Body dissatisfaction prospectively predicts depressive mood and low self-esteem in adolescent girls and boys.

This research examined whether body dissatisfaction prospectively predicted depressive mood and low self-esteem in adolescent girls and boys 5 years later. Participants were early-adolescent girls (n = 440, Time 1 M age = 12.7 years) and boys (n = 366, Time 1 M age = 12.8 years) and midadolescent girls (n = 946, Time 1 M age = 15.8 years) and boys (n = 764, Time 1 M age = 15.9 years). After controlling for Time 1 of the relevant dependent variable, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and body mass index, Time 1 body dissatisfaction was a unique predictor of Time 2 depressive mood and low self-esteem in early-adolescent girls (depressive mood: F = 4.80, p < .05; self-esteem: F = 9.64, p < .01) and midadolescent boys (depressive mood: F = 12.27, p < .001; self-esteem: F = 9.38, p < .01) but not in early-adolescent boys or midadolescent girls. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that body dissatisfaction is a risk factor for depressive mood and low self-esteem in both girls and boys but in different phases of adolescence.     

A validity and reliability study of the coping self‐efficacy scale

Objectives. Investigate the psychometric characteristics of the coping self‐efficacy (CSE) scale, a 26‐item measure of one's confidence in performing coping behaviors when faced with life challenges. Design. Data came from two randomized clinical trials (N1 = 149, N2 = 199) evaluating a theory‐based Coping Effectiveness Training (CET) intervention in reducing psychological distress and increasing positive mood in persons coping with chronic illness. Methods. The 348 participants were HIV‐seropositive men with depressed mood who have sex with men. Participants were randomly assigned to intervention and comparison conditions and assessed pre‐ and post‐intervention. Outcome variables included the CSE scale, ways of coping, and measures of social support and psychological distress and well‐being. Results. Exploratory (EFA) and confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) revealed a 13‐item reduced form of the CSE scale with three factors: Use problem‐focused coping (6 items, α = .91), stop unpleasant emotions and thoughts (4 items, α = .91), and get support from friends and family (3 items, α = .80). Internal consistency and test–retest reliability are strong for all three factors. Concurrent validity analyses showed these factors assess self‐efficacy for different types of coping. Predictive validity analyses showed that residualized change scores in using problem‐ and emotion‐focused coping skills were predictive of reduced psychological distress and increased psychological well‐being over time. Conclusions. The CSE scale provides a measure of a person's perceived ability to cope effectively with life challenges, as well as a way to assess changes in CSE over time in intervention research.     

Early adolescents' temperament, emotion regulation during mother-child interactions, and depressive symptomatology

This study examined the relations among temperament, emotion regulation, and depressive symptoms in early adolescents. Early adolescents provided self-reports of temperament on two occasions, as well as reports on emotion regulation and depressive symptomatology. Furthermore, 163 of these adolescents participated in event-planning and problem-solving interactions with their mothers. Adolescents with temperaments that were high in negative emotionality or low in effortful control displayed more emotionally dysregulated behaviors during the interaction tasks, reported having maladaptive responses to negative affect more often and adaptive responses less often, and had more depressive symptoms. In particular, adolescents with the high negative emotionality and low effortful control temperament combination reported the highest levels of depressive symptomatology. Sequential analyses of family interactions indicated that adolescents with more depressive symptoms were more likely to reciprocate their mothers' negative affective behaviors. Adolescents' adaptive and maladaptive responses to negative affect mediated the associations between their temperament and concurrent depressive symptoms.     

Specificity of worry and rumination in the development of anxiety and depressive symptoms in children

