成人间双供体活体肝脏移植成功2例报告

目的供肝短缺是影响肝脏移植发展的主要因素之一，活体供肝是解决这一矛盾的重要措施，供者提供足够的肝脏是影响活体肝脏移植的重要因素。方法施行成人间双供体活体肝移植2例，1例由受者的两位姐姐分别提供左半肝作为供肝，另1例由受者母亲提供右半肝，由无心跳供者提供左半肝(采用劈裂方式，其另一部分肝脏同时为另一成人受者实施肝脏移植)作为供肝。结果术后供、受者肝功能均恢复良好。结论成人问双供肝活体肝脏移植可以为受者提供更大重量的肝脏，又可减少供者提供较多肝脏所带来的风险；双供肝一受者肝脏移植手术操作复杂。     

Dysfunction in Patients With Small-for-Size Grafts After Living Donor Liver Transplantation

The relationship between postoperative percentage fall of platelet (PLT) counts and graft dysfunction after living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) in recipients with small-for-size (SFS) graft has not been fully evaluated. We retrospectively studied 50 adult-to-adult LDLT recipients with a graft-to-recipient weight ratio of <0.8% between 1999 and 2011. Graft dysfunction was defined as the presence of hyperbilirubinemia, coagulopathy, or ascites on 3 consecutive days during the first postoperative week. Each clinical sign of dysfunction was assigned 1 point. Postoperative percentage fall in PLT counts, graft dysfunction score, and postoperative complications according to the Clavien-Dindo classification were investigated. Overall, 31 patients (62%) exhibited a PLT count fall of more than 50%, and 19 (38%) patients exhibited a PLT count fall of less than 50% at postoperative day (POD) 3. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis indicated that at POD 3, the cutoff value of PLT count fall was 56% for a graft dysfunction score of 2 or 3 (sensitivity, 70%; specificity, 63.3%). Fourteen of 20 patients (70%) with a dysfunction score of 2 or 3 and 11 of 30 patients (37%) with a dysfunction score of 0 or 1 showed a fall in PLT count >56% at POD 3 (P = 0.021). Grade 2 to 5 complications were more observed in patients with a dysfunction score of 2 or 3 than in patients with a dysfunction score of 0 or 1 (P < 0.001). The fall of PLT count at POD 3 >56% is an ominous sign that can predict the graft dysfunction after LDLT in recipients with SFS graft.Key words: Thrombocytopenia, Small-for-size graft, Portal hypertension, Small-for-size syndrome, Graft dysfunctionSince living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) has become widely accepted as a treatment of choice for end-stage liver disease (ESLD),¹ we often encounter a situation involving graft-size mismatching. A graft-to-recipient weight ratio (GRWR) of <0.8% has been demonstrated as a predictor of poor morbidity and mortality.² Patients with ESLD frequently suffer from thrombocytopenia and refractory ascites caused by portal hypertension before surgery. In LDLT, portal hypertension is not immediately relieved after surgery, especially when using a small graft; moreover, it leads to graft dysfunction and so-called small-for-size (SFS) syndrome.^2,3 Use of the smaller graft may contribute to slow recovery of platelet (PLT) counts or protracted thrombocytopenia.In the clinical setting, the lowest PLT counts are usually observed during the first week after LDLT and recover with restoration of graft function. The delayed recovery of PLT counts may lead to increased morbidity and mortality resulting from bleeding-related complications and infections during the postoperative period.^4,5 Previous studies have not clearly demonstrated the relationship between postoperative thrombocytopenia and graft dysfunction following LDLT, especially in SFS graft recipients.The aim of this study was to investigate whether the observed early postoperative percentage fall of PLT counts predicts the graft dysfunction of patients with an SFS graft (GRWR <0.8%) after LDLT.     

Outflow Reconstruction Using Cryopreserved Homologous Venous Grafts in Living Donor Liver Transplantation

Objectives

The techniques and outcomes of outflow reconstruction in living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) using cryopreserved homologous veins at the University of Tokyo Hospital are presented.

