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1.
Yuge M Marschik PB Nakajima Y Yamori Y Kanda T Hirota H Yoshida N Einspieler C 《Early human development》2011,87(3):231-237
Background
The quality of spontaneous general movements (GMs), assessed in the individual infant, has emerged as one of the most reliable and valid predictors especially of severe neurological impairments.Aims
To implement a more detailed assessment of GMs and co-existing movements and postural patterns in a rehabilitation clinic, and to examine to what extend is the optimality of movements and postures of infants aged 3 to 5 months related to perinatal events and the neurological outcome.Study design
Prospective study of 41 infants (15 boys and 26 girls; 11 infants born preterm) admitted to the Department of Paediatric Neurology and Rehabilitation of the St. Joseph's Hospital in Kyoto (Japan).Outcome measures
Clinical, neurological and psychological status at age 5.Results
Motor optimality at age 3 to 5 months correlated positively with neonatal optimality (r = 0.48, p < 0.01), especially regarding factors associated with hypoxic events. A non-optimal motor performance (lowest possible scores) predicted cerebral palsy with 100% accuracy. Other adverse outcomes such as developmental delays, developmental coordination disorders, pervasive developmental disorder or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder turned out not to be associated with early motor performance. In 13% of cases absence of fidgety movements proved to be false positives, but their normal appearance along with a smooth concurrent motor performance was solely found in infants with a normal neurological development.Conclusion
Assessing the quality of motor performance at age 3 to 5 months considerably improves our ability to identify infants at risk for maldevelopment. 相似文献2.
Background
Preterm infants are recognised as developing at a significantly slower rate than their full-term peers and with different movement quality.Aim
This study aimed to describe the longitudinal gross motor trajectories of these infants in the first 18 months of (corrected) age and investigate factors associated with gross motor development.Study design
A longitudinal study was conducted with convenience samples of 58 preterm infants born ≤ 29 weeks of gestation and 52 control full-term infants in Australia.Outcome measures
The infants were assessed at 4, 8, 12 and 18 months of (corrected) age using the Alberta Infant Motor Scale (AIMS).Results
Forty-six preterm and 48 control infants completed all four assessments. The preterm group scored significantly lower on various sub-scores at all age levels. Almost half of the preterm infants demonstrated less progression in the sit sub-scale from 4 to 8 months (corrected) age, possibly due to an imbalance between flexor and extensor strength in the trunk. At 12 and 18 months of (corrected) age, lack of rotation and fluency in their movements were evident in some preterm infants. Presence of intra-ventricular haemorrhage and chronic lung disease were associated with poor motor performance at 4 months and use of postnatal steroids was associated with poor motor performance at 4, 8 and 18 months of corrected age.Conclusion
The imbalance between flexor and extensor muscle strength in preterm infants had a stronger impact on motor development than usually expected. The AIMS appears to be a sensitive assessment tool to demonstrate the unique movement characteristics in this preterm cohort. 相似文献3.
Balakrishnan A Stephens BE Burke RT Yatchmink Y Alksninis BL Tucker R Cavanaugh E Collins AM Vohr BR 《Early human development》2011,87(1):31-35
Background
Very low birth weight infants (VLBW, <1500 g) have increased impact on families compared to term infants. However, there is limited research examining this impact in the first months post-discharge.Aim
To determine maternal, neonatal, and infant characteristics associated with greater impact on the family at 3 months corrected age in VLBW infants. It was hypothesized that social/environmental and medical risk factors would be associated with higher impact.Study design
Maternal, neonatal, and infant data were collected prospectively. Parents completed the Impact on Family, Family Support, and Family Resource Scales. Associations between characteristics and impact scores were analyzed by t-test and Pearson's correlation. Regression models for each impact score identified significant risk factors for impact.Subjects
152 VLBW infants born February 28, 2007 to September 5, 2008 who had a follow-up evaluation at 3 months corrected age.Outcome measure
Impact on family.Results
Siblings in the home, neonatal medical risk factors, longer hospitalization, more days on ventilator or oxygen, lower gestational age, lower social support, and poorer family resources were associated with increased impact. Multivariate analyses identified siblings in the home, poorer family resources, lower gestational age, and oxygen requirement at 3 months as the most important predictors of impact.Conclusions
Social/environmental and medical risk factors contribute to impact on family. Families with identified risk factors should receive support services to assist them in coping with the burden of caring for a VLBW infant. 相似文献4.
