宁波市90株结核分枝杆菌临床分离株MLVA基因分型研究

目的研究宁波市结核分枝杆菌的可变数目串联重复序列(VNTR)的分型及分布特征。方法随机选取宁波市结核分枝杆菌临床分离株,常规培养,提取菌体基因组DNA,通过聚合酶链反应(PCR)对15个VNTR位点进行检测,采用BioNumerics软件进行基因分型的聚类分析。结果 90株结核分枝杆菌临床分离株的VNTR位点检测结果显示出明显的基因多态性,基因分型经聚类分析,分为4个基因群(Ⅰ群、Ⅱ群、Ⅲ群、Ⅳ群),84个基因型。Ⅰ群占11.1%,含有10个基因型,Ⅱ群占17.8%,含15个基因型,Ⅲ群占65.6%,含54个基因型,Ⅳ群占5.6%,含5个基因型。结论宁波市结核分枝杆菌VNTRs基因存在明显多态性得到初步证实,至少存在4个VNTR型,主要流行型为Ⅲ型。     

344株结核分枝杆菌的基因分型研究

目的研究间隔区寡核苷酸序列基因分型技术、结核分枝杆菌散在分布重复单位(MIRU),以及多位点串联重复序列(VNTR)在河南省结核病分枝杆菌基因分型中的应用,了解河南省局部地区MIRU-VNTR基因型种类与分布,以及北京家族基因型在河南省的分布特征。方法应用2007年在河南省的嵩县、新密县、扶沟县、中牟县等4个县及南阳市的结核病防治机构实验室分离培养的344株结核分枝杆菌,设计引物,应用PCR和琼脂糖凝胶电泳技术及间隔区寡核苷酸分型技术对结核分枝杆菌进行VNTR分型检测分析,基因分型聚类分析采用Bio-Numerics软件。结果对344株结核分枝杆菌临床分离株的间隔区寡核苷酸分型结果显示,有299株为北京家族基因型,占86.9%;12个MIRU位点检测结果显示明显的基因多态性;经基因聚类分析,可分5个基因群(Ⅰ~Ⅴ群),292个基因型,Ⅰ~Ⅴ群分别占5.1%、67.8%、21.9%、1.4%、2.8%。结论河南省结核分枝杆菌MIRUs基因存在明显的多态性,存在≥5个MIRU型,主要流行型为Ⅱ型;北京家族基因型占主导地位,北京家族基因型与耐药无明显相关性。     

河南省部分地区结核分枝杆菌散在分布重复单位及多位点串联重复序列(MIRU-VNTR)基因分型技术的研究

[目的]初步探讨结核分枝杆菌散在分布重复单位(Mycobacterial interspersed repetitiveunits)和多位点串联重复序列(variablenumber of tandem repeats)技术基因分型技术在河南省结核病分枝杆菌基因分型中的应用,初步了解河南省局部地区MIRU-VNTR基因型种类及其分布。[方法]2007年在河南省的嵩县、新密、扶沟、中牟4个县及南阳市的结核病防治机构实验室分离培养的317株结核分枝杆菌,设计引物,应用PCR和琼脂糖凝胶电泳技术对结核分枝杆菌进行分型检测分析,基因分型聚类分析采用Bio-Numerics软件。[结果]对317株结核分枝杆菌临床分离株的12个MIRU位点检测结果显示明显的基因多态性。经基因聚类分析,可分5个基因群(Ⅰ群、Ⅱ群、Ⅲ群、Ⅳ群和Ⅴ群),292个基因型。其中Ⅰ群占4.7%,含15个基因型;Ⅱ群占67.8%,含198个基因型;Ⅲ群占22.7%,含64个基因型;Ⅳ群1.8%,含4个基因型;Ⅴ群3.5%,含11个基因型。[结论]初步表明河南省结核分枝杆菌MIRUs基因存在明显的多态性,至少存在5个MIRU型,主要流行型为Ⅱ型。     

