血管移植技术在面颈部组织扩张术中的临床应用

目的将血管移植皮瓣预制技术应用于常规的面颈部组织扩张术中,从而提高扩张皮瓣转移的灵活性和利用率。方法手术分两期进行:Ⅰ期手术,以颞浅动静脉为蒂,掀起颞浅筋膜瓣,同时,在面颈部剥离,形成适当大小的组织腔隙,将颞浅筋膜瓣转移至组织腔隙内,适当固定,在筋膜瓣下放置皮肤扩张器;Ⅱ期手术,扩张完毕后,取出扩张器,以颞浅动静脉为蒂,将传统的面颈部扩张皮瓣,转化为可以带蒂转移的岛状皮瓣,用于颜面部组织缺损的修复。结果临床应用11例,分别用于面部黑痣、血管瘤和面部瘢痕切除后遗留创面的修复。颞浅筋膜岛状瓣血管蒂长6.5~10.0cm,筋膜瓣面积5.0cm×5.0cm~6.0cm×8.0cm,面颈部扩张岛状皮瓣的面积为6.0cm×8.0cm~7.0cm×17.0cm。术后皮瓣全部成活,供瓣区直接拉拢缝合者7例,另行植皮修复者4例。结论血管移植技术和常规皮肤软组织扩张技术相结合,可以将传统的扩张皮瓣转化为可以带蒂转移的岛状皮瓣,提高了扩张皮瓣转移时的灵活性和皮瓣的利用率。     

颞顶筋膜岛状瓣植入耳后乳突区预制扩张筋膜皮瓣修复面部皮肤软组织缺损

目的探讨一种较好的修复面部皮肤软组织缺损的手术方法。方法手术分两期进行。一期手术时,以颞浅动静脉为蒂,掀起颞顶浅筋膜岛状瓣,沿同侧发际线切开,在耳后乳突区皮下剥离,形成适当大小的囊腔,将颞顶筋膜瓣转移至囊腔内,适当固定,于筋膜瓣下放置皮肤扩张器;扩张完毕后,取出扩张器,以颞浅动静脉为蒂,掀起耳后乳突区预制岛状筋膜皮瓣,用于面部皮肤缺损的修复。结果自1999年以来,临床应用9例,其中面部黑痣2例,面部血管瘤2例,面部瘢痕5例。颞顶筋膜岛状皮瓣蒂长5.5~7cm,平均6.2cm,筋膜瓣面积4cm×3cm~7cm×7cm,平均5.7cm×4.9cm,预制筋膜皮瓣面积为5cm×5cm~8.0cm×7.5cm,平均6.4cm×6.1cm;术后皮瓣全部成活,供瓣区直接拉拢缝合者5例,另行皮片移植修复者4例。结论颞顶筋膜皮瓣血管蒂长,转移方便,血运丰富,耳后乳突区皮肤在质地、色泽、厚度等方面均与面部皮肤最为接近,是一种良好的修复面部皮肤软组织缺损的方法。     

颞浅筋膜预构颈部扩张皮瓣修复大面积面部缺损的临床研究

目的 观察颞浅筋膜瓣预构颈部扩张皮瓣,修复大面积面部缺损的效果。方法 2013年6月至2015年3月,应用颞浅筋膜瓣预构颈部扩张皮瓣,治疗10例大面积面部缺损患者。分离颞浅筋膜瓣,返折后固定于颈部预扩张皮瓣下方,并放置扩张器;经5~6个月的扩张获得足够的新生皮肤后,设计皮瓣,形成以颞浅筋膜为蒂的岛状皮瓣,将皮瓣转移修复面部缺损。结果 颞浅筋膜瓣预构颈部皮瓣后,可使扩张量达到400~800 m L,平均修复面积为129 cm2,大小8 cm×9.5 cm~14 cm×14 cm。扩张过程中未出现缺血、坏死等并发症。本方法成功修复10例患者的面部缺损,术后随访6~12个月,皮瓣色泽、质地与面部皮肤接近。结论 采用颞浅筋膜瓣预构颈部扩张皮瓣,可有效增加扩张皮肤血液供应,从而获取较大面积的扩张皮肤进行面部修复。     

