的不同,为开展道路交通安全健康教育工作提供参考。方法 采用问卷调查方法 ,收集事故驾驶员和非事故驾驶员以及社区居民中非驾驶人员知识、信念、行为情况。结果 调查了170名事故驾驶员、167名非事故驾驶员和175名社区居民中的非驾驶员。事故驾驶员与非事故驾驶员预防和控制道路交通伤害的知识、态度、行为均存在一定的差异。事故驾驶员的知识知晓率和交通安全相关行为遵守情况均低于非事故驾驶员（P〈0.01）,态度方面认知率高于非事故组驾驶员（P〈0.01）。非驾驶员的社区居民观看过道路交通安全的宣传片和愿意接受道路安全的免费教育的人数低于其他两组（分别为62.86%和75.43%）。结论 不同人群道路交通伤害知识、态度、行为存在差异,事故驾驶员的道路交通知识知晓率和遵守道路交通安全相关行为低于非事故驾驶员,是导致道路交通伤害的危险因素。     

Changes in motorcycle-related head injury deaths, hospitalizations, and hospital charges following repeal of Pennsylvania's mandatory motorcycle helmet law

To evaluate the 2003 repeal of Pennsylvania's motorcycle helmet law, we assessed changes in helmet use and compared motorcycle-related head injuries with non-head injuries from 2001-2002 to 2004-2005. Helmet use among riders in crashes decreased from 82% to 58%. Head injury deaths increased 66%; nonhead injury deaths increased 25%. Motorcycle-related head injury hospitalizations increased 78% compared with 28% for nonhead injury hospitalizations. Helmet law repeals jeopardize motorcycle riders. Until repeals are reversed, states need voluntary strategies to increase helmet use.     

Exploring the economics of motorcycle helmet laws--implications for low and middle-income countries

This paper reviews economic evaluations of motorcycle helmet interventions in preventing injuries. A comprehensive literature review focusing on the effectiveness of motorcycle helmet use, and on mandatory helmet laws and their enforcement was done. When helmet laws were lifted between 1976-80, 48 states within the U.S.A. experienced a cost of $342,047 per excess fatality of annual net savings. Helmet laws in the USA had a benefit-cost ratio of 1.33 to 5.07. Taiwan witnessed a 14% decline in motorcycle fatalities and a 22% reduction of head injury fatalities with the introduction of a helmet law. In Thailand, where 70-90% of all crashes involve motorcycle, after enforcement of a helmet law, helmet-use increased five-fold, the number of injured motorcyclists decreased by 33.5%, head injuries decreased by 41.4%, and deaths decreased by 20.8%. There is considerable evidence that mandatory helmet laws with enforcement alleviate the burden of traffic injuries greatly. For low and middle-income countries with high rates of motorcycle injuries, enforced, mandatory motorcycle helmet laws are potentially one of the most cost-effective interventions available.     

Evaluation of the costs and benefits of motorcycle helmet laws

Since 1976, 28 states have repealed or significantly amended their motorcycle helmet laws. The change in legislation was not based on an evaluation of the costs and benefits of such laws. This paper attempts such an assessment by comparing the cost of motorcycle helmets with the medical costs averted due to helmet use using data primarily based on motorcycle crashes in Colorado, Oklahoma, and South Dakota. Nationwide, at least $61 million could be saved annually if all motorcyclists were to use helmets. Helmet law repeals have been observed to lead to a 40 to 50 per cent point reduction in helmet use. The associated additional medical care costs substantially exceed cost savings produced by reduced helmet use. It is estimated that helmet law repeals may produce annually between $16 and 18 million of unnecessary medical care expenditures. Several alternatives to increase motorcycle helmet use are briefly discussed. It is concluded that helmet laws are effective in encouraging helmet use among motorcyclists and will prevent unnecessary medical expenditures as well as unnecessary pain and suffering among injured motorcyclists.     

Helmet use among motorcyclists who died in crashes and economic cost savings associated with state motorcycle helmet laws--United States, 2008-2010

In 2010, the 4,502 motorcyclists (operators and passengers) killed in motorcycle crashes made up 14% of all road traffic deaths, yet motorcycles accounted for <1% of all vehicle miles traveled. Helmet use consistently has been shown to reduce motorcycle crash-related injuries and deaths, and the most effective strategy to increase helmet use is enactment of universal helmet laws. Universal helmet laws require all motorcyclists to wear helmets whenever they ride. To examine the association between states' motorcycle helmet laws and helmet use or nonuse among fatally injured motorcyclists, CDC analyzed 2008-2010 National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) data from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS), a census of fatal traffic crashes in the United States. Additionally, economic cost data from NHTSA were obtained to compare the costs saved as a result of helmet use, by type of state motorcycle helmet law. The findings indicated that, on average, 12% of fatally injured motorcyclists were not wearing helmets in states with universal helmet laws, compared with 64% in partial helmet law states (laws that only required specific groups, usually young riders, to wear helmets) and 79% in states without a helmet law. Additionally, in 2010, economic costs saved from helmet use by society in states with a universal helmet law were, on average, $725 per registered motorcycle, nearly four times greater than in states without such a law ($198).