肠杆菌科细菌3年耐药性监测

目的了解我院2008年—2010年间临床常见肠杆菌科细菌的耐药情况及研究耐碳青霉烯类大肠埃希菌碳青霉烯酶基因型,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供依据。方法收集我院2008-2010年间临床分离的常见肠杆菌科细菌,药敏试验使用纸片扩散法,数据分析采用WHONET5.4软件;筛选出对碳青霉烯类耐药的大肠埃希菌进行碳青霉烯酶基因的PCR检测及基因序列分析。结果 3年分离病原株共4916株,肠杆菌科共1980株,其中列前三位的是大肠埃希菌(873/1980),克雷伯菌属(605/1980)及肠杆菌属(268/1980),其次为变形菌属和沙雷菌属。主要来源于痰液、尿液及分泌物、血液、脓液等。重要肠杆菌科细菌对碳青霉烯类耐药率均小于10%,对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、阿米卡星、哌拉西林/三唑巴坦者<30%,对广谱青霉素类及头孢菌素类者为40.9%～98.7%。变形菌属除对氨苄西林的耐药率>75%外,对其余抗生素的耐药率均低于40%,。3年来产超广谱β-内酰胺酶大肠埃希菌为33.97%及肺炎克雷伯菌57.50%,对大多数抗生素的耐药率显著高于非ELSBs菌株,且呈多重耐药。3年耐碳青霉烯类的大肠埃希菌共23株,其中产碳青霉烯酶者2株,PCR检测基因型阴性。结论本院肠杆菌科细菌大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌检出率较高,碳青霉烯类对肠杆菌科细菌的抗菌活性最高,产ESBLs肠杆菌的耐药严重,实验室应加强对产ESBLs细菌的监测与报告。未检测出我院大肠埃希菌碳青霉烯酶基因型。治疗肠杆菌科细菌感染可选择碳青霉烯类,哌拉西林/三唑巴坦,头孢哌酮/舒巴坦,阿米卡星。     

Prevalence of extended spectrum beta-lactamases among Enterobacteriaceae: an Italian survey

The prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) production by consecutive non-repeated isolates of Enterobacteriaceae was determined over a 6-month period. A total of 8015 strains were isolated from ten Italian laboratories and 509 (6.3%) of these were designated ESBL producers from the results of a double-disk synergy test. Escherichia coli was the most isolated microrganism, followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus mirabilis. Providencia stuartii (28.1%) was the most frequently isolated ESBL producer, followed by K. pneumoniae and Enterobacter aerogenes (20.5%). However, amongst all ESBL producers, K. pneumoniae (38.2%) was the most represented followed by P. mirabilis (25.7%). All the strains positive to DD tests were confirmed for the carriage of TEM and SHV genes using colony-blot hybridisation (CH). A total of 447 strains (88.0%) were CH-positive, of which 42.3% hybridised with the TEM-type probe, 30.1% with the SHV-type probe and 15.6% with both probes. In conclusion, our findings indicate that 6.3% of all Enterobacteriaceae tested produced ESBLs, 42.3% of which were TEM-derived enzymes. More than 20% of P. stuartii, K. pneumoniae and E. aerogenes harbour these enzymes. The double-disk test seems to be a useful test to identify ESBL producing strains.     

Antibiotic susceptibility of bacterial strains isolated from patients with community-acquired urinary tract infections.

Isolates from urine samples obtained during 1999 were identified and their susceptibility to antimicrobial agents studied along with any production of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) by Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. A total of 13774 samples were analysed using an automatic system for the detection of bacterial ATP (Coral, USA). Of these samples, 49% were reported to be positive and uncontaminated; bacteria most frequently isolated were E. coli (47%), Proteus mirabilis (7%), Enterococcus faecalis (6%) and K. pneumoniae (5%). The susceptibility studies showed 37% E. coli strains resistant to amoxycillin+clavulanate 33% to cotrimoxazole and 22% to ciprofloxacin. Seven strains of E. coli produced ESBL. Thirteen per cent of strains were resistant to cefuroxime but only (1%) to fosfomycin. Resistance to nitrofurantoin in K. pneumoniae was 38%. P. mirabilis showed 52% resistance to cotrimoxazole and 13% Staphylococcus aureus, were methicillin-resistant. E. faecalis did not show any special resistance to normal medication. Fosfomycin continued to show high activity against Gram-negative bacilli. However, enterococci, some species of staphylococci and yeasts were difficult to treat empirically. ESBL were detected in the isolates of E. coli and there were some methicillin-resistant strains of S. aureus.     

