选择性切断膝关节神经支对膝骨性关节炎模型兔关节软骨超微结构的影响

目的观察选择性切断膝关节神经支对兔膝骨性关节炎模型关节软骨超微结构的影响。方法采用Huhh法复制兔膝骨性关节炎模型，通过外科显微镜下选择性切断兔膝关节神经支，对关节软骨等结构进行形态学观察，运用TUNEL法检测软骨细胞的凋亡，并应用透射电镜观察关节软骨超微结构的变化。结果模型组兔膝关节软骨出现退变的表现，软骨细胞过度凋亡，其凋亡指数（31．25±6．83）明显高于正常组（3．16±0．65；P〈0．05）。模型组关节软骨超微结构明显受损，软骨细胞出现核固缩，线粒体肿胀，粗面内质网扩张、脱颗粒；软骨基质内胶原纤维断裂溶解，结构模糊。治疗组兔膝关节软骨退变有明显改善，细胞凋亡指数（15．43±3．72）明显低于模型组（P〈0．05），关节软骨超微结构较模型组有明显改善。结论选择性切断膝关节神经支对膝骨性关节炎模型兔关节软骨细胞凋亡有抑制作用，并能改善关节软骨的超微结构。     

膝关节神经支选择性切断对膝骨性关节炎模型兔关节软骨Ⅱ型胶原的影响

目的观察选择性切断膝关节神经支对膝骨性关节炎模型兔关节软骨Ⅱ型胶原影响。方法采用改良Hulth法复制兔膝骨性关节炎模型,通过外科显微镜下选择性切断兔膝关节神经支。兔膝关节软骨组织切片HE染色,光镜下观察关节软骨组织结构;免疫组织化学检测软骨Ⅱ型胶原表达。结果模型组和治疗组关节软骨Ⅱ型胶原表达,在术后4周高于正常组;术后16周,明显低于正常组。治疗组术后16周软骨Ⅱ型胶原表达明显高于模型组。结论选择性切断膝关节神经支能增加膝骨性关节炎模型兔关节软骨Ⅱ型胶原的表达。     

兔膝关节神经支选择性切断后对关节软骨的影响

目的观察兔膝关节神经支选择性切断后关节软骨形态学变化。方法在外科显微镜下选择性切断兔膝关节神经支,术后4、8、16周取材,肉眼观察兔膝关节大体结构,组织切片HE染色,光镜下观察关节软骨组织结构,应用显微电脑测量软件测量关节软骨厚度。结果对照组兔膝关节软骨表面光滑,软骨细胞呈四层结构排列,软骨细胞为圆形或椭圆形,表层呈梭形。实验组兔膝关节软骨组织结构未见明显改变,软骨厚度与对照组比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论选择性切断兔膝关节神经支对关节软骨组织结构无明显影响,膝关节局部去神经化术治疗具有可行性。     

揉髌手法对兔膝关节软骨细胞凋亡及Bcl-2、Bax和Fas表达的影响

背景：现代研究证实细胞的过度凋亡加速软骨组织的退变,而手法的力学刺激对关节软骨影响的分子层面研究至今少有报道。 目的：观察揉髌手法对兔膝关节软骨细胞凋亡及Bcl-2、Bax、Fas表达的作用。 方法：50只新西兰兔随机等分为正常组、假手术组、模型组、手法组和针剂组,后3组建立右下肢骨内高压型膝关节骨性关节炎模型。造模1周后,手法组使用揉髌手法隔天治疗1次,每次10 min,共治疗5周共17次;针剂组关节内注射玻璃酸钠液0.6 mL,每周1次,共5次。 结果与结论：造模后8周末取兔右膝关节内侧胫骨平台软骨组织,苏木精-伊红染色提示模型组软骨组织退变明显,软骨细胞凋亡率明显增加(P < 0.01),胫骨平台软骨组织中Bcl-2、Bax、Fas表达率明显升高(P < 0.01),而手法组和针剂组软骨组织退变轻微,软骨细胞凋亡率及Bax、Fas表达率较模型组降低(P < 0.01),但胫骨平台软骨组织中Bcl-2表达升高(P < 0.01)。说明揉髌手法与关节内注射玻璃酸钠一样可以明显降低兔膝关节软骨细胞的凋亡率,其作用机制与上调Bcl-2表达,下调Bax、Fas表达有关。     

