广州和佛山地区早产低出生体重儿出院时宫外生长迟缓发生情况调查

目的评价早产低出生体重儿出生时宫内生长受限(IUGR)和出院时宫外生长迟缓(EUGR)的发生情况。方法广州市、佛山市10家医院新生儿科出院的早产低出生体重儿(胎龄<37周,体重<2500g),分别以出生时、出院时生长发育指标在相应宫内生长速率期望值的第10百分位水平以下定义为IUGR、EUGR,分别计算各胎龄组、各体重组IUGR、EUGR发生率及总的发生率,并计算各胎龄组、各体重组EUGR发生率比IUGR发生率增加的比例。结果共595例早产低出生体重儿,出生时以体重、身长、头围为指标的IUGR发生率分别为20.2%、16.5%和24.4%,出院时以体重、身长、头围为指标的EUGR发生率分别为42.2%、28.1%和34.3%。不同出生胎龄(<31周、31～32周、33～34周、≥35周)出院时EUGR发生率较出生时IUGR发生率变化的情况:以体重为指标,EURG发生率各组分别增加36.8%、24.8%、19.1%、18.3%;以身长为指标,EUGR发生率各组分别增加26.5%、17.4%、8.2%、6.5%;以头围为指标,各组分别增加26.5%、14.0%、8.2%、3.2%,胎龄越小,增加率越高,组间比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。不同出生体重(<1500g、1500～1999g、≥2000g)出院时EUGR发生率较出生时IUGR发生率变化的情况:以体重为指标,EUGR发生率分别增加45.3%、21.2%、17.4%;以身长为指标,EUGR发生率分别增加29.7%、14.8%、4.6%;以头围为指标,EUGR发生率分别增加26.6%、12.0%、4.3%,体重越低,增加率越高,组间比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论早产低出生体重儿IUGR发生率较高,出院时EUGR发生率较IUGR发生率增高,且出院时EUGR发生率较出生时IUGR发生率的增加随出生胎龄和出生体重的降低而升高。     

Maturation of oral feeding skills in preterm infants

AIM: Safe and successful oral feeding requires proper maturation of sucking, swallowing and respiration. We hypothesized that oral feeding difficulties result from different temporal development of the musculatures implicated in these functions. METHODS: Sixteen medically stable preterm infants (26 to 29 weeks gestation, GA) were recruited. Specific feeding skills were monitored as indirect markers for the maturational process of oral feeding musculatures: rate of milk intake (mL/min); percent milk leakage (lip seal); sucking stage, rate (#/s) and suction/expression ratio; suction amplitude (mmHg), rate and slope (mmHg/s); sucking/swallowing ratio; percent occurrence of swallows at specific phases of respiration. Coefficients of variation (COV) were used as indices of functional stability. Infants, born at 26/27- and 28/29-week GA, were at similar postmenstrual ages (PMA) when taking 1-2 and 6-8 oral feedings per day. RESULTS: Over time, feeding efficiency and several skills improved, some decreased and others remained unchanged. Differences in COVs between the two GA groups demonstrated that, despite similar oral feeding outcomes, maturation levels of certain skills differed. CONCLUSIONS: Components of sucking, swallowing, respiration and their coordinated activity matured at different times and rates. Differences in functional stability of particular outcomes confirm that maturation levels depend on infants' gestational rather than PMA.     

Clinical outcomes in very low birth weight infants with major congenital heart defects

Background

The combination of major congenital heart disease (CHD) and prematurity is associated with poor prognosis, but previous studies have not fully characterized morbidity and mortality in this population. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of very low birth weight (VLBW) infants with major CHD to describe outcomes, including mortality, over time.

Methods

We included all infants < 1500 g birth weight with major CHD discharged from Pediatrix Medical Group neonatal intensive care units from 1997 to 2012. We report incidences of major CHD in VLBW infants and compare mortality and morbidity by infant birth weight, type of major CHD, and time period.

Results

Of 105,539 VLBW infants, 299 (0.3%) were diagnosed with 15 different major CHDs. Coarctation of the aorta (n = 67, 22%), atrioventricular septal defect (n = 58, 19%), and tetralogy of Fallot (n = 53, 18%) were the most common major CHDs identified. Overall mortality was 163/299 (55%). Mortality was ≥ 70% for 10 lesions and < 30% for isolated aortic valve stenosis (6/30, 20%). Mortality in infants with major CHD did not significantly change over time: 76/133 (57%) in 1997–2005, 49/95 (52%) in 2006–2009, and 38/71 (54%) in 2010–2012 (p = 0.70). The majority of infants suffered ≥ 1 comorbidity or died (218/299, 73%).