Urinary tract infection caused by fluoroquinolone- and cephem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae

In 2001, fluoroquinolone-resistant Escherichia coli isolates emerged in Japan in patients with uncomplicated urinary tract infection (UTI), and accounted for ca. 8% of isolates. This is a worldwide occurrence as reported by the ECO.SENS study. The number of fluoroquinolone- and cephem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae isolates from patients with complicated UTI is increasing. Most cephem-resistant isolates of E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus mirabilis produce extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs). The rates of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae differ between countries but there are ESBL producers in urinary Enterobacteriaceae isolates in most countries. More seriously, most nosocomial ESBL producers are also resistant to non-beta-lactams, such as the fluoroquinolones, fosfomycin and co-trimoxazole. This causes serious problems in the chemotherapy of cystitis.     

Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases: frequency, risk factors, and outcomes.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To determine epidemiologic factors of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli or Klebsiella pneumoniae in a nonoutbreak setting. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis. SETTING: University teaching hospital. PATIENTS: Fifty-seven patients with cultures of presumed ESBL-producing (i.e., ceftazidime-resistant) E. coli or K. pneumoniae. INTERVENTIONS: To determine overall frequency, institutional antibiograms from 1991-1999 were examined for percentage of isolates with ceftazidime resistance. Medical records from January 1997-June 2000 were reviewed for patient demographics, comorbidities, culture site, antimicrobial therapy, and clinical and microbiologic outcomes. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: From 1991-1999, frequency increased from undetectable to 4% for ceftazidime-resistant E. coli and from 2% to 6% for ceftazidime-resistant K. pneumoniae. Seventy-one isolates were identified in the 57 patients with presumed ESBL-producing E. coli or K. pneumonia. Fifty-one isolates (72%) were E. coli, with urine the primary site of infection (62%). Eighty-six percent of patients had known risk factors for infection due to ESBL-producing organisms, including hospitalization (37 patients) and residence in long-term care facilities (12 patients). However, in 14% (8 patients), the infection was community acquired in patients who resided at home. CONCLUSION: In addition to known populations at risk, ambulatory patients with chronic conditions represent another patient population that may harbor ESBL-producing organisms.     

肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌耐药性变迁分析

目的了解临床分离肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌对抗生素耐药性变迁。方法采用VITEK-32微生物全自动分析系统进行细菌鉴定和药敏检测。结果4年中肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）的发生率呈逐年上升的趋势。2005年至2008年肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌ESBLs菌发生率分别为36．6％、40．6％、41．5％、41．0％;产ESBLs菌对三代头孢、氨基糖苷类、喹诺酮类和磺胺类交叉耐药,且呈逐年上升趋势。结论肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌的发生率呈逐年上升趋势,耐药率升高,临床应及时了解它们的耐药特点和变化,合理使用抗生素,有效控制ESBLs的传播。     

Pharmacodynamic profiling of intravenous antibiotics against prevalent Gram-negative organisms across the globe: the PASSPORT Program-Asia-Pacific Region