OBJECTIVES AND DESIGN. Rumination (specifically Brooding) is thought to be an important vulnerability factor for depressive symptoms whereas Worry is believed to be involved in anxiety. The present study sought to clarify the extent to which these two types of perseverative cognition show symptom specificity or generality in their associations with depression and anxiety. Additionally, reactive (negative affectivity, NA; positive affectivity, PA) and self-regulatory aspects of temperament (effortful control) were considered as vulnerability factors for depression and anxiety and were also studied in relation to rumination and worry. METHODS. Self-report questionnaires tapping Rumination, Worry, temperament, depression, and anxiety were administered to a community sample of 138 children aged 9-13. RESULTS. Brooding (but not Reflection) and Worry were significantly associated with anxiety and depressive symptoms on the one hand and with the temperamental construct of NA on the other hand. However, consistent with a model predicting symptom-specific relations, only Brooding significantly mediated the association between NA and depressive symptoms, whereas only Worry was a mediator of the relation between NA and anxiety symptoms. Finally, among self-regulatory aspects of temperament, activation control and inhibitory control were uniquely associated with depressive symptoms, whereas attentional control was only associated with anxiety symptoms. CONCLUSIONS. This study supports high NA as a vulnerability factor for the development of depressed and anxious symptoms in children, but these symptoms develop through differential paths.     

Racial discrimination,John Henryism coping,and behavioral health conditions among predominantly poor,urban African Americans: Implications for community‐level opioid problems and mental health services

The current study examined the relationship between John Henryism Active Coping (JHAC), experiences of racial discrimination, and behavioral health outcomes in a community sample of 319 Black adults. Assessments included primary health care screenings as well as self‐reported survey questions to assess JHAC, experiences of discrimination, and self‐reported behavioral health. Logistic regression models, adjusted for control variables, found a significant relationship between JHAC and having an opioid problem (odds ratio [OR] = 0.95, p = 0.003) and needing mental health services (OR = 0.95, p < 0.001), such that higher levels of coping were associated with lower odds of reporting an opioid problem and needing mental health services. Notably, racial discrimination was not significantly independently associated with behavioral health. Implications for interventions and community programming are discussed.     

不同性别高三学生应对方式对焦虑状态的影响

目的 探讨不同性别高三学生应对方式对焦虑状态的影响,为高考前不同性别高三学生心理辅导提供理论基础.方法 采用状态-特质焦虑问卷和应对方式问卷对某重点高中随机抽取的170名高三学生进行问卷调查.对不同性别高三学生状态焦虑得分及各种应对方式得分进行t检验.然后对不同性别高三学生焦虑状态和应对方式进行相关分析.结果 高三女生...     

Developmental foundations of externalizing problems in young children: the role of effortful control

Examined associations between effortful control temperament and externalizing problems in 220 3-year-old boys and girls, controlling for co-occurring cognitive and social risk factors. We also considered possible additive and/or interactive contributions of child dispositional anger and psychosocial adversity, and whether relations between effortful control and early externalizing problems were moderated by child gender. Individual differences in children's effortful control abilities, assessed using behavioral and parent rating measures, were negatively associated with child externalizing problems reported by mothers, fathers, and preschool teachers. These associations were not overshadowed by other cognitive or social risk factors, or by other relevant child temperament traits such as proneness to irritability. Further analyses revealed that associations between externalizing problem behavior and effortful control were specific to components of child problem behavior indexing impulsive-inattentive symptoms. Thus, children's effortful control skills were important correlates of children's early disruptive behavior, a finding that may provide insight into the developmental origins of chronic behavioral maladjustment.     

Body Dissatisfaction Prospectively Predicts Depressive Mood and Low Self-Esteem in Adolescent Girls and Boys

This research examined whether body dissatisfaction prospectively predicted depressive mood and low self-esteem in adolescent girls and boys 5 years later. Participants were early-adolescent girls (n = 440, Time 1 M age = 12.7 years) and boys (n = 366, Time 1 M age = 12.8 years) and midadolescent girls (n = 946, Time 1 M age = 15.8 years) and boys (n = 764, Time 1 M age = 15.9 years). After controlling for Time 1 of the relevant dependent variable, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and body mass index, Time 1 body dissatisfaction was a unique predictor of Time 2 depressive mood and low self-esteem in early-adolescent girls (depressive mood: F = 4.80, p < .05; self-esteem: F = 9.64, p < .01) and midadolescent boys (depressive mood: F = 12.27, p < .001; self-esteem: F = 9.38, p < .01) but not in early-adolescent boys or midadolescent girls. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that body dissatisfaction is a risk factor for depressive mood and low self-esteem in both girls and boys but in different phases of adolescence.     