Conclusion

Major CHD is associated with high morbidity and mortality. While mortality varies by lesion, overall survival and incidence of major morbidity have not improved over time.     

Conventional birth weight standards obscure fetal growth restriction in preterm infants

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: It has been suggested that fetal growth restriction (FGR) is associated with fetal maturation so that, compared with appropriately grown preterm infants, mortality and some neonatal morbidities may be reduced. The evidence for this is conflicting, and severe FGR has been shown to be harmful. In addition excessive growth has also been shown to be associated with poorer outcomes. As preterm infants are often also growth restricted, centiles for birth weights are distorted and may conceal the degree of growth restriction in a given infant. This study investigated whether using estimated fetal weights (EFW) might reveal the effects of hidden FGR. POPULATION AND METHODS: Using a 25-year database of preterm admissions to a single neonatal unit the ORs for mortality and neonatal morbidities for z scores for birth weight above and below the mean were computed and compared with those computed for z scores for EFW. RESULTS: In 7898 infants born at less than 35 weeks' gestation, the OR for mortality was lowest for birth weights between 1 SD and 3 SD above the mean, but was lowest for EFW between -2 SD and 0 SD below the mean. For periventricular haemorrhage, increasing FGR below the mean reduced the OR with both birth weight and EFW. Apparent reductions in OR for septicaemia, chronic lung disease, persistent ductus arteriosus and necrotising enterocolitis with birth weights of >1 SD above the mean were not seen with EFW. FGR of >-3 SD was associated with increased OR for necrotising enterocolitis with both birth weight and EFW. CONCLUSION: Using fetal growth rather than birth weight standards gives a better indication of the incidence and role of FGR in neonatal disease.     

早产儿宫外生长发育迟缓的研究进展

早产儿宫外生长发育迟缓(extrauterine growth restriction,EUGR)是由围生期疾病及新生儿期各种并发症、生后营养不足等因素所造成的早产儿生后某个时期体重、身长或头围低于相应生长曲线参考值的一种生长落后状态。EUGR的发生在小胎龄、低体重早产儿中十分普遍,对早产儿的体格发育、神经认知功能、心...     

Mineral and nutritional requirements of preterm infant

Preterm infants are at risk of growth failure and metabolic bone disease due to insufficient nutrient supply in postnatal life. An ample provision of protein, energy, calcium and phosphates through parenteral or/and enteral nutrition is crucial for bone growth and mineralization. Additional vitamin D supplementation improves bone mineralization and enhance intestinal absorption of minerals.     

61例极低出生体重早产儿生后第一年生长发育的随访

目的 探讨极低出生体重早产儿生后第一年生长发育情况及相关影响因素。方法 对61例极低出生体重早产儿进行出生后第一年的生长发育监测。采用Z评分法评价体格指标、丹佛发育筛查测验(DDST)进行发育筛查。结果 61例中小于胎龄儿(SGA)27例(44.3%),适于胎龄儿(AGA)34例(55.7%)。随访1年,年龄别体重(WAZ)、年龄别身长(HAZ)、年龄别头围(HCZ)、身长别体重(WHZ)的Z积分中位数均>-1 SD;年龄别体质指数(BMI)的Z积分(BAZ)以及WHZ的高峰在纠正年龄1个月。纠正胎龄40周时,低体重、生长迟缓、消瘦、小头畸形、超重和肥胖等的生长偏离发生率最高,分别为15%、16%、11%、13%、20%和10%。与纠正胎龄40周比,纠正年龄6个月及9~12个月的超重发生率(3%,3%)明显降低(P P 结论 极低出生体重早产儿在纠正龄3个月以内生长偏离明显。生后第一年DDST筛查异常的比例较高。     

The unfinished work of neonatal very low birthweight infants quality improvement: Improving outcomes at a continental level in South America

Neonatal mortality rate varies between 4.2 and 18.6 per thousand by country in South America. There is little information regarding the outcomes of very low birth weight infants in the region and mortality rates are extremely variable ranging from 6% to over 50%. This group may represent up to 50–70% of the neonatal mortality and approximately 25–30% of infant mortality. Some initiatives, like the NEOCOSUR Network, have systematically collected and analyzed epidemiological information on VLBW infants’ outcomes in the region. Over a 16-year period, survival without major morbidity improved from 37 to 44%. However, mortality has remained almost unchanged at approximately 27%, despite an increase in the implementation of the best available evidence in perinatal practices over time. Implementing quality improvement initiatives in the continent is particularly challenging but represents a great opportunity considering that there is a wide margin for progress in both care and outcomes.     

