Ambulante Rehabilitation nach Herzinfarkt und bei Herzinsuffizienz

Reducing cardiac mortality and improving quality of life are the main objectives of cardiac rehabilitation. In recent years, outpatient rehabilitation within easy patient reach has achieved the same status as inpatient rehabilitation. Outpatient rehabilitation permits close involvement of the patient's family and social environment, thus easing reintegration into everyday life. However, the health care system is not yet utilizing outpatient rehabilitation to its full potential. This contribution illustrates the principles of rehabilitation following myocardial infarction or for heart failure in an outpatient setting, as well as its potential and future development.     

Short-term patient-reported outcomes after different exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation programmes.

BACKGROUND: An objective of exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation is improvement in patient-reported outcomes such as health-related quality of life as well as anxiety and depressive symptoms. There are no direct comparisons of the effectiveness of inpatient and outpatient exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation programmes on patient-reported outcomes. METHODS: In this non-randomized study we collected patient-reported outcomes data with the MacNew Heart Disease health-related quality of life questionnaire and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale at baseline, 1 month and again 3 months after admission to exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation in a cohort of 216 consecutive patients enrolled either in a 4-week inpatient exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation (n=62) or a 3-month outpatient exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation (n=87) and in a usual care group (n=67) to document the natural course in patient-reported outcome variables without exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation. RESULTS: Although MacNew health-related quality of life scores improved more with inpatient than outpatient exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation by month 1, the improvement was still significant in both groups at month 3 and also in the usual care group when compared to baseline. The health-related quality of life scores in the inpatient group, however, decreased between month 1 and 3 whereas they continued to improve in the outpatient group. The significant reduction in both anxiety and depressive symptoms in both exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation groups by month 1 was maintained at month 3 only with outpatient exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation. No significant changes over the 3 months were observed in the usual care group. CONCLUSION: Significant improvements of 1-month patient-reported outcomes are achieved in patients attending inpatient as well as outpatient exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation when compared with no exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation. In contrast to inpatient exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation, however, outpatient exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation leads to a further improvement of patient-reported outcomes. These results suggest that, if patients have to be admitted for inpatient exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation, this programme should be followed by an outpatient exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation to further improve and stabilize these patient-reported outcome variables.     

医院主导的家庭心脏康复中国专家共识

心脏康复(cardiac rehabilitation,CR)是心血管疾病(CVD)慢性期循证结构化干预技术,包括患者教育、健康行为矫正、社会心理因素管理、药物治疗和运动训练,证据显示其进一步改善了CVD患者的二级预防疗效。我国CR使用率明显不足,符合条件的患者只有少数接受到CR治疗,迫切需要提出新的策略提高CR参与度。医院主导的家庭心脏康复(center guided home-based cardiac rehabilitation,CHBCR)模式是一种可能的有效策略。与医疗监督下的心脏康复中心(center-based cardiac rehabilitation,CBCR)模式服务不同,CHBCR依靠远程指导和间接的运动监督,患者接受CR的场所不在传统的心脏康复中心而在家庭。本共识的目的是明确CHBCR的优势、适应证、禁忌证,以及CHBCR中心建设、核心构成和质量控制等,以推动CHBCR在我国的科学实施,让更多CVD患者获益。     

Economic evaluation of cardiac rehabilitation: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Economic evaluation is an important tool in the evaluation of competing healthcare interventions. Little is known about the economic benefits of different cardiac rehabilitation program delivery models. DESIGN: The goal of this study was to review and evaluate the methodological quality of published economic evaluations of cardiac rehabilitation services. METHODS: Electronic databases were searched for English language evaluations (trials, modeling studies) of the economic impact of cardiac rehabilitation. A review of study characteristics and methodological quality was completed using standardized tools. All costs are adjusted to 2004 US dollars. RESULTS: Fifteen economic evaluations were identified which met eligibility criteria but which displayed wide variation in the use of comparators, evaluation type, perspective and design. Evidence to support the cost-effectiveness of supervised cardiac rehabilitation in myocardial infarction and heart failure patients was identified. The range of cost per life year gained was estimated as from 2193 dollars to 28,193 dollars and from - 668 dollars to 16,118 dollars per quality adjusted life year gained. The level of evidence supporting the economic value of home-based cardiac rehabilitation interventions is limited to partial economic analyses. CONCLUSIONS: Evidence to support the cost-effectiveness of supervised cardiac rehabilitation compared with usual care in myocardial infarction and heart failure was identified. Further trials are required to support the cost-effectiveness of cardiac rehabilitation in cardiac patients who have under gone revascularization. The literature evaluating home-based and alternative delivery models of cardiac rehabilitation was insufficient to draw conclusions about their relative cost-effectiveness. The overall quality of published economic evaluations of cardiac rehabilitation is poor and further well-designed trials are required.     