An exploratory genetic analysis: Associations between parent depression symptoms,child temperament,and the serotonin transporter gene polymorphism (5HTTLPR)

Child temperament has been shown to be biologically based and heritable; however, genetic association studies of temperament have been fairly inconclusive, and the role that parental depressive symptoms play is largely unexplored in this context. The relationship between parent depressive symptoms and the child temperament dimensions of fear and activity level (AL ) were examined in 100 sibling pairs 2.5–5.5 years of age and their mothers. Parent reports of child temperament and parent self‐reports of depressive symptoms were obtained from families, as well as DNA samples from each child during their lab visit. Associations between the serotonin transporter gene (SLC6A4 ) polymorphism 5‐HTTLPR /rs25531 and the phenotypic variables were also explored. Parent depressive symptoms were significantly related to higher child AL , but minimally associated with fear outcomes. More powerful regression analyses revealed that parent depressive symptoms, child gender, and child age predicted child AL , but only child gender and age predicted child fear. In our exploratory candidate gene analyses, the low‐expressing genotypes of the 5‐HTTLPR /rs25531 polymorphism predicted child fearfulness, but not child AL . Our phenotypic findings indicate that a child with at least one parent with depressive symptoms is more likely to have higher AL , and results of the initial genetic analyses show that the 5‐HTTLPR /rs25531 polymorphism is associated with child fearfulness. Future research employing larger samples, observational assessments, and related child behavioral maladjustment measures will further clarify these findings.     

Temperament, Coping, and Psychological Adjustment in Young Children with Myelomeningocele

The psychosocial factors that increase the risk of psychologicalproblems among children with myelomeningocele are not well delineated.In this study, the parents of 34 children (18 boys, 16 girls)with myelomeningocele who were between the ages of 3 and 8 yearscompleted questionnaires describing the child's temperament,coping ability, and level of family cohesiveness and familyorganization. Total behavior problem scores on the Child BehaviorChecklist were associated with lower levels of family cohesiveness,lower self-coping ability, greater temperament difficulty, andlower distractibility. Regression analyses with each variableentered separately indicated that distractibility and self-copingability accounted for 57% of the variance in total behaviorproblem scores and 52% of the variance in externalizing problemscores. Temperamental difficulty and distractibility accountedfor 44% of the variance in internalizing problem scores. Whencombined coping and temperamental difficulty variables wereentered into regression analysis, family cohesiveness also wasassociated with total behavior problems and internalizing problems.     

Fantasies,coping behavior,and psychopathology*

This study assessed whether consistent relationships exist between the content of self‐reported coping behaviors, sustaining fantasies, and ordinary daydreams. A second goal was the identification of coping behaviors associated with psychopathology and an exploration of connections between coping behaviors, fantasies, and daydreams correlated with pathology. College students (N = 119) completed the Tanck and Robbins Coping Behaviors Scale, the Sustaining Fantasy Questionnaire, and 12 Imaginal Processes Inventory scales. Pearson correlations indicated strong support for similar content between coping behaviors and the two types of fantasy. Previously reported relationships between coping behaviors and psychopathology were replicated. Significant intercorrelations were found between sustaining fantasies, daydreams, and coping behaviors that, separately, were found to be significantly associated with psychopathology. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol, 2003.     

Relationships between self‐consistency,trauma‐centred identity,and post‐traumatic adjustment

Background: Post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) models suggest that trauma‐centred self‐change is motivated by self‐consistency. Aim: The objective of this study was to investigate the relationships between self‐consistency, trauma‐centred identity, and PTSD symptoms. Method: University students (n = 134) completed measures of trauma‐centred identity (Centrality of Events Scale), self‐consistency, and post‐traumatic stress symptoms (Impact of Events Scale—Revised, Centre for Epidemiological Studies—Depression Scale). Results: A significant positive correlation was found between trauma‐centred identity and post‐traumatic symptoms. However, self‐consistency was not related to post‐traumatic symptoms or trauma‐centred identity. Given the relationship between depressive symptoms and self‐consistency, the correlations were also conducted controlling for depression. When the effects of depressive symptoms were partialled out, both self‐consistency and trauma‐centred identity were positively correlated with intrusion symptoms. Discussion and Conclusion: The implications for PTSD models, which suggest self‐change is motivated by self‐consistency, are discussed and implications for clinical treatments are considered.     