Ricci D Romeo DM Gallini F Groppo M Cesarini L Pisoni S Serrao F Papacci P Contaldo I Perrino F Brogna C Bianco F Baranello G Sacco A Quintiliani M Ometto A Cilauro S Mosca F Romagnoli C Romeo MG Cowan F Cioni G Ramenghi L Mercuri E 《Early human development》2011,87(3):177-182
Background
Several studies have reported the development of various aspects of visual function in infancy and early childhood in both preterm and term-born infants, but only a few studies have focused on the predictive power of neonatal visual findings in infants with brain lesions.Aims
To explore visual findings at term age, and at 3 and 12 months corrected age in preterm infants (gestational age < 33 weeks) with and without brain lesions; to compare the assessment at term age and at 12 months; and to assess the relationship between visual findings and neurodevelopmental outcome at 12 months.Study design
Cranial ultrasound scans (US) were classified in normal, mild or major abnormalities. One-hundred and forty-five infants were assessed with age specific tests for visual function at term age, and at 3 and 12 months. Neurodevelopmental assessment (Griffiths' Scales) was performed at 12 months.Results
A good correlation was found between early and late visual assessment and neurodevelopment outcome. Of the 121 infants with normal neonatal visual assessment, 119 were also normal at 12 months and 116 had normal developmental quotient. Of the 24 infants with abnormal neonatal visual assessment, 12 were also abnormal at 12 months. All the false positives had normalised by 3 months. Of the 35 infants with major US abnormalities, 20 had normal and 15 abnormal scores on the neonatal assessment. At 1 year 17 had normal and 18 abnormal scores.Conclusion
A normal visual assessment at term age is a good predictor of normal visual and neurodevelopmental outcome at 12 months. An abnormal visual examination in the neonatal period was a less reliable prognostic indicator, infant should be reassessed at 3 months. 相似文献5.
Background
Infants exposed to opioides in-utero frequently demonstrate withdrawal symptoms in the neonatal period and have difficulties with state regulation.Aim
This study examines sleep-wakefulness-distress patterns as indicators of regulatory mechanisms at 3 months of age.Participants
A national infant cohort (N = 35) born to women in high-dose maintenance treatment during pregnancy and a comparison group (N = 36) of low-risk infants born in the same period.Outcome measures
Distributions and frequencies of sleep, wakefulness and distress measured in hours and episodes on sleep charts recorded by the mothers in the two groups.Results
Women in maintenance treatment were monitored closely during pregnancy to avoid illicit drug use and to be prepared for motherhood. They were also offered residential treatment before pregnancy and after the child was born. There were no statistical differences between the two groups in any of the 10 measures reflecting diurnal and nocturnal rhythmicity at 3 months despite of neonatal abstinence syndrome in 47% of the exposed infants and significant differences in infant characteristics with respect to birth weight, gestational age and maternal characteristics.Conclusions
Follow-up procedures combining drug monitoring and counseling during pregnancy and in the first months after birth enhance the development of state regulation in terms of sleep-wakefulness patterns. 相似文献6.