超低/极低出生体重儿生长发育迟缓发生率调查

目的 调查珠江三角洲地区超低/极低出生体重儿(extremely/very low birth weight infants,ELBWI/VLBWI)出生时宫内发育迟缓(intrauterine growth retardation,IUGR)和出院时宫外发育迟缓(extrauterine growth retardation,EUGR)的发生率,为其出院后进行生长发育监测和干预提供依据.方法 回顾性调查广东省珠江三角洲地区9个城市的9家医院新生儿科于2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间出院的ELBWI/VBWI的住院资料,分别以出生时、出院时的体重在相应宫内生长速率期望值的第10百分位水平以下(生长曲线的第10百分位)定义为IUGR、EUGR,分别计算各胎龄组、各体重组、单胎与多胎组的IUGR、EUGR发生率,并计算各组EUGR较IUGR增加的发生率.生长曲线参照“Fenton生长曲线2003一胎儿、婴儿生长曲线(供早产儿参考)(WHO生长标准版)”.结果 318例ELBWI/VLBWI出生时IUGR发生率为33.3％(106例),出院时EUGR发生率为70.8％(225例).以出生胎龄(＜30周、＜32周、≥32周)进行分组统计,EUGR发生率分别为55.7％ (68/122)、66.9％ (79/113)、94.0％ (79/83)(x2=34.964,P=0.000),较IUGR发生率分别增加49.2％ (60/122)、51.3％ (58/113)、1.2％ (1/83) (x2 =63.024,P=0.000);以出生体重(≤1200 g、≤1350 g、＞1350 g)进行分组统计,EUGR发生率分别为83.8％ (88/105)、65.3％ (66/101)、63.4％ (71/112) (x2=13.009,P=0.001),较IUGR发生率分别增加42.9％ (45/105)、35.6％ (36/101)、33.9％(38/112)(x2=2.045,P=0.360);以单胎和多胎进行分组比较,则IUGR、EUGR及EUGR较IUGR增加的发生率,组间差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 ELBWI/VLBWI出院时EUGR发生率仍然很高,出院时EUGR发生率随出生胎龄的增加或出生体重的降低而升高,且出院时EUGR较出生时IUGR增加的发生率随出生胎龄的降低而升高,但EUGR发生率与胎数无明显相关性.     

Haemodynamic effects of erythrocyte transfusion in preterm infants

The aim of the study was to assess the short-term cardiorespiratory effects of a standard red cell transfusion in very low birth weight (<1500 g) infants undergoing intensive care. A total of 37 infants (birth weight 920±230 g, gestational age 27.8±2.1 weeks, age at study 6.1±3.9 days) with indwelling arterial lines were studied when 10 ml/kg of packed donor red cells were transfused based on clinical judgment. Infants with patent ductus arteriosus and/or inotropic treatment were excluded from the study. Oxygen saturation, left ventricular output, stroke volume, systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressure, heart rate, and capillary refill time were assessed immediately prior to the transfusion and within an hour after the transfusion was completed. Capillary refill time after the transfusion was significantly shorter than prior to the transfusion (2.1±0.9 versus 2.4±1.0 s, P =0.033). Left ventricular output, stroke volume and arterial pressures remained unaltered. Oxygen saturation after the transfusion was lower than before the transfusion (94.0±3.8 versus 95.3±2.5%, P =0.014) despite unaltered oxygen supply. Conclusion: the data suggest that although a red cell transfusion of 10 ml/kg may marginally improve peripheral perfusion, it does not influence cardiac output and arterial blood pressure in normotensive preterm infants. It may, however, cause a transient decrease in oxygen saturation.Abbreviations CRT capillary refill time - HR heart rate - LVO left ventricular output - PDA patent ductus arteriosus - SV stroke volume     