Due to escalating antimicrobial resistance amongst Gram-negative organisms, the choice of effective empirical antimicrobial regimens has become challenging. Monte Carlo simulations were conducted for conventional and prolonged infusion regimens of doripenem, imipenem and meropenem using pharmacokinetic data from adult patients with conserved renal function. Minimum inhibitory concentration data against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii were incorporated from the COMPACT surveillance programme in the Asia-Pacific region of the world. The cumulative fraction of response (CFR) was determined for each regimen against each bacterial population. All simulated carbapenem regimens achieved an optimal CFR against E. coli and K. pneumoniae (94.5-100% CFR). Against P. aeruginosa, doripenem achieved 78.7-92.6% CFR, imipenem achieved 60.4-79.0% CFR and meropenem achieved 73.0-85.1% CFR. The only dosing regimen to achieve ≥ 90% CFR against P. aeruginosa was doripenem 1000 mg and 2000 mg every 8 h (4-h infusion). Carbapenem CFRs against A. baumannii were much lower (29.2-54.4% CFR). CFRs for non-fermenting isolates were ca. 10% lower for isolates collected in the Intensive Care Unit. Carbapenem resistance amongst Enterobacteriaceae remains low in the Asia-Pacific region and thus standard carbapenem dosing regimens had a high likelihood of achieving pharmacodynamic exposures. However, larger doses combined with prolonged infusion will be required to increase the CFR for these carbapenems against resistant non-fermenting Gram-negatives that are common in these countries. The safety and efficacy of these high dosing regimens will need to be confirmed in the clinical setting.     

Regional variations in multidrug resistance among Enterobacteriaceae in the USA and comparative activity of tigecycline, a new glycylcycline antimicrobial

We report here on the activity of tigecycline and comparators against multidrug-resistant (resistant to >or=3 antimicrobial classes; MDR) Enterobacteriaceae from the USA collected between January 2004 and January 2006 as part of the Tigecycline Evaluation and Surveillance Trial (TEST). Nationally, 131 (5.9%) Escherichia coli, 174 (10.1%) Klebsiella pneumoniae, 4 (1.2%) Klebsiella oxytoca, 24 (4.9%) Enterobacter aerogenes, 126 (9.5%) Enterobacter cloacae and 20 (2.6%) Serratia marcescens isolates were MDR. Four isolates (two K. pneumoniae and two E. cloacae) were resistant to nine antimicrobials. Tigecycline performed well against MDR E. coli (MIC(90) 0.5 microg/mL, 0% resistant) and K. pneumoniae (MIC(90) 4 microg/mL, 9.2% resistant). A MIC(90) of 8 microg/mL was reported for tigecycline against the other MDR organisms studied here, notably lower than those of most comparators.     

What remains against carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae? Evaluation of chloramphenicol,ciprofloxacin, colistin,fosfomycin, minocycline,nitrofurantoin, temocillin and tigecycline

Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae present an increasing and diverse problem, including strains of multiple species with metallo-β-lactamases (IMP, NDM or VIM) and non-metallo (KPC and OXA-48) enzymes as well as those combining an extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) or AmpC enzyme with porin loss. Most strains, except those with OXA-48 alone, are broadly resistant to β-lactams and have multiple aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes; those with NDM-1 carbapenemase typically also have 16S rRNA methylases, conferring complete aminoglycoside resistance. In this study, the activity of chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, colistin, fosfomycin, minocycline, nitrofurantoin, temocillin and tigecycline was evaluated against 81 carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae isolates from the UK. Testing was performed by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) agar dilution method. Chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin and nitrofurantoin inhibited <25% of the isolates at the breakpoint, whereas colistin was active against 75/81 isolates (92.6%), the exceptions being four Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterobacter cloacae isolates along with members of inherently resistant genera. Fosfomycin was active against 49/81 isolates (60.5%), including 7/7 Escherichia coli, 16/20 Enterobacter and Citrobacter spp., but only 25/52 Klebsiella spp. Tigecycline was active against 38/81 isolates (46.9%) and was intermediate against another 27 (33.3%), with resistance scattered amongst K. pneumoniae and Enterobacter spp. The activity of colistin, fosfomycin and tigecycline was unrelated to the isolates' carbapenem resistance mechanisms. Temocillin was fully active [minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ≤8 mg/L] against only 4/81 isolates (4.9%), but inhibited a further 22 isolates (27.2%) at the British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (BSAC) urinary breakpoint (32 mg/L), predominantly comprising those isolates with combinations of impermeability and an ESBL or AmpC enzyme, along with 6/11 isolates producing KPC carbapenemases. Studies with transconjugants and transformants confirmed the small effect of KPC enzymes against temocillin, whereas OXA-48 and NDM-1 conferred clear resistance.     