Heinonen K Räikkönen K Pesonen AK Andersson S Kajantie E Eriksson JG Wolke D Lano A 《Early human development》2011,87(5):353-359
Background
An inverse relationship exists between the rates of maternal smoking during pregnancy and children's cognitive abilities. The effect of maternal cessation of smoking before pregnancy on child's cognitive development is less clear.Aims
To study whether maternal cessation of smoking before pregnancy is associated with children's cognitive abilities.Study design and subjects
The original cohort included all 1535 live-born infants admitted to the neonatal wards during 1 year and 658 randomly recruited non-admitted infants. The present study sample comprised 1019 (68.2%) children of the original sample born at term and free of any major impairment followed up to 56 months.Outcome measures
Child's general reasoning, visual-motor integration, verbal competence, and language comprehension at 56 months of age.Results
The results showed that children whose mothers smoked > 10 cigarettes per day before pregnancy but none during pregnancy, fared 12.07 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 4.07 to 20.08) and 11.23 (95% CI: 2.81 to 19.66) age-standardized points poorer in general reasoning and in language comprehension tests, respectively, than children of never-smokers. All results were adjusted for the sex, gestational age-adjusted birth weight, multiple/singleton pregnancy, birth order, preeclampsia, maternal diabetes, admission to neonatal ward, 5-minute Apgar score (< 7), breastfeeding, parental level of education, maternal age, BMI at the end of pregnancy and single parenting.Conclusions
Heavy smoking before pregnancy is associated with children's lower cognitive abilities even if the mother has quit smoking before pregnancy. Identification and intervention of heavy smoking women of fertile age would potentially improve not only their odds to become pregnant but also benefit the offspring's cognitive functioning. 相似文献7.
Background
Executive function (EF) emerges in infancy and continues to develop throughout childhood. Executive dysfunction is believed to contribute to learning and attention problems in children at school age. Children born very preterm are more prone to these problems than their full-term peers.Aim
To compare EF in very preterm and full-term infants at 8 months after expected date of delivery.Subjects
37 very preterm infants without identified disabilities, and 74 gender and age matched healthy full-term infants. The very preterm infants were all ≤ 32 weeks gestation and < 1250 g birthweight.Outcome measures
EF tasks which measured working memory, inhibition of distraction, and planning at 8 months after expected date of delivery.Results
The very preterm infants performed significantly more poorly than the full-term infants on all measures of executive function. No significant differences were found between very preterm and full-term infants on any of potentially confounding variables of, infant temperament, maternal education, family income and maternal psychological wellbeing. Very preterm infants had significantly lower scores on the Mental Development Index (MDI) and Psychomotor Development Index (PDI) on the Bayley Scales of Infant Development (BSID II), however when this was partialled out the differences in EF scores remained. Medical complications, lower birthweight and lower gestation age were all found to adversely affect the performance of very preterm infants on executive function tasks.Conclusion
Very preterm infants performed more poorly than full-term infants on measures of EF. Further follow up studies are required to investigate whether EF measures in infancy can predict learning and attention outcome at school age. 相似文献8.
Background
Perinatal asphyxia may result in a developmental disorder. A recently developed non-invasive tool to investigate brain function at an early age is the assessment of general movements (GMs).Aim
To evaluate relationships between perinatal risk factors and the quality of GMs in the neonatal period and at 3 months in term newborns with asphyxia in a secondary paediatric setting.Methods
64 term (> 36 weeks postmenstrual age (PMA)) infants with perinatal asphyxia were studied. GMs were assessed at ‘writhing’ GM age (38-47 weeks PMA) and at ‘fidgety’ GM age (48-56 weeks PMA). Pre- and perinatal factors were collected in a standardized way.Results
Multivariate analysis revealed that DA GMs at ‘writhing’ age mainly correlated with asphyxia related illness. DA GMs at ‘fidgety’ age correlated in particular with abnormalities on the neonatal ultrasound scan of the brain.Conclusion
In secondary paediatric settings GM-assessment especially around 3 months is a valuable tool for the assessment of the integrity of the nervous system in term infants with asphyxia. 相似文献9.