前交叉韧带切断诱导兔膝骨性关节炎模型:阿仑膦酸钠与盐酸氨基葡萄糖对其关节软骨和软骨下骨的保护作用

背景:氨基葡萄糖是骨关节炎特异性的治疗药物,有研究表明骨吸收抑制剂阿伦膦酸钠对骨性关节炎具有潜在的治疗作用。目的:探讨阿仑膦酸钠联合盐酸氨基葡萄糖对前交叉韧带切断诱导的兔膝骨性关节炎模型关节软骨和软骨下骨的保护作用及其作用机制。方法:将3月龄新西兰大白兔随机分为假手术组,模型组,盐酸氨基葡萄糖组,联合治疗组。除假手术组外,其余3组动物均右侧膝关节行前交叉韧带切断建立兔膝骨性关节炎模型。建模成功后,模型组用生理盐水治疗;盐酸氨基葡萄糖组给予盐酸氨基葡萄糖灌胃;联合治疗组给予盐酸氨基葡萄糖组灌胃同时,皮下注射阿仑膦酸钠。8周后观察膝关节外观,取所有组兔胫骨去除软骨后行软骨下骨生物力学检测,测定最大载荷和弹性模量,取股骨测量远端1/4骨密度后,用苏木精-伊红染色及"Mankin评分"观察关节软骨退变情况。结果与结论:建模后盐酸氨基葡萄糖组和联合治疗组膝关节出现了轻度骨性关节炎的表现。盐酸氨基葡萄糖组和联合治疗组Mankin评分显著低(P0.05)。联合治疗组股骨远端骨矿物质密度最高(P0.05)。盐酸氨基葡萄糖组的最大载荷和弹性模量均显著低于联合治疗组(P0.05)。实验结果提示,阿仑膦酸钠与盐酸氨基葡萄糖组联合应用可通过保护关节软骨及改善软骨下骨代谢的双重作用,抑制前交叉韧带切断术后兔膝骨性关节炎的发展,且效果优于单纯用盐酸氨基葡萄糖治疗。     

“双固一通”温针灸实验性膝骨性关节炎模型兔Bcl-2及Bax蛋白的表达

背景：软骨细胞凋亡在骨性关节炎的发生发展中起到关键作用。 目的：观察“双固一通”温针灸预防兔膝骨性关节炎过程中对兔膝关节软骨Bcl-2、Bax蛋白表达的影响。 方法：采用结扎股静脉法建立兔膝骨性关节炎模型,造模后采用“双固一通”温针灸法进行干预,针灸穴位包括关元(CV 4)、足三里(ST 36)、内膝眼(EX-LE4)、犊鼻(ST 35)和阳陵泉(GB 34),1次/d,留针20 min,连续8周。 结果与结论：膝骨性关节炎后,兔的软骨细胞凋亡指数明显升高(P < 0.01),“双固一通”温针灸可降低软骨细胞凋亡指数(P < 0.01)。免疫组织化学染色显示：“双固一通”温针灸兔和模型兔关节软骨Bcl-2表达明显增高(P < 0.05),而“双固一通”温针灸兔和正常兔关节软骨Bax的表达明显低于模型兔(P < 0.05),“双固一通”温针灸兔Bcl-2/Bax高于模型兔和正常兔(P < 0.05)。说明“双固一通”温针灸可上调Bcl-2蛋白表达,下调Bax蛋白表达抑制软骨细胞过度凋亡,对兔膝骨性关节炎起防治作用。     