活体右半供肝血管和胆管变异及重建处理

成人到成人的活体右半肝移植在东、西方国家已成为一种可以接受的治疗终末期肝病的有效措施。由于尸体供器官的缺乏以及肝移植适应证的扩大，供需矛盾愈来愈突出，在东方国家脑死亡供器官不被接受，这种矛盾更加明显，很多终末期肝病患者在等待肝源过程中死亡。成人间活体右半肝移植缩短了受体等待移植的时间，一定程度上缓解了器官短缺，尤其适用于急性肝功能衰竭患者，在一些国家甚至成为主要的供器官来源，例如在日本。1994年日本Yamaoka等成功开展了世界首例活体右半肝移植，但并非在成人间。1997年香港首先开展成人间活体右半肝移植，即活体扩大右半肝移植。自此，成人间活体右半肝移植在世界范围的各大移植中心广泛开展，但在手术技术上存在一些争论。现就成人间活体右半肝移植供肝血管及胆管解剖变异和在受体重建时的相应处理复习文献，并总结如下。     

Living Donor Liver Transplantation with Left Liver Graft

Small-for-size syndrome in LDLT is associated with graft exposure to excessive portal perfusion. Prevention of graft overperfusion in LDLT can be achieved through intraoperative modulation of portal graft inflow. We report a successful LDLT utilising the left lobe with a GV/SLV of only 20%. A 43 year-old patient underwent to LDLT at our institution. During the anhepatic phase a porto-systemic shunt utilizing an interposition vein graft anastomosed between the right portal branch and the right hepatic vein was performed. After graft reperfusion splenectomy was also performed. Portal vein pressure, portal vein flow and hepatic artery flow were recorded. A decrease of portal vein pressure and flow was achieved, and the shunt was left in place. The recipient post-operative course was characterized by good graft function. Small-for-size syndrome by graft overperfusion can be successfully prevented by utilizing inflow modulation of the transplanted graft. This strategy can permit the use of left lobe in adult-to-adult living donor liver transplantation.     

Adult Living Donor Liver Transplantation

Adult living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) begun in response to deceased donor organ shortage and waiting list mortality, grew rapidly after its first general application in the United States in 1998. There are significant risks to the living donor, including the risk of death and substantial morbidity, and two highly publicized donor deaths have led to decreased LDLT since 2001. Significant improvements in outcomes have been seen over recent years that have not been reported in single center studies; however, LDLT still comprises less than 5% of adult liver transplants, significantly less than in kidney transplantation where living donors now comprise the majority. The ethics, optimal utility and application of LDLT remain to be defined. In addition, studies to date have focused on post-transplant outcomes and not included the potential impact of LDLT on waiting time mortality. Future analyses should include appropriate control or comparison groups that capture the effect of LDLT on overall mortality from the time of listing. Further growth of LDLT will depend on defining the optimal recipient and donor characteristics for this procedure as well as broader acceptance and experience in the public and in transplant centers.     

Low-Volume Deceased Donor Liver Transplantation Alongside a Strong Living Donor Liver Transplantation Service

Background

At our center, living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) is the main workload supported by a strong, mature service. Deceased donor liver transplantation (DDLT) is performed but in small volume. This study aimed to review the results of a low-volume DDLT service alongside a strong LDLT service.

Methods

Consecutive DDLTs for adults performed from 1991 to 2009 were reviewed. The 1st to the 50th DDLTs were categorized as Era I cases, and the rest were Era II cases. The outcomes of the DDLTs were analyzed and compared with those achieved overseas.

Results

Eras I and II consisted of 59 and 183 DDLTs, respectively. All donors were brain-dead and heart-beating with a median age of 49 years (range 7–76 years). Among the 242 DDLTS, 30.2 % were on a high-urgency basis and 15.3 % were for hepatocellular carcinoma. The patients had a median model for end-stage liver disease score of 21 (range 6–40), and most (67.8 %) were hepatitis B virus carriers. Before transplantation, 16.1 % of the patients were in the intensive care unit and 30.2 % were in the hospital. The hospital mortality rate dropped from 13.6 % (8/59) during Era I to 3.8 % (7/183) during Era II (p = 0.012). For Era I, the 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival rates were 84.7, 79.7, and 76.3 %, respectively, which improved to 92.9, 89.0 and 87.2 % for Era II (p = 0.026).