Josanne Munsters Linda WallströmJohan Ågren Torgny NorstedRichard Sindelar 《Early human development》2012,88(1):21-26
Background
To assess pain or stress in newborn infants submitted to intensive care is important but difficult, as different observational pain scales are not always reliable in premature infants. As an indicator of pain, skin conductance (SC) measurements have detected increased sweating in newborn infants > 28 gestational age (GA) submitted to heel lancing.Objective
To measure SC during heel lancing and routine care in newborn infants, born at 22 to 27 GA, with special relation to postnatal age (PNA).Methods
In six infants < 28 + 0 GA and 4 infants ≥ 28 + 0 GA spontaneous SC activity and behavioural state (Neonatal Pain Agitation and Sedation Scale (N-PASS)) was measured before, during and after each intervention. Measurements were repeated in each patient at different PNA.Results
Baseline SC prior to intervention took longer time to stabilise and was higher in < 28 than in ≥ 28 + 0 PNA. The combination of heel lancing and squeezing gave an increased SC in < 28 PNA, whereas heel lancing alone gave the same SC response in ≥ 28 + 0 PNA. A possibly continued immature response in SC measurements was not observed. Oral glucose admission prior to heel lancing increased SC. Routine care did not give any changes in SC. Except during orogastric tube placement no signs of discomfort or pain could be detected by the neonatal pain, agitation and sedation scale (N-PASS) in < 28 PNA.Conclusion
Changes in SC could be detected in infants at < 28 + 0 PNA and related to the combination of heel lancing and squeezing. A maturational development of the SC was observed in infants born < 28 GA. SC seems to be able to differentiate between pain and discomfort. 相似文献10.
Patricia A.M. van Iersel Saskia C.M. Bakker Mijna Hadders-Algra 《Early human development》2010,86(7):457-461
Background
Children born preterm are known to be at risk for neurodevelopmental disorders. The role of perinatal asphyxia in this increased risk is still a matter of debate.Aim
To analyze the contribution of perinatal asphyxia in a population of preterm infants admitted to a secondary paediatric setting to neurological dysfunction in the first months after birth and to the development of cerebral palsy.Methods
17 preterm infants with perinatal asphyxia born before 35 weeks postmenstrual age (PMA) and 34 carefully matched preterm controls without asphyxia were studied. Neuromotor outcome was examined by means of three assessments of the quality of general movements (GM) at “preterm” (around 34 weeks PMA), “writhing” (around term age) and “fidgety” GM age (around 3 months post term). Follow-up until at least 18 months corrected age focused on the presence of cerebral palsy (CP).Results
GM-quality of infants with asphyxia and of those without did not differ. Multivariate analysis revealed that abnormal GMs at “preterm” age were associated with respiratory problems, those at “writhing” age with none of the assessed risk factors, and those at “fidgety” age with the severity of periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) on neonatal ultrasound scan.Perinatal asphyxia was not associated with the development of CP. CP was associated with PVL and the presence of abnormal GMs at “fidgety” age.Conclusion
Perinatal asphyxia in preterm infants is not associated with an increased risk for neurodevelopmental problems including CP. Respiratory problems during the neonatal period are associated with PVL and adverse neurological outcome. 相似文献11.
Background
Controversy exists regarding association of high levels of proinflammatory cytokines, neonatal morbidities and poor neurodevelopment outcome in very low birth weight infants.Objective
To determine association between severity of early inflammatory response and neurodevelopment outcome in high risk very low birth weight infants.Methods
Sixty-two very preterm infants with high risk for early-onset sepsis were followed up to 24 months corrected age. Blood sample was collected for IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-1β, and TNF-α analysis. Neurodevelopment outcome by Bayley Scales of Infant Development II was assessed at 22 to 24 months. Magnetic Resonance Image was performed at least once during the first 12 months.Results
In 24 (38.7%) MDI was < 85, and 16 (25.8%) had PDI < 85. Low birth weight was significantly associated with low MDI, and birth weight and periventricular leukomalacia were significantly associated with low PDI by multiple regression analysis. After controlling for birth weight and gestational age, none of the studied variables was associated with low MDI, and only periventricular leukomalacia with low PDI. Each additional 100 g in the birth weight reduced the probability of low MDI and PDI scores in 14%.Conclusions
There was no association of high cytokines plasma levels with poor neurodevelopment outcome at 22 to 24 months' corrected age, suggesting that elevations of plasma proinflammatory cytokines early in life do not play an important role in pathophysiology of brain injury in high risk preterm infants. 相似文献12.
13.