可注射性纤维蛋白凝胶/脱钙骨基质复合支架延缓兔骨关节炎软骨退变

背景:纤维蛋白凝胶及脱钙骨基质都有优良的生物相容性及生物降解性,因此可以作为软骨组织工程支架培养软骨种子细胞。这两种材料分别可以作为生长因子的载体缓慢释放生长因子,并达到持续发挥促软骨细胞生长的功能。目的:验证可注射性纤维蛋白凝胶/脱钙骨基质复合支架延缓骨性关节炎的可行性及有效性。方法:实验为同体对照动物实验。16只兔切断双后肢前交叉韧带制备兔膝关节骨性关节炎模型,兔一侧膝关节内注射复合支架材料与软骨细胞混悬液为实验组。另一侧膝关节内注射等量生理盐水为对照组,12周后取关节软骨,分别进行苏木精-伊红染色,Masson染色,Ⅱ型胶原免疫组化染色,并根据Wakitani标准及Outerbridge分类重新制定标准进行评分,评价实验组与对照组软骨退变的程度。结果与结论:实验组关节软骨表面尚光滑,可见软骨陷窝,结构软骨退变较对照组轻;软骨细胞及Ⅱ型胶原较正常软骨组织轻度减少,关节囊组织无明显Ⅱ型胶原表达。实验组综合评分低于对照组(P0.01)。表明可注射性纤维蛋白凝胶/脱钙骨基质复合支架为早期骨性关节炎及骨缺损修复提供了一种优良的复合支架材料。     

关节腔内注射医用臭氧对兔膝骨性关节炎模型基质金属蛋白酶-9表达的影响

目的观察膝关节腔内注射医用臭氧对兔膝骨性关节炎模型关节软骨中基质金属蛋白酶-9表达的影响。方法健康家兔30只,随机分为对照组(空气组)、骨性关节炎组(OA组)和医用臭氧组(25μg/ml),使用Hulth法复制出膝骨性关节炎(OA)模型。分别在造模成功时和处死前测定兔膝关节活动度,末次注射后3 d处死实验兔,免疫组化方法与Western blot方法检测关节软骨中MMP-9蛋白的表达变化,RT-PCR方法检测关节软骨中MMP-9 mRNA水平的变化。结果造模成功后,OA组和医用臭氧组兔膝关节活动度均显著降低,但是采用医用臭氧治疗后,医用臭氧组兔膝关节活动度显著升高。OA组兔关节软骨中MMP-9蛋白与mRNA的表达水平比对照组显著升高,但臭氧组兔膝关节MMP-9蛋白与mRNA的表达显著降低。结论降低关节软骨中基质金属蛋白酶-9的表达可能是医用臭氧有效治疗膝关节炎的作用机制之一。     

关节腔内注射医用臭氧对兔膝骨性关节炎模型基质金属蛋白酶-13表达的影响

目的观察膝关节腔内注射医用臭氧对兔膝骨性关节炎模型关节软骨中基质金属蛋白酶-13表达的影响。方法健康家兔30只,随机分为对照组(空气组)、骨性关节炎组(OA组)和医用臭氧组(25μg/ml),使用Hulth法复制出膝骨性关节炎(OA)模型。分别在造模成功时和处死前测定兔膝关节活动度,末次注射后3 d处死实验兔,免疫组化方法与Western blot方法检测关节软骨中MMP-13蛋白的表达变化,RT-PCR方法检测关节软骨中MMP-13 mRNA水平的变化。结果造模成功后,OA组和医用臭氧组兔膝关节活动度均显著降低,医用臭氧组兔膝关节活动度显著升高。OA组兔关节软骨中MMP-13蛋白与mRNA的表达水平显著升高,但是采用医用臭氧治疗后,臭氧组兔膝关节MMP-13蛋白与mRNA的表达水平显著降低。结论降低关节软骨中基质金属蛋白酶-13的表达可能是医用臭氧有效治疗膝关节炎的作用机制之一。     