河北邢台市人民医院2017年细菌耐药性监测#br#

目的 了解2017年河北邢台市人民医院临床所有分离细菌的分布情况及耐药性监测。方法 采用自动化仪器法或纸片扩散法(Kirby-Bauer法)对河北邢台市人民医院在2017年临床分离菌株进行药物敏感实验,参照2016版CLSI标准判定结果,并采用WHONET 5.6软件统计分析。结果 2017年共收集细菌4413株,其中革兰阴性菌3368株,占76.3%。革兰阳性菌1045株,占23.7%。革兰阴性菌数量居前5位的是大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌和流感嗜血菌;革兰阳性菌数量居前5位是金黄色葡萄球菌、肺炎链球菌、表皮葡萄球菌、粪肠球菌和溶血葡萄球菌。产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的检出率分别是74.9%(716/956)和44.7%(246/550),产ESBL株对测试药物的耐药率均比非产ESBL株高。肠杆菌科细菌对碳青霉烯类抗生素仍高度敏感,耐碳青霉烯类大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的检出率分别是0.8%(8/956)和4.9%(27/550)。耐碳青霉烯类铜绿假单胞菌的检出率是27.7%(146/528)。鲍曼不动杆菌耐碳青霉烯类的检出率是63.2%(275/435)。金黄色葡萄球菌和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌的甲氧西林耐药株的检出率分别是43.5%和85.0%,甲氧西林耐药株(MRSA和MRCNS)对多数测试药物的耐药率均显著高于甲氧西林敏感株(MSSA和MSCNS),MRSA中有90.7%的菌株对复方磺胺甲噁唑敏感,MRCNS中有93.2%的菌株对阿米卡星敏感,未发现万古霉素和利奈唑胺耐药的菌株。青霉素耐药肺炎链球菌(PRSP)检出率为12.9%。结论 定期进行细菌耐药性监测有助于了解医院细菌耐药性变迁,为临床合理规范使用抗菌药物提供依据,指导院感管理防控措施的制定和避免耐药菌株的传播流行。     

Identification and molecular characterisation of New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase-1 (NDM-1)- and NDM-6-producing Enterobacteriaceae from New Zealand hospitals

The global spread of New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase (NDM) is of significant public health concern. This study sought to determine whether bla(NDM) was present in Enterobacteriaceae isolates displaying resistance to carbapenems that were submitted to the National Antibiotic Reference Laboratory, Institute of Environmental Science and Research (Porirua, New Zealand) during 2009 and 2010. Isolates were tested for the presence of β-lactamase genes and 16S rRNA methylase genes by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing. Plasmid transfer studies were undertaken on isolates found to be harbouring bla(NDM). Molecular typing was performed by multilocus sequence typing (MLST). The bla(NDM-1) gene was identified in four Enterobacteriaceae isolates (two Escherichia coli, one Klebsiella pneumoniae and one Proteus mirabilis) from four patients in New Zealand hospitals in 2009 and 2010. In addition, the bla(NDM-6) gene, which differed from bla(NDM-1) by a point mutation at position 698 (C→T), was also identified in an E. coli isolate from the same patient who harboured the bla(NDM-1)-positive P. mirabilis. All four patients had recently been hospitalised or received health care in India. Four of the isolates also produced a CTX-M-15 extended-spectrum β-lactamase and/or plasmid-mediated AmpC β-lactamase, and all five isolates harboured the plasmid-mediated 16S rRNA methylase rmtC gene. The E. coli types were diverse by MLST, and the K. pneumoniae isolate belonged to the internationally disseminated sequence type 11 (ST11) clone. These findings further illustrate the diversity of phenotypic and genotypic features found in association with bla(NDM), in addition to documenting the international spread of this resistance mechanism, notably into a country with historically low rates of antimicrobial resistance.     