C. Rheinlaender 《Early human development》2010,86(2):87-92
Aim
To compare neurodevelopmental results in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants two years after successful or failed cyclooxygenase inhibitor treatment with either indomethacin or ibuprofen for a haemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus (hsPDA).Methods
We retrospectively evaluated closure rates and outcome parameters of VLBW infants with hsPDA 89 of whom were treated with indomethacin and 93 with ibuprofen.Results
Indomethacin and ibuprofen therapy groups did not differ in their baseline clinical profile (median gestational age 26.0 and 26.2 wks d) in early (median CRIB 6 and 5, respiratory distress > 2° in 36 and 34 infants) and late morbidities (intraventricular hemorrhage > 2° in 9 and 10 infants, bronchopulmonary dysplasia in 31 and 27 infants, 80 and 85 survivors), PDA closure rates (63 and 58%) or neurodevelopmental outcome. The therapy failure group (54 infants) was characterized by lower median gestational age (25.0 wks d) and higher mortality (17%). No differences were found in the neurodevelopmental outcome of the surviving infants with ligation as compared to the survivors with successful pharmacological closure of the PDA at 24 months corrected age.Conclusion
Use of either ibuprofen or indomethacin for closure of a hsPDA did not influence two year neurodevelopmental outcomes in VLBW infants. 相似文献14.
Oberlander TF Grunau R Mayes L Riggs W Rurak D Papsdorf M Misri S Weinberg J 《Early human development》2008,84(10):689-697
Background
Prenatal exposure to stress and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) alter hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) stress reactivity in offspring, however, the effects of combined exposure to HPA activity in human infants is unknown.Objective
To examine HPA basal levels and stress responsiveness in 3-month olds with prenatal exposure to SSRIs.Methods
Salivary cortisol levels in infants of SSRI treated mothers (n = 31, mean exposure 230.2 ± 72.2 days) were compared with non-SSRI exposed (n = 45) infants in response to a challenge (infant-controlled habituation task) and under basal conditions in the late afternoon/early evening. Mode of feeding, to account for possible postnatal drug exposure via breast milk, as well as measures of pre and postnatal maternal mood, were included as covariates.Results
Lower post-stress cortisol levels were observed in non-SSRI exposed/non-breastfed infants compared with non-SSRI exposed infants who were breastfed at 3 months of age. Stress reactivity patterns among SSRI exposed infants did not differ with mode of feeding. The cortisol reactivity slope (CRS) was significantly lower among non-SSRI exposed non-breastfed infants compared with non-SSRI exposed breastfed infants. Early evening basal cortisol levels were lower in SSRI exposed infants than in non-SSRI exposed infants, controlling for maternal mood and mode of feeding. Postnatal SSRI exposure (infant SSRI drug levels) via breast milk was not associated with stress or basal cortisol levels. Total cortisol, reflected by the AUC measure, did not differ significantly between exposure groups.Conclusions
Prenatal SSRI exposure altered HPA stress response patterns and reduced early evening basal cortisol levels. Stress challenge HPA response differences only became apparent when the moderating effect of method of feeding was accounted for. These findings suggest an early “programming” effect of antenatal maternal mood, prenatal SSRI exposure and postnatal maternal care giving on the HPA system. 相似文献15.