血管移植皮瓣预构技术在额部扩张皮瓣中的应用

目的 寻求一种解决以颞浅血管额支为蒂的额部扩张岛状皮瓣术后容易出现静脉同流的方法.方法 手术分两期进行.Ⅰ期,在额肌下剥离,形成适当大小的囊腔,然后以颢浅血管顶支为蒂,形成颞顶筋膜瓣,转移至额部皮瓣下,舒展同定于额肌下面,于筋膜瓣下埋置扩张器;Ⅱ期,取出扩张器,以颞浅血管额支和转移带血运的筋膜瓣为蒂,形成额部扩张岛状皮瓣,转移、修复面部皮肤缺损.结果 自2004年以来,临床应用3例,均为烧伤后面部瘢痕患者,术后皮瓣全部成活,无静脉淤血等皮瓣回流不畅的情况出现.结论 将血管移植皮瓣预构技术应用到传统的以颞浅血管额支为蒂的额部扩张岛状皮瓣,不增加治疗时间,可有效地缓解皮瓣移植后的静脉回流问题,是解决额部扩张岛状皮瓣术后静脉回流问题的有效方法之一.     

以颞浅筋膜岛状瓣为携带的扩张预构皮瓣的临床应用研究

目的：探讨以颞浅血管为蒂的颞浅筋膜瓣为携带的扩张预构皮瓣的手术设计、操作技巧和一些应该注意的问题,并应用于面部组织缺损的修复。方法：手术分两期进行,术前应用超声多普勒血流测定仪探测出颞浅动脉及其额、顶分支的位置和走行方向;Ⅰ期手术时,以颞浅动、静脉为蒂,形成颞浅筋膜岛状瓣,筋膜瓣的大小为5×4cm～8cm×7cm（平均为6．8cm×5．2cm）;分别在颈部、耳后乳突区和额部进行剥离,形成容纳扩张器的皮肤软组织腔隙;将颞浅筋膜瓣转移至该腔隙内,舒展地固定于已剥离好的腔隙的皮瓣深面,在筋膜瓣下埋置适当大小的扩张器。注水完毕后,进行Ⅱ期手术,取出扩张器,形成以颞浅筋膜瓣为携带的预构皮瓣,修复面部组织缺损。预构皮瓣的大小为8cm×4cm～17cm×7cm（平均11．89cm×6．39cm）,供瓣区直接拉拢缝合或另行植皮修复。为确保皮瓣转移安全,对7例预构皮瓣进行了术前延迟处理。结果：临床应用10例,其中预构颈部皮瓣4例、预构耳后乳突区皮瓣5例、预构额部皮瓣1例。除1例耳后乳突区预构皮瓣发生远端小面积坏死外,其余皮瓣全部成活。除l例耳后供瓣区区需另行植皮修复外,其余供瓣区直接拉拢缝合。扩张时间3～5个月,平均4．05个月。结论：皮瓣预构技术可摆脱人体固有的皮肤血管构筑的限制,在原不存在轴型血管的部位形成轴型皮瓣,或将任意型皮瓣转化为轴型皮瓣,是对传统皮瓣形成技术的一种改良,是皮瓣外科学领域的一项新进展。组织扩张技术在皮瓣预构中的作用,除可促进皮瓣的新生血管化,提供更大面积的薄型皮瓣外,还有助于皮瓣供区的关闭,降低供瓣区继发畸形的发生率。     

以颞浅动,静脉为携带血管的扩张预制皮瓣的临床应用

目的 综合应用血管移植和组织扩张技术，将任意型皮瓣转化为可以带蒂移转或游离移植的轴型皮瓣，用于缺损的修复或器官再造。方法 将颞浅动、静脉筋膜岛状瓣移转至颈部，其下埋置扩张器，进行皮肤扩张后，以颞浅动、静脉为蒡，形成岛状预制皮瓣。结果 自１９９６年以来，为８例面、颈部严重烧伤的患者颈部 扩张预制皮瓣，带蒂移转 ，无血运障碍等并发症发生，获得满意效果。结论 在局部无可资利用的轴型皮瓣，不能满足缺损修复     