中国西北部两省区结核分枝杆菌临床分离株Spoligotyping分型初步分析

目的初步了解新疆和甘肃结核分枝杆菌的基因型、主要流行型及其分布特点,比较两省区之间基因型分布。方法采用随机抽样的方法挑选新疆地区结核分枝杆菌临床分离株179株,甘肃地区结核分枝杆菌临床分离株176株,采用间隔寡核苷酸分型(Spoligotyping)技术对所收集的临床分离株进行分型研究,分析我国西北部相邻的两省区结核分枝杆菌的基因型分布、主要流行型及其地区特征。结果新疆地区菌株分为47个基因型,其中28个基因型为新的型别,新疆菌株中北京家族占68.72%(123/179),其次为T家族(6.70%,12/179),H家族(3.91%,7/179)和CAS家族(2.23%,4/179);甘肃地区菌株分为29种基因型,其中10个基因型为新的型别,甘肃菌株中北京家族占86.93%(153/176),其次为T家族(4.55%,8/176),H家族(1.14%,2/176),MANU2(1.14%,2/176)和CAS(0.57%,1/176)。结论北京基因型菌株在新疆和甘肃地区均为主要流行株,但甘肃地区北京基因型菌株比例明显高于新疆地区。     

多位点可变串联重复序列技术用于西藏地区结核分枝杆菌基因分型的初步研究

目的初步探讨多位点数目可变串联重复序列(MLVA)技术在西藏地区结核分枝杆菌基因分型中的应用和初步了解西藏地区结核分枝杆菌数目可变串联重复序列(VNTR)基因型种类及其分布。方法在拉萨、山南、林芝、日喀则、那曲、昌都6个地区结核病防治中心收集结核分枝杆菌临床分离菌株,设计引物,采用PCR和琼脂糖凝胶电泳技术对结核分枝杆菌20个VNTR位点进行检测,并通过BioNumerics 4.5软件进行DNA指纹图谱多态性分析。结果共收集到217株结核分枝杆菌,分为19个不同的VNTR基因型,其中以Ⅺ型为主要基因型占87.6%(属于北京家族),其次Ⅵ型、ⅩⅤ型、ⅩⅥ型各占1.38%,Ⅰ型、Ⅶ型、ⅩⅢ型各占0.92%,12株结核分枝杆菌为单一的基因型。不同地区之间,以Ⅺ型为主要基因型,分别占各地区的86.8%、91.3%、78.95%、88.2%、95.05、89.3%。结论西藏地区的结核分枝杆菌存在明显的基因多态性,主要流行型为VNTRⅪ型(即北京家族基因型),初步研究结果显示北京家族基因型与卡介苗接种和耐药性无相关性。MLVA分型方法简单、快速,可以有效地用于结核分枝杆菌的基因分型和病原监测。     

应用VNTR技术对绵阳地区结核分枝杆菌进行基因分型

目的应用数目可变串联重复序列(variable number of tandem repeats,VNTRs)分析技术探讨绵阳地区结核分枝杆菌的基因分型,为结核病的防治提供科学依据。方法选取绵阳地区结核分枝杆菌临床分离菌株,采用聚合酶链反应(PCR)分别对VNTR位点进行检测分析,应用BioNumerics 5.0软件进行聚类分析。结果共对79株结核分枝杆菌的15个VNTR位点进行了检测,结果显示明显的基因多态性。各个位点的分辨能力不同,QUB-11b位点的分辨指数(Hunter-Gaston index,HGI)最高,为0.880;ETR C的HGI最低,为0.234;总HGI达到1。经聚类分析,79株菌可分为7个基因群、79个基因型,以Ⅲ群和Ⅴ群所占比例较大,Ⅲ群含37株菌,占46.8%;Ⅴ群含33株菌,占41.8%,其他菌株呈散在分布。结论绵阳地区结核分枝杆菌VNTRs基因存在明显的多态性,主要流行菌群为Ⅲ群和Ⅴ群,应加强此两群菌株的监控。     

唐山市人群结核分枝杆菌基因型分析

目的初步探讨唐山市结核分枝杆菌基因型特征。方法选取结核分枝杆菌基因组中的10个数目可变串联重复序列(variable number of tandem repeats,VNTRs)位点,利用聚合酶链式反应(polymerase chain reaction,PCR)、琼脂糖凝胶电泳技术和BioNumerics(Version 3.0)软件,对从2012年唐山市结核病医院确诊的肺结核患者痰液中分离培养获得的结核分枝杆菌进行基因分型。结果 125株结核分枝杆菌具有明显的多态性,共分成5个不同的基因群,最大的一个群包含87株,占69.6%,其他型别呈散在分布。结论唐山市结核分枝杆菌的基因型具有明显的多态性,且具有成簇性分布的特点。     