Alicia J. Spittle Lex W. Doyle Peter J. Anderson Terrie E. Inder Katherine J. Lee Jeanie L.Y. Cheong 《Early human development》2010,86(1):1-5
Background
Abnormal General Movements (GMs) early in life are predictive of later neuromotor deficits and are related to white matter abnormalities on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). However, other structural correlates of abnormal GMs have not been defined.Aims
The objective of this study was to explore brain-metrics (linear brain measurements on MRI representative of 3-D brain volumes) at term as a predictor of abnormal GMs at 1 and 3 months' corrected age in preterm infants. It was hypothesized that abnormal GMs would be related to reduced brain-metrics in primary motor areas, namely the cerebellum and parietal lobes.Study design
Eighty three preterm infants (< 30 weeks' gestational age) were scanned at term-equivalent age. MRI was assessed for white matter abnormality and brain-metrics in six predefined brain regions (i.e. bifrontal, biparietal, lateral ventricles and transverse cerebellar diameters, and inter-hemispheric distance).Outcome measures
At 1 and 3 months' corrected age infants' GMs were assessed from video-taped footage and rated as normal or abnormal using standardized methodology.Results
At 1 month, 63% (n = 52) of infants had abnormal GMs with no association between any of the brain-metrics and abnormal GMs. At 3 months, 23% (n = 18) of infants had abnormal GMs (absent fidgety movements n = 18; abnormal fidgety movements n = 0). Reduced bifrontal, biparietal, and cerebellar transverse diameters, along with an increase in lateral ventricle sizes were associated with an increased risk of abnormal GMs at 3 months' corrected age. After controlling for white matter abnormality and grade III/IV intraventricular haemorrhage, only the cerebellar transverse diameter was predictive of abnormal GMs at 3 months.Conclusions
Reduced cerebellar diameter at term equivalent age is related to abnormal GMs at 3 months' corrected age, independent of white matter abnormality and intraventricular haemorrhage. 相似文献16.
van Schie PE Rep A Ganzevoort W de Groot L Wolf H van Wassenaer AG de Vries JI;PETRA-Investigators 《Early human development》2008,84(9):605-611
Background:
Assessment of general movements (GMs) at three months is considered useful for prediction of adverse neurological outcome in high risk infants.Aims:
To study the prevalence of abnormal GMs in infants born from women with early-onset hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and the association of GMs with neurodevelopmental outcome at one year.Study design:
Prospective study, part of a randomised controlled trial of pre-birth management strategies.Subjects:
Infants born from women with early-onset hypertensive disorders of pregnancy.Outcome measures:
GMs observation and neurological examination at term and three months corrected age; at one year neurological examination and Bayley Scales of Infant Development.Results:
From 216 women included, 175 of 178 surviving infants (mean gestational age 31.6 weeks [SD 2.3], mean birth weight 1346 grams [SD 458]), were examined at three months. At term age normal, mildly abnormal and definitely abnormal GMs were observed in 54%, 36% and 10% respectively; and at three months in 47%, 40% and 13%. Mildly or definitely abnormal GMs at three months were not associated with abnormal neurological examination at one year, however, they were associated with delayed psychomotor development at one year (p = 0.01).Conclusions
In this prospective study, including small for gestational age, preterm infants about half of them did not have normal GMs at term and three months. There was no association of GMs at term nor three months with neurological outcome at one year, but there was a significant association of GMs at three months with one year psychomotor development. 相似文献17.
Susanne Holzhauer Anita C.S. Hokken Koelega Albert Hofman Eric A.P. Steegers Vincent W.V. Jaddoe 《Early human development》2009,85(5):285-290
Background
Rapid postnatal weight gain is associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes in later life. The influence of rapid weight gain on body composition in early infancy is still unknown and the critical periods of weight gain for later disease are debated.Aims
To investigate the effect of birth weight and rapid weight gain on body composition in the first 6 months of life.Study design
The Generation R Study, a population-based prospective cohort study from fetal life onwards.Subjects and outcome measures
We measured body fat and fat distribution by skinfold thickness at the age of 6 weeks and 6 months in 909 Dutch term infants. Analyses were adjusted for current body mass index, sex and maternal socioeconomic status, pre-pregnancy body mass index, height and duration of breastfeeding.Results
Upward postnatal weight percentile change was associated with increased skinfold thickness, percentage body fat at 6 weeks and 6 months and a larger truncal/peripheral fat ratio at 6 months (p < 0.01 for all). Birth weight was inversely associated with truncal/peripheral fat ratio (p < 0.01) but not with relative body fat at 6 months.Conclusion
During early postnatal rapid weight gain infants do not grow in all body tissues in equal measure. Instead, they acquire relatively large amounts of fat, which is preferentially distributed to the truncal region. Long term observational studies have to assess if such changes in body composition persist into adulthood. 相似文献18.