Conclusions

The recipient survival of this series compares favorably with contemporary series. It is shown that a low-volume DDLT service alongside a strong LDLT service can have excellent results.     

Rescue of a Living Donor with Liver Transplantation

Postoperative liver failure is a rare complication after living donor liver resection. This is a case report of a 22-year-old healthy donor who was rescued with liver transplantation 11 days after right hemihepatectomy. Nine months later the patient is alive, and has fully recovered from his multiple organ failure. According to a review of the literature, there are four additional living liver donors, who received a liver transplant. Our own patient is the only survivor, so far. This case demonstrates that even in supposedly healthy living donors postoperative complications cannot be completely prevented. Although liver failure is rare in these patients, timely transplantation may need to be considered as the only life-saving treatment.     

Donor Outcomes After Liver Donation in Adult to Adult Living Donor Liver Transplantation

Objectives

This study aims to investigate postdonation outcomes of adult living donor liver transplantation donors and remnant liver regeneration in different graft types.

Unique Early Gene Expression Patterns in Human Adult-to-Adult Living Donor Liver Grafts Compared to Deceased Donor Grafts

Because of inherent differences between deceased donor (DD) and living donor (LD) liver grafts, we hypothesize that the molecular signatures will be unique, correlating with specific biologic pathways and clinical patterns. Microarray profiles of 63 biopsies in 13 DD and 8 LD liver grafts done at serial time points (procurement, backbench and postreperfusion) were compared between groups using class comparisons, network and biological function analyses. Specific genes were validated by quantitative PCR and immunopathology. Clinical findings were also compared. Following reperfusion, 579 genes in DD grafts and 1324 genes in LDs were differentially expressed (p < 0.005). Many upregulated LD genes were related to regeneration, biosynthesis and cell cycle, and a large number of downregulated genes were linked to hepatic metabolism and energy pathways correlating with posttransplant clinical laboratory findings. There was significant upregulation of inflammatory/immune genes in both DD and LD, each with a distinct pattern. Gene expression patterns of select genes associated with inflammation and regeneration in LD and DD grafts correlated with protein expression. Unique patterns of early gene expression are seen in LD and DD liver grafts, correlating with protein expression and clinical results, demonstrating distinct inflammatory profiles and significant downregulation of metabolic pathways in LD grafts.     

Risk Factors for Portal Vein Complications After Pediatric Living Donor Liver Transplantation With Left-sided Grafts

Purpose

Portal vein complications (PVC) after pediatric living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) have rarely been reported. We evaluated the long-term incidence and of the risk factors for PVC after pediatric LDLT.

Methods

From April 1997 to November 2008, 96 pediatric patients underwent LDLT using left lateral segments or left lobes. We investigated recipient factors, donor factors, and operative factors through medical records. The portal vein sizes in 96 recipients ranged from 2.7 mm to 13.0 mm (median = 5.0 mm). Portal vein reconstruction was usually performed with the graft portal vein anastomosed to the bifurcation of the recipient right and left portal veins, the so-called “branch patch”.

Results

PVC occured in 11 patients (11.5%) including early PVC (n = 3), late PVC (n = 8). The disease-free survivals at 1, 5, and 10 years after LDLT were 94.7%, 88.7%, and 86.0%. Upon univariate analysis, a portal vein size < 5 mm graft-to-recipient weight ratio (GRWR) ≥ 4%, transfusion volume ≥ 270 mL were significant risk factors for PVC. Body weight < 8 kg and previous operative history tendes to be adverse for PVC. Upon multivariate analysis by Cox regression, portal vein size < 5 mm was a highly significant factor for PVC after pediatric LDLT (hazard ratio = 5.627, P = .027).

Conclusion

The disease-free survival at 10 years after LDLT was 86.0%. If the recipient's portal vein size < 5 mm received a large-for-size graft (GRWR ≥ 4%), it is important to observe by regular Doppler ultrasonography follow-up to detect PVC.     