某二甲医院肠杆菌科细菌分布与耐药性分析

目的分析某医院肠杆菌科细菌的临床分布及耐药现状,为临床提供耐药预警和用药依据。方法收集2014年1月~2016年12月临床分离的肠杆菌科细菌,使用WHONET 5.6分析其临床分布与耐药率,使用SPSS 17.0分析耐药率与抗菌药物使用强度的Pearson相关性。结果共分离肠杆菌科细菌3 193株,占分离菌的68.93%。分离率排前4位的肠杆菌是大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、产气肠杆菌和聚团肠杆菌。检出率前3位的科室是呼吸科、消化科和神经外科。产超广谱β内酰胺酶在大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、产酸克雷伯菌和奇异变形杆菌中检出,在呼吸科、消化科和重症医学科检出率最高;产碳青霉烯酶在聚团肠杆菌等7种菌株中检出,主要分布在重症医学科和神经外科。大肠埃希菌耐药情况较肺炎克雷伯菌严重;最新数据显示,大肠埃希菌对氨苄西林、头孢唑林、头孢哌酮和头孢噻肟的耐药率均>75%,肺炎克雷伯菌对氨苄西林和头孢噻肟的耐药率>75%。常用抗菌药物使用强度与大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌耐药率有较复杂的相关性。结论肠杆菌科细菌在该院检出率高、耐药率不断变迁,大肠埃希菌与肺炎克雷伯菌耐药率与抗菌药物使用强度有相关性。医院应加强耐药数据监测,规范抗菌药物使用,延缓耐药进程,提高抗感染疗效。     

主要革兰阴性杆菌对亚胺培南耐药率的变迁

目的 了解革兰阴性杆菌对亚胺培南的耐药率变化.方法 收集2006年1至2009年12月我院就诊患者的标本分离获得的革兰阴性杆菌,采用美国Dade MicroScan公司生产的AutoSCAN4半自动鉴定仪及配套的生化反应药敏板进行鉴定,药敏试验方法采用Mic法.结果 共分离革兰阴性杆菌4822株,116个种,肠杆菌科细菌3184株,占66.0%;非发酵菌1536株,占31.9%;分离率前5位的细菌分别是大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、阴沟肠杆菌和鲍曼不动杆菌.肠杆菌科细菌对亚胺培南的耐药率较低,近4年内耐药率变化不明显;非发酵菌对亚胺培南的耐药率比较高,呈上升趋势;嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌的耐药率达100%;铜绿假单胞菌和木糖氧化产碱杆菌耐药率明显上升.结论 肠杆菌科细菌和非发酵菌是临床分离的主要革兰阴性杆菌,肠杆菌科细菌对亚胺培南的耐药率较低,非发酵菌对亚胺培南的耐药率比较高,呈上升趋势.     

2013-2017年重庆某二级医院血流感染细菌耐药性监测

目的 了解重庆某二级医院血流感染分离菌对临床常用抗菌药物的敏感性和耐药性。方法 临床分离细菌采用最低抑菌浓度(minimal inhibitory concentration, MIC)法进行细菌药物敏感试验，结果按美国临床实验室标准化研究协会(CLSI)2017年版标准判断。结果 2013年1月-2017年12月收集此院临床分离菌共3067株，其中革兰阳性菌占37.4%，革兰阴性菌占62.6%。5年期间，除2014年外耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄菌(MRSA)分离率逐年下降，从36.1%降为22.6%。未发现万古霉素耐药株。肠球菌属细菌中粪肠球菌对多数主要抗菌药物耐药率均低于屎肠球菌，屎肠球菌出现少数万古霉素耐药株(2.9%)。肠杆菌科细菌对碳青霉烯类抗生素仍高度敏感，多数菌属的耐药率低于10.0%(克雷伯菌属细菌除外)。大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌中ESBLs分离率均值分别为48%和19.6%。肺炎克雷伯菌对厄他培南及亚胺培南都出现了耐药率升高，从2013年的2.2%和0分别上升到了2017年的14.5%和12.9%。铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南耐药率分别为28.1%和19.3%，鲍曼不动杆菌对两者的耐药率均是67.3%。结论 血流感染细菌耐药性严重，对主要抗菌药物耐药率居高不下，尤其是耐碳青霉烯肺炎克雷伯菌已对临床构成严重威胁。合理选用抗菌药物，加强感染控制是当务之急。     

Prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae in an urban hospital in Dhaka, Bangladesh

The prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL)-producing organisms in an urban hospital in Dhaka City was assessed over a 10-month period. A double disk test was performed to detect ESBL-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. 43.2% and 39.5% of E. coli and K. pneumoniae had ESBL phenotypes, respectively. The combination of augmentin with ceftazidime detected the most ESBL-producing E. coli (39.5%) while augmentin with ceftriaxone was the best combination for the detection of ESBL (31.6%) in K. pneumoniae.     