Layla L. de Jonge Lennie van Osch-Gevers Albert Hofman Willem A. Helbing 《Early human development》2010,86(8):463-468
Background
Shorter duration of breastfeeding in infancy has been suggested to be associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease in adulthood. Early cardiovascular adaptations due to breastfeeding may explain these associations.Aim
To investigate whether breastfeeding affects left cardiac structures and blood pressure development in early childhood.Study design
Prospective cohort study from fetal life until the age of two years.Subjects
Information about the duration and exclusivity of breastfeeding was collected by questionnaires at the ages of 2, 6 and 12 months in 933 children.Outcome measures
Left cardiac structures (left atrial diameter, aortic root diameter and left ventricular mass), fractional shortening and blood pressure at the ages of 1.5, 6 and 24 months.Results
No differences in cardiac structures, fractional shortening and blood pressure were observed between breastfed and non-breastfed children. Duration and exclusivity of breastfeeding were not consistently associated with any cardiac structure, fractional shortening, or blood pressure until the age of 24 months. Also, there was no association of breastfeeding with cardiac growth between 6 months and 24 months. All analyses were adjusted for child age and sex. Additional adjustment for child anthropometrics, maternal age, anthropometrics, family history, maternal cardiovascular risk factors, pregnancy or delivery complications, parity, socio-economic status, smoking status and alcohol consumption during pregnancy did not materially change the effect estimates.Conclusions
Our results do not support the hypothesis that early postnatal cardiovascular adaptations underlie the previously shown associations between breastfeeding and cardiovascular disease in adulthood. Further studies are needed to investigate whether and at what age the associations appear. 相似文献19.
Claas MJ de Vries LS Koopman C Uniken Venema MM Eijsermans MJ Bruinse HW Verrijn Stuart AA 《Early human development》2011,87(7):495-507
Background
Extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants are at risk of impaired postnatal growth. Impaired postnatal growth has been reported to be associated with delayed cognitive and motor development.Aims
To describe postnatal growth patterns of appropriate and small for gestational age (AGA and SGA) ELBW children in relation to their cognitive and motor outcome at age 5.5.Study design
Retrospective cohort study.Subjects
One hundred one children with a BW ≤ 750 g, born between 1996 and 2005 in the University Hospital Utrecht, The Netherlands.Outcome measures
Height (Ht), weight (Wt), occipital-frontal circumference (OFC) at birth, 15 months and 2 years corrected age and 3.5 and 5.5 years.Cognitive and motor outcome at 5.5 years of age, classified as normal (Z-score ≥−1), mildly delayed (−2 ≤ Z-score <−1) or severely delayed (Z-score <−2). AGA (Ht, Wt or OFC at birth ≥−2 SDS) infants were compared with SGA (Ht, Wt or OFC at birth <−2 SDS) infants.Results
Between birth and 5.5 years catch-up growth in Ht, weight for height (Wt/Ht), Wt and OFC was seen in 72.2%, 55.2%, 28.6% and 68.9% respectively of the SGA infants. For AGA infants we found substantial catch-down growth in Ht (15.4%) and Wt (33.8%). Cognitive and motor outcome was normal in 76.2% and 41.6% of the 101 children. A significantly higher percentage of normal cognitive outcome was found in AGA infants with Wt growth remaining at ≥−2 SDS compared to AGA infants with catch-down growth (83% vs 63%). Next, SGA infants who caught-up in OFC had a higher prevalence of normal cognitive outcome compared to SGA infants who did not catch-up in OFC. Furthermore, a higher percentage of severely delayed motor outcome was found in SGA infants without catch-up growth in Wt compared to SGA infants who caught-up in Wt (61.5% vs 32.2%).Conclusions
Catch-up growth in Ht, Wt/Ht and OFC occurred in the majority of the SGA infants with a BW ≤ 750 g, but was less common in Wt. AGA children who remained their Wt at ≥−2 SDS have a better cognitive and motor developmental outcome at 5.5 years of age. Catch-up growth in OFC was associated with a better cognitive outcome at 5.5 years of age. 相似文献20.