结核分枝杆菌间隔区寡核苷酸分型法分析

目的应用间隔区寡核苷酸分型(spoligotyping)方法分析甘肃省结核分枝杆菌临床分离株的分子型别特征。方法用spoligotyping基因分型方法,对甘肃省兰州市肺科医院住院或门诊确诊患者分离的结核分枝杆菌进行分型,采用BioNumerics 4.5软件进行聚类(cluster)分析,对聚类结果与国际间隔寡核苷酸分型数据库(SpolDB4)对比。结果 215株临床分离株被分成3个基因群22种基因型,其中成簇菌株形成11个基因型共204株,独特基因型菌株11株;北京家庭基因型结核分枝杆菌占86.51%(186/215),T4占4.19%(9/215)、H1占1.86%(4/215)、MANU占1.40%(3/215)等基因型;Logistic多元回归分析结果表明,北京家庭基因型与患者性别、年龄、职业、抗结核治疗史、耐药、发病情况和菌种耐药性、来源地等均无关联。结论甘肃省结核分枝杆菌临床分离株基因具有多态性,北京家族基因型结核分枝杆菌为该地区主要流行株,其他罕见的基因型结核分枝杆菌也值得重视。     

71株浙江省结核分枝杆菌临床分离株MLVA基因分型研究

目的初步探讨浙江省结核分枝杆菌的数目可变串联重复序列（VNTR）的分型及分布特征。方法随机选取浙江省结核分枝杆菌临床分离菌株，常规培养，收集菌体，提取基因组DNA，采用聚合酶链反应（PCR）分别对VNTR位点进行检测分析，基因分型聚类分析采用BioNumerics软件。结果对71株结核分枝杆菌临床分离株的15个VNTR位点进行检测。结果显示明显的基因多态性。经基因聚类分析，可分4个基因群（I群、Ⅱ群、Ⅲ群、Ⅳ群），58个基因型。分别为I群占8．5％，含5个基因型，Ⅱ群占18．3％，含13个基因型，Ⅲ群占70．4％，含38个基因型，Ⅳ群占2．8％，含2个基因型。结论初步证实浙江省结核分枝杆菌VNTRs基因存在明显的多态性，至少存在4个VNTR型，主要流行型为Ⅲ型。     

江苏农村地区结核杆菌基因分型及耐药性分析

目的 研究江苏省农村地区分离的结核分枝杆菌基因多态性,从而了解菌株基因型与耐药之间的相关性。方法 采用罗氏培养基分离来自结核病患者痰标本中的结核分枝杆菌,进行间隔区寡核苷酸分型(spacer oligonucleotide typing,Spoligotyping)和比例法进行4种一线抗结核药物的药敏试验。经统计学分析,P<0.05为差异具有统计学意义。结果 547株结核分枝杆菌的Spoligotyping分型结果通过与SpolDB4.0数据库比对后显示,试验菌株被分为18个簇,57个基因型,以北京基因型菌株为主,占79.89%,非北京家族菌株包括T(T1、T2)、U、H、 MANU2、LAM10-CAM和CAS-DELH1等型别,各占11.15%、0.91%、0.37%、0.91%、0.18%和0.18%,以及26个型别(35株菌)为“新型”。药敏试验发现,总耐药率为21.94%,耐多药率为7.68%;单药耐药中,主要以链霉素和异烟肼耐药为主。经χ2检验和Fisher确切概率法分析发现,北京基因型与非北京基因型菌株的耐多药性方面差异具有显著统计学意义。结论 江苏省农村分离的结核分枝杆菌具有明显的基因多态性,北京基因型为主要流行型,并且北京家族菌株与耐多药之间具有一定的相关性。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

The risk of heat exhaustion at a deep underground metalliferous mine in relation to surface temperatures

The risk of heat exhaustion at a deep underground metalliferous mine was assessed in relation to thermal conditions prevailing on the surface. For each day of a 1-year prospective case series of heat exhaustion, surface 24-h mean wet and dry bulb temperatures were recorded. From this data, 24-h mean wet bulb globe temperatures were derived using certain assumptions. The three surface temperature variables were significantly higher on those days on which heat exhaustion occurred, compared to those days on which it did not occur (P < 0.001). The relative risk of heat exhaustion on days when the 24-h mean wet bulb globe temperature was in the range 26.0-28.0 degrees C was 4.82 (95% confidence interval 2.12-10.96). Surface temperature data could be used at this mine to warn miners about the risk of heat exhaustion.