2005～2008年广州医学院第一附属医院细菌耐药性监测

目的调查广州医学院第一附属医院临床常见分离菌对抗生素耐药性四年间的变迁。方法药敏试验采用纸片扩散法,依照美国临床实验室标准化委员会制定的各年度版本标准判定结果,数据分析采用WHONET5.4软件,对四年间的资料作回顾性调查分析。结果2005-2008年共收集非重复分离菌7920株,革兰阴性菌为为5810株,革兰阳性菌2110株。MRSA的分离率从2005年的44.8%增加到2008年的67.7%,未出现对万古霉素、替考拉宁和利奈唑胺中介和耐药的葡萄球菌。肺炎链球菌对青霉素的不敏感率为28%。未出现对万古霉素耐药粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌。碳青酶烯类对肠杆菌科细菌耐药率低于5%,头孢吡肟4年来对肠杆菌科细菌敏感率在70%以上,头孢噻肟耐药率逐年维持在40%左右,含酶抑制剂的头孢哌酮/舒巴坦,哌拉西林/三唑巴坦的敏感性在80%以上,喹诺酮类环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星敏感率4年来低于50%;大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌中ESBLs的总检出率分别为23.8%和32.1%,产ESBL株的耐药率明显高于非产ESBL株;2005-2007年产ESBL肺炎克雷伯菌对美罗培南敏感率为100%,2008年对美罗培南的耐药率为5.2%。4年来主要非发酵菌的分离率都有不同程度升高,总分离率排前三位的是铜绿假单胞菌(15%) 、鲍曼不动杆菌(5.4%)、嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌(4.7%) ;铜绿假单胞菌对头孢噻肟、头孢他啶,头孢吡肟,庆大霉素、阿米卡星,环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星以及哌拉西林/三唑巴坦的耐药率4年来逐年呈下降趋势。结论     

2002年临床常见革兰氏阴性杆菌耐药性监测

目的　调查国家细菌耐药性监测网临床常见革兰氏阴性杆菌对各种抗菌药物的耐药性现状。方法　药物敏感性试验采用纸片扩散法 ,耐药性数据分析采用 WHONET5软件。结果　 2 0 0 2年国家细菌耐药性监测网 8个省、市、自治区的 5 7家三级甲等医院共收集患者首次分离株 2 4 82 6株 ;大肠埃希氏菌、铜绿假单胞菌和肺炎克雷伯氏菌是最常见菌。主要标本为痰、尿和伤口及分泌物 ,分别占全部标本的 4 7.9% ,16 .8%和 10 .4 %。绝大多数肠杆菌科细菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南敏感 ,其次为第三代头孢菌素、含酶抑制剂的头孢菌素及阿米卡星。 15 % (15 .6 %～ 5 1.2 % )的肠杆菌、柠檬酸杆菌、沙雷氏菌和普罗威登氏菌对第三代头孢菌素耐药。除大肠埃希氏菌外 ,环丙沙星和左氧氟沙星对其他肠杆菌科细菌的耐药率低于 30 % (6 .0 %～ 2 9.7% ) ;产超广谱β-内酰胺酶 (ESBL s)的大肠埃希氏菌和肺炎克雷伯氏菌株的检出率分别为 18.2 %和 2 2 .6 % ;铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南的耐药率分别为 19.1%和 15 .2 %。鲍氏不动杆菌对碳青霉烯类抗生素较敏感 ,但对头孢哌酮、头孢他啶和阿米卡星的耐药率分别为 5 2 .8% ,4 1.6 %和 31.8%。结论　细菌耐药性问题是抗感染治疗的主要威胁 ,合理使用抗菌药物以降低耐药性和采取有效措     