以颞浅动、静脉为携带血管的扩张预制皮瓣的临床应用

目的综合应用血管移植和组织扩张技术,将任意型皮瓣转化为可以带蒂移转或游离移植的轴型皮瓣,用于缺损的修复或器官再造。方法将颞浅动、静脉筋膜岛状瓣移转至颈部,其下埋置扩张器,进行皮肤扩张后,以颞浅动、静脉为蒂,形成岛状预制皮瓣。结果自1996年以来,为8例面、颈部严重烧伤的患者形成颈部扩张预制皮瓣,带蒂移转,无血运障碍等并发症发生,获得满意效果。结论在局部无可资利用的轴型皮瓣,不能满足缺损修复与器官再造的需要时,以颞浅动、静脉为携带血管的扩张预制皮瓣技术是一种值得考虑的、效果可靠的手术方法。     

以颞浅动、静脉为携带血管的扩张预制皮瓣的临床应用

目的综合应用血管移植和组织扩张技术,将任意型皮瓣转化为可以带蒂移转或游离移植的轴型皮瓣,用于缺损的修复或器官再造。方法将颞浅动、静脉筋膜岛状瓣移转至颈部,其下埋置扩张器,进行皮肤扩张后,以颞浅动、静脉为蒂,形成岛状预制皮瓣。结果自１９９６年以来,为８例面、颈部严重烧伤的患者形成颈部扩张预制皮瓣,带蒂移转,无血运障碍等并发症发生,获得满意效果。结论在局部无可资利用的轴型皮瓣,不能满足缺损修复与器官再造的需要时,以颞浅动、静脉为携带血管的扩张预制皮瓣技术是一种值得考虑的、效果可靠的手术方法。     

颞浅筋膜瓣预制颈部轴型皮瓣的应用解剖

目的 通过颞浅筋膜的解剖学研究,阐明岛状颞浅筋膜瓣移植预制颈部轴型皮瓣的解剖学基础.方法 选用32侧甲醛固定、16侧新鲜的头颈部标本进行解剖,观测颞浅筋膜组织结构及其血管分布、分支及走行情况,并在新鲜尸体标本上进行岛状颞浅筋膜瓣移植到颈部的模拟手术设计.结果 颞浅筋膜是SMAS筋膜的一部分,颞浅动脉是颞浅筋膜的主要血供来源.以颞浅血管为蒂的舌状颞浅筋膜瓣蒂长达6～8 cm,翻转移植可至颈部胸锁乳突肌的中段区域.结论 颞浅筋膜有恒定的感觉神经和血管分布,岛状颞浅筋膜瓣有足够长度的血管蒂供移植至颈部,是预制颈部轴型皮瓣的良好载体.     

颞浅筋膜预置耳后扩张皮瓣在面部较大面积创面修复中的应用

目的 探索颞浅筋膜预置耳后扩张皮瓣,在修复面部较大面积组织缺损中的应用.方法 自2007年,对10例较大面部浅表性组织缺损患者,采用颞浅筋膜预置耳后扩张皮瓣进行修复.Ⅰ期手术形成由颞浅动脉顶支供血的筋膜岛状瓣,预置于耳后乳突区皮下,同时在筋膜瓣下埋置皮肤扩张器.注水完成并保持3～5个月,动脉造影观察颞浅动脉分支在耳后的区分布.Ⅱ期手术取出扩张器,形成以颞浅动脉直接供血的耳后岛状皮瓣,经皮下隧道转移覆盖面部创面.结果 本组患者术后随访6～18个月.2例术后24h出现皮瓣远端静脉回流受阻,致浅表组织坏死,于2周内创面愈合.其余皮瓣存活良好.皮瓣切取最大面积7 cm×3.5 cm.结论 颞浅筋膜岛状瓣预置耳后扩张皮瓣,皮瓣薄,供皮区无需植皮,面部不增加额外切口,适合于面部较大面积创面的修复.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.