心脏康复药物处方中西医研究进展

目前国内外心脏康复以运动训练为主,在改善患者心功能、运动耐量、生活质量等方面效果确切、证据充足,目前已然形成了科学系统的共识指南。而药物处方作为控制病情、改善症状和预后、提高心功能和生活质量等的主要因素,也是不可或缺的,有证据表明中医药制剂等对于运动训练能起到一定的补充替代作用,而这些是西医药物处方难以实现的。本文根据国内心脏康复指南,将药物处方规划进入心脏康复的五大处方,旨在总结心脏康复国内外指南中的药物处方,并梳理心脏康复中医药药物处方的最新研究进展,分析现状不足之处并指出未来研究发展的方向,以初步探讨心脏康复中西医结合指南。     

The impact of sexual therapy on patients after cardiac events participating in a cardiac rehabilitation program.

AIMS: To assess the impact of a sexual therapy module on male patients participating in phase 2 cardiac rehabilitation after a cardiac event. METHODS AND RESULTS: We randomly assigned 92 consecutive male patients (age < or =70 years, mean age 58 years), on their admission to phase 2 cardiac rehabilitation after myocardial infarction/acute coronary syndromes and/or coronary artery bypass graft, into a 'sexual therapy group' (n=47) and a 'control group' (n=45). Two co-therapists met with the patient and spouse for 5 h in three sessions, in addition to cardiac rehabilitation. Sexual therapy included patient education, cognitive restructuring, emotional support, guided imagery, and medication (Viagra). Controls participated in cardiac rehabilitation without sexual therapy. Self-report questionnaires were used three times: before, 1, and 4 months after sexual therapy. Baseline characteristics of both groups were similar. More sexual therapy patients resumed sexual activity within 1 month (87% vs. 50% in control). Sexual therapy patients improved more than controls in quality of sexual function in terms of libido, confidence to attain erection, satisfaction with sexual relationship, frequency of erection, and enjoyment of sex. Sexual therapy patients were highly satisfied with cardiac rehabilitation and sexual therapy. CONCLUSION: Sexual therapy is significantly effective in improving the frequency and quality of sexual activity in a patient's postcardiac event beyond the usual cardiac rehabilitation. Sexual therapy should be an integral part of cardiac rehabilitation.     

Research related to rehabilitation.

Progress in cardiac rehabilitation demands that rehabilitation efforts for the patient after myocardial infarction or aortocoronary bypass surgery be integrated into a comprehensive program of acute and ambulatory cardiac care. To permit a more rapid return of coronary patients to a normal or near-normal lifestyle and role in society, further delineation of the scientific bases for all components of rehabilitation programming and identification of both barriers to and facilitators of rehabilitation are necessary to improve rehabilitative services.     

Cardiovascular exercise and wellness. Exercise training for cardiac rehabilitation patients: meeting the challenges of the millennium

Exercise training for cardiac rehabilitation has evolved over the past decades in response to a growing knowledge base in exercise physiology, an expanding understanding to the knowledge base of coronary disease, and a change in the patients presenting for cardiac rehabilitation. The patient population has changed from a post myocardial infarction patient group, to patients who have had coronary artery revascularization (coronary artery bypass surgery or percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty) with the implantation of intraarterial stents. Program goals have evolved from enhancing endurance fitness in deconditioned patients to initiating the long-term adoption of an active exercising lifestyle with the use of strength training to complement endurance training. An increased understanding of behavioral issues in the adoption of an active lifestyle will influence the evolution of cardiac rehabilitation exercise training. During the next several years, it is anticipated that the patient population will change to include patients with significant left ventricular systolic dysfunction and congestive heart failure. The exercise training programs will then further evolve to reflect the successful exercise training formats utilized in the multicenter trials of exercise training for patients with congestive heart failure. (c) 2000 by CHF, Inc.     