健膝强骨丸对膝骨关节炎家兔模型关节软骨病理改变的影响

背景：膝骨关节炎的病理学改变不可逆转,属中医“痹证”范畴,治疗目的是缓解或解除症状,延缓关节退变。健膝强骨丸方是武汉大学基础医学院荆州市第三人民医院的经验方,可补益肝肾,祛风散寒,除湿通络,强骨健膝。 目的：观察健膝强骨丸对膝骨关节炎兔模型膝骨关节软骨的保护作用,及其对软骨细胞骨形态发生蛋白7表达的影响。 方法：36只新西兰兔随机分为3组,每组12只,分别运用改良Hulth术制备兔膝骨关节炎模型。造模后第6周,给药组予健膝强骨丸0.1 g/kg灌胃,模型组和正常对照组予等量生理盐水灌胃。给药4周后通过软骨Mankin’s评分方法行兔膝关节软骨评分,电镜下观察软骨形态,免疫组化法检测膝关节软骨细胞骨形态发生蛋白7表达情况。 结果与结论：给药组兔膝关节软骨病理退变程度较其他2组轻,膝关节软骨细胞骨形态发生蛋白7的表达量较其他2组高,差异有显著性意义(P < 0.05)。提示健膝强骨丸可增强膝骨关节炎模型兔关节软骨细胞骨形态发生蛋白7的表达,从而促进膝关节软骨再生,减少软骨变形坏死,达到治疗关节炎的目的。 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植;肝移植;移植;心脏移植;组织移植;皮肤移植;皮瓣移植;血管移植;器官移植;组织工程全文链接：     

全膝关节置换治疗晚期骨性关节炎

目的探讨全膝关节置换（totalknee arthroplasty,TKA）在膝关节骨性关节炎治疗中的疗效,手术要点及注意事项。方法对35例（41膝）晚期骨性关节炎患者行初次人工全膝关节置换术,采用膝前正中纵形切口和内侧髌旁入路,术后进行随访,对比术前术后膝关节功能评分（the Hospital for Special Surgery Knee Score,HSS）及膝关节活动度（range of motion,ROM）以观察疗效。结果全部病例均得到平均24个月的随访,均未出现感染、下肢静脉血栓等并发症。HSS评分由术前平均（69±7）分提高到术后平均（91±4．6）分。膝关节活动范围由术前平均95°提高到术后平均115°。结论全膝关节置换是治疗晚期膝关节骨性关节炎的最佳治疗手段。选择恰当的病例,良好的假体设计,精确的手术技术,术后积极的康复锻炼是影响术后结果的主要因素。     

人工全膝关节置换治疗膝关节外翻畸形

背景:膝关节外翻畸形的病例较少见而手术难度大,目前国内外的截骨及软组织平衡技术规范尚不统一。目的:探讨人工全膝关节置换治疗膝关节外翻畸形的临床疗效。方法:回顾性分析2010年1月至2016年8月广州中医药大学第一附属医院收治的膝关节外翻畸形初次行人工全膝关节置换患者的病历资料,根据外翻程度进行分组,选择个体化软组织松解、精准截骨、合适假体及手术入路。评估患者术前、术后3年西安大略和麦克马斯特大学骨关节炎指数、膝关节协会评分、股胫角、膝关节活动度、EQ-5D量表评分,定期复查X射线片,观察膝关节有无松动和移位,并记录生存率及并发症情况。结果与结论:①共纳入32例患者(32膝),随访时间3-9年;②术后3年随访膝关节协会临床和功能评分均较术前明显增加,差异均有显著性意义(P<0.05);术前不同畸形组别的膝关节协会临床和功能评分相比差异无显著性意义;术后3年不同畸形组别的膝关节协会临床和功能评分差异有显著性意义(P<0.05),且轻度畸形组、中度畸形组评分要高于重度畸形组;③术后3年EQ-5D量表评分与术前相比明显增加,差异有显著性意义(P<0.05),术前不同畸形组别的EQ-5D量表评分相比差异无显著性意义,术后3年不同畸形组别的EQ-5D量表评分差异有显著性意义,且轻度畸形组、中度畸形组评分高于重度畸形组;④术后3年西安大略和麦克马斯特大学骨关节炎指数与术前相比明显降低,差异有显著性意义(P<0.05);术前不同畸形组别的西安大略和麦克马斯特大学骨关节炎指数相比差异无显著性意义;术后不同畸形组别的西安大略和麦克马斯特大学骨关节炎指数差异有显著性意义(P<0.05),且轻度畸形组、中度畸形组骨关节炎指数低于重度畸形组;⑤患者置换后膝关节活动度均明显增大,与术前相比差异有显著性意义(P<0.05);术后不同畸形组别的膝关节活动度相比差异无显著性意义(P>0.05);⑥随访期内膝关节假体固定良好,未出现松动及脱位,无明显深静脉血栓事件、假体感染等情况发生,假体生存率为100%;⑦提示在个体化软组织平衡技术及精准截骨的指导下,选择合适的膝关节假体进行全膝关节置换治疗膝关节外翻畸形安全有效,中长期疗效满意。     