乳腺癌患者抑郁情绪与应对方式的相关研究

目的:了解乳腺癌患者抑郁情绪的发生情况,并探讨抑郁情绪与应对方式之间的关系。方法:以医学应对问卷、抑郁自评量表为主要工具分别对102例乳腺癌患者进行问卷调查。结果:抑郁的发生率为51.9%;乳腺癌患者中高中以上文化者的应对方式屈服分高于初中以下文化者(P<0.01);自费治疗乳腺癌患者的抑郁分值高于享受医保者,且多采用回避的应对方式(P<0.01);乳腺癌患者应对方式回避和屈服分值与抑郁情绪之间显著相关(P<0.01)。结论:乳腺癌患者抑郁的发生率较高,且抑郁情绪与其文化程度、就医经济状况和应对方式有关。     

Vagal tone and temperament as predictors of emotion regulation strategies in young children

We examined indices of vagal tone and two dimensions of temperament as predictors of emotion regulation (ER) strategies among children (n = 54, ages 4-7) of mothers with a history of depression and control mothers. Children's (adaptive and maladaptive) ER strategies were observed during a delay of gratification (frustration) task in one protocol. In a separate and independent protocol, vagal tone was assessed during rest (baseline), during emotional challenge (reactivity) and post-challenge (recovery) and mothers rated their children's temperament (effortful control, negative affectivity). Lower vagal recovery and higher negative affectivity were associated with maladaptive ER responses to frustration. However, vagal tone and temperament were not associated with adaptive ER responses and maternal depression status did not affect the results. Overall, the findings are consistent with models of vagal tone and temperament as markers of individual differences in ER.     

Joint Contributions of Negative Emotionality,Positive Emotionality,and Effortful Control on Depressive Symptoms in Youth

From a clinical developmental perspective, temperament has been shown to confer vulnerability to depression among youth. High negative emotionality (NE), low positive emotionality (PE), and low effortful control (EC) have repeatedly been independently associated with youth depressive symptoms. However, far less research has examined the joint contributions of NE, PE, and EC on such symptoms. The present study builds upon previous research by examining how NE, PE, and EC jointly predict change in depressive symptoms over time among 211 youngsters (7–14 years, M = 10.7, SD = 1.81) who participated in an 8-month prospective study. Self-reported temperament and symptoms were assessed at baseline; self-reported symptoms were measured again at follow-up. Results suggest that all 3 temperamental traits need to be considered jointly in predicting change in depressive symptoms. Furthermore, results provide further support for the “best two out of three” principle. Surprisingly, results reveal that high EC might be maladaptive in the context of high emotional reactivity. Last, results show that the combination of high NE and low EC could be a possible pathway to the development of symptoms. The current study clarified how NE, PE, and EC may jointly confer risk—or protection for developing depressive symptoms during adolescence. The results highlight the need of taking into account all three temperamental traits in order to provide a more nuanced understanding of the risk for developing depressive symptoms at an early stage, as well as to provide customized care targeting temperamental vulnerability in depressed youth.     

Subtypes of rumination in adolescence: associations between brooding, reflection, depressive symptoms, and coping.

Prior research has indicated that rumination contributes to the maintenance or intensification of depressive symptoms among adults. This study examined associations between rumination and depressive symptoms in early adolescence. Using a short-term longitudinal design, we evaluated relations between subtypes of rumination and both depressive symptoms and coping among a community sample of 168 adolescents (70 boys, 98 girls, age M= 13.58). Results provided support for brooding and self-reflective subtypes of rumination. Brooding, but not reflection, predicted the development of depressive symptoms over time, particularly for girls. Brooding was related to maladaptive disengagement coping strategies, whereas reflection was related to adaptive primary and secondary coping strategies. These results suggest that not all types of self-focus on emotion contribute to the maintenance or intensification of depressive symptoms.     