Kardiologische Rehabilitation

The goal of cardiac rehabilitation is to support heart patients using a multidisciplinary team in order to obtain the best possible physical and mental health and achieve long-term social reintegration. In addition to improving physical fitness, cardiac rehabilitation restores self-confidence, thus better equipping patients to deal with mental illness and improving their social reintegration ("participation"). Once the causes of disease have been identified and treated as effectively as possible, drug and lifestyle changes form the focus of cardiac rehabilitation measures. In particular diseases, rehabilitation offers the opportunity for targeted educational courses for diabetics or drug dose escalation, as well as special training for heart failure patients. A nationwide network of outpatient heart groups is available for targeted follow-up. Cardiac patients predominantly rehabilitated in follow-up rehabilitation are older and have greater morbidity than in the past; moreover, they generally come out of acute clinical care earlier and are discharged from hospital more quickly. The proportion of severely ill and multimorbid patients presents a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge in cardiac rehabilitation, although cardiac rehabilitation was not initially conceived for this patient group. The benefit of cardiac rehabilitation has been a well documented reduction in morbidity and mortality. However, hurdles remain, partly due to the patients themselves, partly due to the health insurers. Some insurance providers still refuse rehabilitation for non-ST-segment elevation infarction. In principle rehabilitation can be carried out in an inpatient or an outpatient setting. Specific allocation criteria have not yet been established, but the structure and process quality of outpatient rehabilitation should correspond to that of the inpatient setting. The choice between the two settings should be based on pragmatic criteria. Both settings should be possible for an individual patient. Cardiac rehabilitation is already focusing on older, sicker and polymorbid patients; this will become ever more the case in the future. There is still a need for future clinical research for these patients.     

Efficacy of cardiac rehabilitation services. With emphasis on patients after myocardial infarction

During the 1970s, emphasis increased in clinical practice on early ambulation and exercise-based rehabilitation after myocardial infarction and other cardiac illnesses or procedures. This shift was based on the belief that exercise and improved conditioning would improve prognosis. We examine the evidence supporting this assertion. Most of the reports on cardiac rehabilitation are about patients who have coronary artery disease and a history of myocardial infarction. The review, therefore, is focused primarily on the patient who has had a myocardial infarction. Effects of cardiac rehabilitation, emphasizing exercise treatment and conditioning, are reviewed with regard to patient outcomes, including changes in functional (work) capacity, psychosocial functioning and health-related knowledge, risk factor modification, morbidity and mortality, and cardiac function. The safety of cardiac exercise programs is reviewed, and the use of telemetry monitoring is considered. We also discuss the role of cardiac rehabilitation in categories of patients other than those with myocardial infarction and the application of newer approaches to rehabilitation such as programs based in the patient's home.     

心脏康复与内皮祖细胞的关系

心脏康复是一个综合项目,其内容涵盖了病情评估、心血管疾病危险因素控制、药物治疗、心理干预、运动训练、疾病教育等。尽管心脏康复的获益已为大量研究所证实,但其具体机制迄今为止仍未完全阐明。目前,内皮祖细胞对心血管的保护作用已得到肯定,且已有研究证实了心脏康复可有效改善内皮祖细胞的功能及数量,这有望解释心脏康复的具体获益机制。因此,文章总结了心脏康复与内皮祖细胞的关系,旨在为探讨心脏康复的获益机制提供新的借鉴。     

一例CABG合并下肢动脉硬化闭塞症患者的心脏康复体会

目的：总结一例CABG合并下肢动脉硬化闭塞症患者的心脏康复体会。方法：对一例CABG合并下肢动脉硬化闭塞症患者进行全面的心血管风险、运动能力、心理、营养评估。进行药物、运动、营养、心理的综合康复治疗。结果：患者心肺功能、总步行距离、无痛步行距离均有所提高。结论：当CHD合并ASO时,进行综合的心脏康复评估并,在专业人员指导下进行药物、运动、营养、心理处方的心脏康复治疗,提高心肺能力及运动能力,更好的控制危险因素。     

高强度间歇运动在冠心病患者中的应用

目前,心脏康复作为冠心病的二级预防已逐渐在临床中应用,它能够有效改善冠心病患者的预后和转归。运动康复是心脏康复的重要组成部分,可以提高冠心病患者的心肺功能和运动耐力,从而提高患者的生活质量,改善患者的预后。其中,高强度间歇运动（high-intensity interval training, HIIT）相比较于其他运动方式在改善患者心肺功能、血管内皮功能、生活质量等方面具有一定的优越性。但因其运动强度较高,心脏康复医师对其运动安全性等方面仍存在疑虑,这些因素制约了其在心脏康复中的应用。本综述分别对HIIT的定义、HIIT的适应症及禁忌症、HIIT在心肺功能与化验指标中的作用、对冠心病患者血管内皮功能以及生活质量的影响进行阐述,并对HIIT联合药物治疗的效果进行了归纳,从而为临床及运动康复策略研究提供新的思路和方向。     

Kardiovaskuläre Rehabilitation

Cardiovascular rehabilitation encompasses the optimization of secondary prevention to reduce morbidity and mortality, the improvement of physical fitness and quality of life as well as the reintegration into social life and employment. This requires a multifactorial intervention on the physical, psychological, educative and social level by a multidisciplinary team. In Germany, cardiac rehabilitation started early after an index event, could demonstrate a significant reduction of total mortality, myocardial infarction and hospitalization during a follow-up of 1–2 years in 4 cohort studies including 10.758 patients with myocardial infarction and bypass surgery. This reduction of clinical events was obtained in addition to rapid revascularization therapy during the acute coronary event and on top of an evidence based secondary preventive medication. By national and international medical societies, cardiac rehabilitation is recommended as well in patients with congestive heart failure, after valve replacement or valve repair, after heart transplantation and cardioverter/defibrillator implantation. In the future, cardiac rehabilitation in Germany should be evaluated by a randomized controlled trial and multifactorial interventions should be tailored individually to specific patient subgroups and medical conditions.     