Provoked anterior knee pain in medial osteoarthritis of the knee

The incidence and the causes of provoked anterior knee pain in medial osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee were investigated clinically and radiographically. A retrospective study was performed in 179 primary osteoarthritic knees of 129 patients. Provocative tests were conducted on the patellofemoral (PF) joint to induce retropatellar crepitation, grating pain, tenderness around the patella, and pain on deviating the patella. The femorotibial angle (FTA) was measured on standing anteroposterior radiographs as a parameter of limb alignment. The widths of the medial and lateral joint space of the PF joint were measured on skyline views of standing or 30, 60 or 90° knee flexion. The angle of flexion contracture was measured on lateral radiographs of knees with maximum extension. The lateral shift and tilt of the patella were measured on standing skyline views. Retropatellar crepitation was found in 70% of knees, while provoked anterior knee pain was observed in 35–45% of knees with medial OA of the knee. Standing FTA was significantly greater in knees with tenderness around the patella and pain on deviating the patella than in those without these symptoms (P<0.05). The angle of flexion contracture was significantly greater in knees with provoked symptoms in the PF joint than in those without symptoms (P<0.05). The degree of lateral shift was greater in knees with provoked symptoms (P<0.05). Flexion contracture and varus deformity of the knee with lateralization of the patella may be factors aggravating provoked PF symptoms in medial OA of the knee. The radiographic assessment in this series failed to show a significant relationship between the width of the PF joint space and the incidence of provoked PF symptoms.     

全膝关节置换治疗严重膝关节疾病

背景：膝关节畸形施行人工全膝关节置换难度大,涉及面多,包括手术入路、术中截骨、软组织松解顺序、方法及程度、软组织平衡等,专家学者各不相同,意见不统一,争议较多。 目的：探讨全膝关节置换治疗成人严重膝关节疾病的手术方法和临床疗效。 方法：纳入42例(48膝)严重膝关节疾病合并畸形患者,均采用后稳定型假体进行全膝关节置换,由髌骨内侧入路,正确截骨,选择性的软组织松解,恢复膝关节正常的力线和软组织平衡,获得膝关节稳定,置换后采取针对性的康复训练,定期随访检查膝关节活动度、最大屈曲度并进行HSS评分、WOMAC 评分。 结果与结论：所有患者均获得随访,随访时间为25-84个月,平均35.5个月。所有患者置换治疗后膝关节活动度、膝关节最大屈曲度、HSS评分、WOMAC评分较置换前比较,均显著提高,差异有显著性意义(P < 0.01)。置换后切口均Ⅰ期愈合,无膝关节僵硬、血管及神经损伤、髌骨骨折、髌骨低位、假体松动等并发症发生,下肢力线均恢复正常。说明成人严重膝关节畸形经全膝关节置换,置换后畸形均得到纠正,功能较前明显改善,临床效果满意。     