Writing about emotions versus goals: Effects on hostility and medical care utilization moderated by emotional approach coping processes

Objectives. The study compared emotionally disclosive writing and writing about goals as the ‘best possible self’ to a control condition and evaluated coping through emotional processing (EP) and expression (EE) as moderators of effects at 1‐month follow‐up. Method. Undergraduates (N = 63) were randomly assigned to emotional disclosure (EMO), best possible self (BPS), or a control condition (CTL). Outcomes were hostility, medical visits, depressive symptoms, physical symptoms, and blood pressure. Results. At 1 month, hostility decreased in high‐EP participants in EMO relative to BPS and decreased in low‐EP participants in BPS relative to EMO. Low‐EP participants had fewer medical visits in BPS, whereas high‐EP participants had more visits in BPS relative to other conditions. Conclusions. Benefits may accrue when the expressive task is matched to the individual's preferred coping strategy.     

A moderated mediation model of the link between counterfactual processing at bedtime and insomnia diagnosis: The role of depressive symptoms and nocturnal maladaptive strategies of mental control

This study investigated the relationship between bedtime counterfactual thoughts, depressive symptoms, nocturnal counterproductive thought‐control strategies and insomnia disorder. Six hundred and fifty adults from the general population were recruited and provided data on their counterfactual thoughts' frequency at bedtime, depressive symptoms and use of nocturnal maladaptive strategies of thought control. In addition, all participants followed a face‐to‐face clinical interview for the diagnosis of insomnia disorder. A model positing moderated mediation was tested using conditional process modelling. Overall, 19% of participants met diagnostic criteria for a chronic insomnia diagnosis. Bootstrapped mediation analyses indicated that the association of bedtime counterfactual processing and insomnia diagnosis is mediated by depressive symptoms (B = 0.035, SE = 0.007, bootstrapped 95% CI = 0.023, 0.051). Furthermore, the effects of such a mediation model were significantly larger among individuals with high levels of aggressive suppression than those with low levels of aggressive suppression (B = 0.002, SE = 0.001, bootstrapped 95% CI = 0.001, 0.004). A second model in which a worry strategy moderates the relationship between bedtime counterfactual processing and depressive symptoms was not statistically significant (B = 0.0036, SE = 0.013, p = .78). The present study adds to the literature on the importance of self‐attacking thoughts and negative affects at bedtime. We recommend the evaluation of the impact of adding self‐attacks management strategies to cognitive behavior therapy for individuals with an insomnia disorder.     

Sleep Hygiene Mediates,but Does Not Moderate,Associations Between Temperament and Sleep Quality in University Students

Abstract

Although there are theoretical reasons to expect associations among temperament, sleep hygiene behaviors (SHB), and global sleep quality (GSQ), these relations have not yet been examined despite their potential impact on undergraduate student well-being. The present study was conducted to (1) examine relations between temperament and GSQ in university students broadly recruited, (2) document associations between SHB and temperament in this sample, and (3) to determine whether associations among temperament, SHB, and GSQ were best explained by mediation or moderation models. One hundred fifty-two university students completed questionnaires that inquired about temperament, SHB, and GSQ. Correlations revealed that poorer SHB and GSQ were associated reduced effortful control; poorer SHB was also associated with increased negative affect (SHB and GSQ were unrelated to extraversion and orienting sensitivity). Mediation models assessing relations amongst temperament, SHB, and GSQ indicated that negative affect and effortful control may predispose university students to engage in fewer SHB, negatively impacting GSQ; variability in SHB did not moderate the impact of temperament on GSQ. Additional research is needed to confirm and extend these findings, with the ultimate goal of improving undergraduate GSQ (a) by reducing negative affect and increasing effortful control or (b) by improving SHB that are uniquely associated with these temperament profiles.     

A Replicated Prospective Investigation of Life Stress, Coping, and Depressive Symptoms in Multiple Sclerosis

Life stress and coping responses jointly contribute to psychological adjustment in many chronic illness populations, but their significance in multiple sclerosis (MS) has not been extensively investigated. Physical disability, cognitive status, negative life stress, coping strategies, and depressive symptoms were prospectively assessed in 27 adults with definite or probable MS. Of the original subjects, 22 provided two additional assessments at 6-month intervals. After accounting for cognitive status and physical disability, life stress was positively correlated with current as well as future depressive symptoms; the prospective relationship was replicated within the second pair of prospective data waves. Escape avoidance was the only coping strategy that added to the prediction of future mood symptoms, but this was not replicated. Results suggest that MS-related depressive symptoms are a function of prior disease-related impairment, life stress, and possibly escape avoidance coping.