高危早产儿宫外生长迟缓的危险因素分析

目的探讨我院高危早产儿宫外生长迟缓(EUGR)的发生率和相关危险因素。方法回顾性调查2011年1月至2012年12月我院收治并存活至出院的高危早产儿(出生体重<1500 g或出生胎龄<33周)及其母亲的住院资料。根据"中国15城市不同胎龄新生儿出生体重值",出生体重位于同胎龄儿第10百分位以下定义为宫内生长受限(IUGR)早产儿,出院体重位于校正胎龄儿第10百分位以下定义为EUGR早产儿。并根据此表计算出生体重的Z值(Z1)、出院体重的Z值(Z2),比较Z值的变化。比较EUGR组及非EUGR组围产期及出生后危险因素的差异,根据Logistic回归分析得出EUGR的高危因素。结果共194例早产儿纳入本研究,IUGR发生率为29.9%(58/194),EUGR发生率为51.5%(100/194)。出院时Z2(-1.27±0.83)较出生时Z1(-0.83±0.78)显著下降(P<0.001)。IUGR早产儿发生EUGR比例明显高于非IUGR早产儿(93.1%比33.8%,P<0.001),但Z值下降幅度却小于非IUGR早产儿[(-0.31±0.58)比(-0.50±0.53),P=0.039]。根据Logistic回归分析,高危早产儿发生EUGR的高危因素为出生体重<1500 g、IUGR、住院天数超过6周及CRP升高。结论 EUGR是极低出生体重儿及小胎龄早产儿的重要并发症,针对相关的围产因素进行积极的营养管理,有可能减少其发生率,改善早产儿的结局。     

Clinical characteristics and risk factors for early-onset necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants with very/extremely low birth weight北大核心CSCD

Objective To investigate the clinical characteristics and risk factors for early-onset necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in preterm infants with very/extremely low birth weight (VLBW/ELBW). Methods A retrospective analysis was performed on the medical data of 194 VLBW/ELBW preterm infants with NEC who were admitted to Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University from January 2014 to December 2021. These infants were divided into early-onset group (onset in the first two weeks of life; n=62) and late-onset group (onset two weeks after birth; n=132) based on their onset time. The two groups were compared in terms of perinatal conditions, clinical characteristics, laboratory examination results, and clinical outcomes. Sixty-two non-NEC infants with similar gestational age and birth weight who were hospitalized at the same period as these NEC preterm infants were selected as the control group. The risk factors for the development of early-onset NEC were identified using multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results Compared with the late-onset group, the early-onset group had significantly higher proportions of infants with 1-minute Apgar score ≤3, stage III NEC, surgical intervention, grade ≥3 intraventricular hemorrhage, apnea, and fever or hypothermia (P<0.05). The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that feeding intolerance, blood culture-positive early-onset sepsis, severe anemia, and hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus were independent risk factors for the development of early-onset NEC in VLBW/ELBW preterm infants (P<0.05). Conclusions VLBW/ELBW preterm infants with early-onset NEC have more severe conditions compared with those with late-onset NEC. Neonates with feeding intolerance, blood culture-positive early-onset sepsis, severe anemia, or hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus have a higher risk of early-onset NEC. © 2023 Xiangya Hospital of CSU. All rights reserved.     

Kangaroo Mother Care in Kangaroo ward for improving the growth and breastfeeding outcomes when reaching term gestational age in very low birth weight infants

Aim: To study the effect of Kangaroo mother care in the Kangaroo ward in comparison with conventional care at neonatal unit on growth and breastfeeding in very low birth weight infants at 40 weeks’ corrected gestational age. Methods: One hundred and forty neonates with birth weight <1500 g were randomized. The primary outcome was the average weight gain (g/kg/day) from the time of randomization to term gestational age. Results: Mean birth weight, age in days and weight at randomization were similar in both the groups. At term gestational age, average weight gain (g/kg/day) post randomization (23.3 ± 8.7 g vs. 22.64 ± 9.1 g, p = 0.67) and breastfeeding rate (85.9% vs. 87.0%) were comparable. There was no difference in weight gain (g/kg/day) from randomization to hospital discharge between the Kangaroo care group and conventional care group (18.01 g vs. 15.64 g, p = 0.12). Mortality, morbidities like sepsis, hypothermia, apnoea, hypoglycaemia and duration of hospitalization were equally distributed. On average, 11.5 days of intermediate care were saved in the kangaroo group. Conclusion: Kangaroo mother care in the Kangaroo ward is as effective as conventional care in the neonatal unit without any increase in morbidity or mortality in stable VLBW infants.