Conventional knee films hamper accurate knee alignment determination in patients with varus osteoarthritis of the knee

Surgical therapeutic procedures such as knee osteotomy and knee replacement depend on proper knee alignment assessment. The aim of this study was to evaluate if femorotibial (FT) measurement on short knee films may be used in clinical settings. The study population comprised 68 patients with symptomatic medial compartmental knee osteoarthritis. We measured the FT angle with the use of mid-diaphyseal lines (FTa), and the knee joint centre (FTb) to determine anatomical knee alignment on a short knee image. Then, the accuracy of alignment was compared to the gold standard Hip–Knee–Ankle (HKA) angle on a full-limb view. FTa angle assessment correlated well (r = 0.65) with the HKA angle. However, this method showed poor inter-observer agreement (ICC = 0.37). 3% of patients were incorrectly classified as having valgus alignment. Good intra- and inter-observer agreements were observed for FTb angle measurement (ICC = 0.89 and 0.79; respectively). But correlation between HKA and FTb angles was low (r = 0.34). 15% of patients were incorrectly classified as having valgus alignment. Short knee images cannot substitute whole leg views when accurate assessment of knee alignment is essential.     

The effect of knee brace and knee sleeve on the proprioception of the knee in young non-professional healthy sportsmen

BackgroundProprioception has been defined as the capacity to feel the position of a joint in space as sensed by the central nervous system. Prophylactic knee braces are supposed to help in knee injury prevention not just with a mechanical support of the joint but also improving proprioception. The main aim of this study was to determine the effects of a knee brace and a knee sleeve on knee proprioception. The secondary aim was to determine if different starting angles of the knee and different movement directions influence knee proprioception.MethodsWe tested a group of twenty healthy male sport students without knee injuries. They were tested with the brace, with the sleeve and without support. The threshold of detection of passive knee movement with a starting knee angle of 30° and 60°, both in flexion and extension was determined.ResultsWe did not find any statistically significant change in the threshold of detection of passive knee movement wearing the brace or the sleeve compared to the unsupported condition (p = 0.462, α = 0.05). We found a significantly lower proprioceptive sensitivity starting at the more flexed knee angle (p = 0.005, α = 0.05) and moving in extension than in the other test situations (p = 0.001, α = 0.05).ConclusionMovement direction and starting position appear to influence the threshold of detection of passive knee movement. The results of this study also suggest that knee supports do not influence either positively or negatively knee proprioception of uninjured active subjects.     

Soft tissue knee contracture of the knee due to melorheostosis, treated by total knee arthroplasty

Melorheostosis is a rare condition which can cause soft tissue joint contractures. We present a case of melorheostosis causing disabling knee joint contracture, treated successfully by total knee arthroplasty.     

Three-dimensional knee motion analysis for the pathogenesis knee osteoarthrosis

To discuss the pathogenesis of knee OA, the relationships of the risk factors which are detected by the epidemiological study are explained by the three-dimensional motion analysis.     

Reference axes for comparing the motion of knee replacements with the anatomic knee

In the literature, different methods have been used to describe the motion of the anatomic knee and total knee replacements (TKR). The major goal of this study was to identify the most suitable methods for comparing TKR motion with that of the anatomic knee, whether for the purpose of developing new TKR designs, or evaluating existing ones. A further goal was to specify a testing methodology which would apply the methodology and represent a wide range of activities.Six knee specimens were tested in a Desktop Knee Machine, where different sequences of compressive, shear, and torque loads were applied at a full range of flexion angles. Data from a typical total knee was obtained by analysis. The motion results were displayed using different reference axes, specifically the circular axis, the epicondylar axis, the line joining the contact points, and the line joining the lowest lateral and medial femoral condylar points. It was concluded that the circular axis was the most generally applicable choice of a key femoral axis, for comparing the rigid body motion of a total knee with anatomic data, but that the actual contact points had important significance in full extension and in high flexion.