2016年福建省晋江市医院细菌耐药性监测

目的 了解福建省晋江市医院2016年临床分离菌对常用抗菌药物的敏感性和耐药性。方法 收集本院2016年1-12月的临床分离菌株,采用自动化仪器法或纸片扩散法(K-B法)进行细菌药物敏感性试验,按美国临床实验室标准化研究协会(CLSI)2016年版标准判断结果,WHONET 5.6软件统计分析。结果 共分离临床菌1,744株,其中革兰阳性菌590株,占33.8%,革兰阴性菌1,154株,占66.2%。金黄色葡萄球菌和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌中甲氧西林耐药株(MRSA和MRCNS)检出率分别为29.6%和72.9%,MRSA和MRCNS对常用抗菌药物的耐药率均显著高于甲氧西林敏感株(MSSA和MSCNS),未发现替考拉宁、万古霉素和利奈唑胺耐药株。肠球菌属中粪肠球菌对多数测试抗菌药物(利奈唑胺除外)的耐药率均显著低于屎肠球菌,发现利奈唑胺耐药粪肠球菌2株,未发现替考拉宁和万古霉素耐药的粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌。肺炎链球菌非脑膜炎分离株对青霉素均高度敏感。大肠埃希菌、克雷伯菌属(肺炎克雷伯菌和产酸克雷伯菌)、奇异变形菌中ESBLs检出率分别为50.4%、22.5%和16.7%,肠杆菌科细菌对碳青霉烯类抗生素高度敏感,但有2.8%的肺炎克雷伯菌对碳青霉烯类耐药。铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南的耐药率分别为29.7%和21.2%。不动杆菌属(鲍曼不动杆菌占94.2%)对亚胺培南和美罗培南的耐药率分别为60.5%和62.9%。流感嗜血菌和卡他莫拉菌β-内酰胺酶产酶率分别为46.9%和99.3%。结论 县级医院临床分离菌的构成和耐药性均有别于大型综合性医院。     

Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase types in Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli in two Greek hospitals

Seventy-nine Klebsiella pneumoniae and 124 Escherichia coli clinical strains, isolated consecutively during August-October 2001 in two Greek hospitals, were examined for production of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs). Seventy-one (35%) isolates (46 K. pneumoniae and 25 E. coli) were ESBL-positive by phenotypic methods. Isoelectric focusing of beta-lactamases and PCR assays for bla genes showed that SHV-5-type ESBLs were the most frequent (45 isolates, 22%) followed by CTX-M (24 isolates, 12%) and IBC (three isolates, 1.5%). The latter two ESBL types may have been established recently in this setting.     

In vitro activity of ceftiofur tested against clinical isolates of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae including extended spectrum beta-lactamase producing strains

In vitro activity of ceftiofur, a cephalosporin used in veterinary practice was compared using ceftriaxone-resistant (producing extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)) and -susceptible clinical isolates of Esherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The ceftriaxone-susceptible isolates exhibited a lower range of ceftiofur MICs (MIC50, 0.5 mg/l, MIC90 1.0 mg/l). Those isolates known to produce an ESBL were also resistant to ceftiofur (MIC50, > or = 32 mg/l). The latter isolates were also less susceptible to other comparator drugs (cefquinome, gentamicin and trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole) in contrast to the ceftriaxone-susceptible strains. The clinical isolates showed high correlation between ceftriaxone and ceftiofur MICs (y = 2.6 + 0.89x, r = 0.95). Using the current ceftiofur susceptible breakpoint (< or = 2 mg/l) used for veterinary practice (respiratory tract pathogens), the ESBL-producing strains of E. coli and K. pneumoniae could be accurately separated from susceptible strains. This ceftiofur breakpoint MIC corresponds to the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards ESBL screening concentration for ceftriaxone set at < or = 1 mg/l = negative for ESBL production. Ceftiofur was also observed to be very active in vitro against ampicillin-resistant, non-ESBL producing enteric isolates. This new cephem appears to be very potent against the tested Enterobacteriaceae and of potential wide clinical veterinary utility.