Feasibility of a multi-state outcomes program for cardiopulmonary rehabilitation

BACKGROUND: Outcomes validate program performance and patient benefits received from cardiac and pulmonary rehabilitation. However, outcomes have little meaning without test standardization and the ability to benchmark data with other programs. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate the feasibility for measuring standardized outcomes in a large number of rehabilitation programs. METHODS: The subjects included 928 cardiac patients and 222 pulmonary patients from 35 cardiac and 31 pulmonary rehabilitation programs. The SF-36 Health Survey, patient knowledge test, and 6-minute distance walk were administered before and after completion of the rehabilitation program. The patients completed rehabilitation according to the program guidelines at their respective site. RESULTS: Significant (P < 0.05) improvements were demonstrated for cardiac and pulmonary rehabilitation in each of the eight health concepts within the SF-36. In addition, patient knowledge and distance walked significantly (P < 0.05) improved for both cardiac and pulmonary rehabilitation. CONCLUSIONS: Although this study does not document the effectiveness of rehabilitation for patients, it does demonstrate that the collection and analysis of standardized outcomes among many cardiac and pulmonary rehabilitation sites is feasible.     

The Toronto Cardiac Rehabilitation and Secondary Prevention Program: 1968 into the new millennium

Given our approach to the cardiac rehabilitation process, which is reflected in the program structure and services and our high patient volume, this program model is effective for us. The model permits us to treat relatively large number of patients with relatively small numbers of staff. On average, a patient attends 32 supervised exercise sessions at the Centre over the course of 12 months. This is actually fewer supervised sessions than the popular model of 3 times per week for 12 weeks. However, the 12-month program provides an additional 9 months to work with patients on heart-healthy lifestyle modifications. At the same time, we realize our model is not the model of choice for all people in all settings for a variety of reasons. We trust that some elements of our program may be of interest and beneficial to some readers. Undoubtedly, the program will continue to evolve and develop into the future. Currently, we are conducting a cardiac rehabilitation outcomes study in an effort to determine the appropriate duration of cardiac rehabilitation to achieve optimal physiological, psychological, and cost benefits for patients. This study involves more than 700 patients and the results are intended to help us further refine the program structure and selected program elements. As the new millennium approaches, healthcare system reforms and continuing changes in the delivery of medical care to cardiac patients present opportunities, challenges, and some uncertainties for cardiac rehabilitation. To continue our services to patients and the medical community, cardiac rehabilitation programs will need to identify and develop even more innovative and effective concepts in response to ever-changing local, regional, and national issues.     

Complications infectieuses et inflammatoires après chirurgie cardiaque survenues dans les services de réadaptations cardiaques

Patients undergoing cardiac surgery are older, have complex pathologies and several comorbidities, but need to leave the hospital quickly! Therefore, the mission of cardiac rehabilitation centres has substantially changed. Indeed, if 15 to 25% of patients undergoing cardiac surgery will have a postoperative complication requiring a hospital management (infectious, pericardial, rhythmic, neurologic, pulmonary, digestive, etc.), more than 2/3 of these acute events could be managed by cardiac rehabilitation centres for a lower cost. Therefore, the quickest the patient is transferred to a cardiac rehabilitation centre, the easier the cardiac surgery centre could manage his beds. Infectious complications are the most dreadful, particularly mediastinitis.     

国内外心脏康复发展模式及展望

本文首先讲解了心脏康复的定义,并且分析心脏康复的国内外模式,进一步分析了心脏康复的国内发展现状,以及国内不同地域的心脏康复发展现状,并且讲述了中医药在心脏康复中的优势,并对中国未来的心脏康复模式进行了展望。     

Psychosocial issues for cardiac rehabilitation with older individuals

Psychological management of older people undergoing cardiac rehabilitation should be delivered, in the main, as it is to younger people with the heterogeneity of patient characteristics taken as standard. General considerations in delivering a service to older people include societal definitions of ageing, the profile of older cardiac patient groups, ageism as practised by both health professionals and patients, psychological issues of particular relevance to ageing and evidence from scientific studies with older individuals. These topics are considered in this review. The challenge is to develop a system which includes and is responsive to this growing subgroup of patients who can benefit from cardiac rehabilitation.