Portal Vein Complications in Pediatric Living Donor Liver Transplantation Using Left‐Side Grafts

The aim of this report is to assess the rate of portal vein complications (PVCs), the success rate of treatment for PVCs and the prognosis of patients with PVCs for pediatric living donor liver transplantation (LDLT). Pre‐ and postoperative records of 521 pediatric LDLTs, using left‐side grafts were retrospectively reviewed. The overall rate of PVC was 9%, with early PVC occurring in nine patients (1.7%) with a mortality rate of 67% and late PVC in 38 patients (7.3%). Fifteen of these patients with late PVC showed complete portal vein occlusion despite various treatments, and in six of them the graft was lost. Histological examination revealed fibrosis in portal areas in 13 patients, around the central veins associated with cholestasis in the parenchyma in 10, and hepatocyte ballooning in 12. Correction of portal vein flow or retransplantation is necessary for the rescue of patients with early PVCs. Graft loss in the long term may be high with the occurrence of liver failure or portal hypertension related causes, such as hepatopulmonary syndrome and gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with late PVCs. For the rescue of these patients, especially for patients with body weight < 6 kg, regular monitoring of portal vein flow is essential.     

再论活体肝移植

自1989年巴西医生Raia开展人类首例活体肝移植(living donor liver transplantation，LDLT)以来，LDLT受体的优良预后及供体的安全性逐步得到了公认，加之“脑死亡”供肝的严重匮乏．LDLT技术迅速发展并被公认为是缓解供肝来源匮乏最有效的方法之一。LDLT技术的发展大致经历了三个阶段：①成人→儿童间活体肝移植(简称儿童活体肝移植．     

Recent Advance in Living Donor Liver Transplantation

Living donor liver transplantation (LDLT)has been performed in more than 2000 cases around the world. This procedure is considered to have certain advantages over cadaveric liver transplantation, because detailed preoperative evaluation of the donor liver is possible and superior graft quality is available. The indication has recently been widened to include adult patients. The results of LDLT have been reported to be very good. In this article,several considerations on LDLT,including living donor selection and application to adult patients, are discussed. Between June 1990 and March 2001, 143 patients underwent LDLT at Shinshu University Hospital. During this period, 160 patients were determined to be candidates for liver transplantation in our institution, and 185 candidates were evaluated as potential donors for these patients. Thirty-eight of 185 donor candidates were excluded for reasons including liver dysfunction and withdrawal of consent. The recipients included 60 adults, 50 (83%) of whom are currently alive. Taking into account the worldwide shortage of cadaveric organ donation,the importance of LDLT will probably never diminish. This procedure should be established on the basis of profound consideration of donor safety as well as accumulated expertise of hepatobiliary surgery.     

成人间活体肝移植供体麻醉处理

目的 研究成人间活体肝移植(A-ALDLT)供体术中的麻醉管理及术中病理生理的变化,探讨如何提高A-ALDLT的供体麻醉质量.方法 回顾分析2005年9月至2007年1月华西医院47例A-ALDLT供体术中基本生命体征、麻醉处理、肝功能、凝血功能及并发症发生的情况. 结果 47例供体术前一般状况较好,ASA分级均为Ⅰ级.术中采用静吸复合麻醉方法, 连续监测心电图、脉搏血氧饱和度、体温,有创动脉测压并行中心静脉置管,用血液回收机采集出血洗涤后回输.47例供体术中出血量平均(603.13±317.00) ml,输入自体血(381.25±171.15) ml,仅4例供体输入异体血.术中心率和平均动脉压平稳,插管后、切肝前、后及关腹前各时点差异无统计学意义(P>0.05); 切肝前控制中心静脉压(CVP),切肝前、后CVP明显低于插管后及关腹前(P＜0.05).切肝后至术后第1 d,HGB及Alb明显下降(P＜0.05),ALT、AST及TBIL明显升高(P＜0.05); PT于切肝后升高(P＜0.05), APTT于术后第1 d开始明显升高(P＜0.05).47例供体均于术后第1 d在肝移植ICU拔气管导管,苏醒好.术后有3例(6.38%)发生并发症,分别为漏胆、门静脉血栓形成及大量胸腔积液生成,给予相应处理后好转出院.结论 供体肝叶切除术中采用丙泊酚、瑞芬太尼和异氟醚静吸复合麻醉,降低麻醉药物对肝脏的损害,保证肝脏充分的氧供,维持平稳的麻醉,采用有效的血液保护措施,包括降低CVP减少出血和血液回收避免异体血的输入,是保证供体安全、减少并发症的关键.