波生坦治疗肺动脉高压疗效与安全性评价的Meta分析

目的根据现有随机对照临床试验,综合评价波生坦治疗肺动脉高压的疗效与安全性。方法在数据库中检索以肺动脉高压患者为研究对象,并进行了波生坦治疗(治疗组)与安慰剂(安慰剂组)比较的随机对照试验(RCT)研究,对其短、长期疗效和安全性进行Meta分析。结果(1)有2项研究进行了短期疗效与安全性评价。与安慰剂组比较,治疗组患者:①6min步行距离平均增加了47.71m(95%CI为26.09~69.33,P<0.0001);②WHO心功能分级改善率的合并比数比(OR)值为1.84(95%CI为1.06~3.18,P=0.03);③呼吸困难明显改善,Borg呼吸困难评分平均下降0.71分(95%CI为0.19~1.23,P=0.007);④病死率差异无统计学意义,其合并OR值为2.45(95%CI为0.28~21.35,P=0.42);⑤肝损害的发生率差异无统计学意义,其合并OR值为1.78(95%CI为0.66~4.81,P=0.26);⑥临床病情恶化率明显改善,其合并OR值为0.26(95%CI为0.11~0.60,P=0.002)。(2)有2项研究评价了波生坦治疗的长期疗效与安全性:与安慰剂组比较,治疗组患者1年生存率明显改善,其合并OR值为2.57(95%CI为1.59~4.17,P=0.0001);肝损害的发生情况:2项研究均报道了治疗组患者转氨酶明显升高的病例,由于缺乏安慰剂组的资料,未对其进行Meta分析。结论波生坦治疗可以提高肺动脉高压患者的运动能力,改善心功能和呼吸困难的症状,提高患者1年生存率。肝损害可能是其主要副作用。     

国人高尿酸血症与代谢综合征组分关系的Meta分析

目的探讨中国居民高尿酸血症与代谢综合征组分关联性并定量评价关联的大小,为预防及临床治疗提供依据。方法通过检索我国1999-2010年发表的关于高尿酸血症与代谢综合征关系的病例一对照研究文献,进行定量综合分析,运用RevMan4．2进行合并和异质性检验,根据异质性检验结果选择固定效应模型或随机效应模型,计算合并WMD或OR值及95％CI。结果共纳入11篇文献,连续性变量合并WMD值及95％C1分别为,BMI的WMD值：1．6605％Ch1．45～1．86）;高三酰甘油的1VMD值=0．86（95％CI：0．80～0．92）;HDL—C的WMD值=0．08（95％CI：-0．05～0．20）;分类变量合并DR值及95％CI为：高血压的OR值=2．7705％CI：2．20～3．48）;高血糖的DR值：2．28（95％CI：1．79～2．92）。结论除HDL—C外,高尿酸血症与代谢综合征的组分相关联。     

胃癌亚甲基四氢叶酸还原酶基因多态性及其与微卫星不稳的关系

目的探讨胃癌亚甲基四氢叶酸还原酶（MTHFR）基因多态性与微卫星不稳的关系。方法采用聚合酶链反应一限制性片段长度多态性技术检测122例胃癌和101名正常对照的MTHFR基因C677T和A1298C多态性；采用PCR为基础的方法检测微卫星不稳定性（MSI）。结果MTHFR C677T多态性可分为677CC、677CT和677TT三种类型。胃癌组3种基因型频率分别为47．5％、39．3％和13．1％；对照组分别为48．5％、42．6％和8．9％，两组相比差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。以677CC基因型做为参考，胃贲门癌677CT基因型OR值为0．38，95％CI：0．15～0．98；TT基因型OR值为0．26，95％CI：0．03～2．18；677CT＋TT基因型OR值为0．36，95％CI：0．07～0．98。胃体癌677TT基因型OR值为3．03，95％CI：1．07～8．65。MTHFR A1298C多态性可分为1298AA、1298AC和1298CC3种类型。胃癌组3种基因型频率分别为59．8％、36．1％和4．1％；对照组分别为57．4％，37．6％和5．0％，两组相比差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。以1298AA基因型的OR值为1．00，胃窦癌AC基因型的OR值为0．87，95％CI：0．42～1．82，CC基因型的OR值为0．41，95％CI：0．05～3．72。MTHFR 677TT基因型胃癌与微卫星不稳显著相关（P〈0．05），而MTHFR A1298C多态性与微卫星不稳无关（P〉0．05）。结论重庆地区人群中MTHFR C677T多态性是胃贲门癌的保护因素，是胃体癌的危险因素；MTHFR A1298C多态性可能是胃窦癌的保护因素；677TT基因型胃癌的发生可能涉及到MSI途径。     

宁夏农村高血压病人抑郁与影响因素分析

目的了解农村高血压病人抑郁发生率与影响因素。方法采用Zung氏抑郁自评量表（SDS），由专门培训的调查员进行集中询问调查收集资料。结果206名高血压病人抑郁发生率为69.4％，男性抑郁发生率为54.4％，女性为81．0％，两者间差异有统计学意义（P〈0、01）。抑郁程度轻度50．3％、中度42、7％、重度7.0％。单因素Logistic回归分析结果显示：抑郁与年龄（OR=1．050，95％CI=1．013～1.088）、性别（OR=3.575．95％CI=1.918-6.663）、婚姻状况（OR=1．679，95％CI=1．165～2.420）、文化程度（OR=0.639，95％CI=0.454～0.899）及人均月收入（OR=0.997，95％CI=0.995～0.999）有关。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示：抑郁与性别（OR：2.742。95％CI=1．402～5．365）、婚姻状况（OR=1.800，95％CI=1.075～3.014）及月收入（OR=0．998，95％CI=0.996—1．000）有关。结论农村高血压病人抑郁发生率较高，女性、文化程度低、收入低及丧偶的高血压病人是抑郁的高发人群。     

血清IGF-1、IGFBP-3水平和大肠癌关系的Meta分析

目的综合评价血清胰岛素样生长因子-1(IGF-1)、胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白-3(IGFBP-3)水平和大肠癌的关系。方法利用Meta分析法对6篇关于血清IGF-1、IGFBP-3水平与大肠癌关系的研究文献进行定量综合分析。结果对于IGF-1，合并OR=1．56(95％CI：1．14～2．13)；按实验方法不同分层，间接酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)合并OR=1．92(95％CI：1．26～2．93)，IRMA法合并OR=1．23(95％CI：0．78～1．94)；对于IGFBP-3，合并OR=0．78(95％CJ：0．43～1．44)；按实验方法不同分层，ELISA法合并OR=0．46(95％CI：0．29～0．74)，免疫放射测定法(IRMA)合并OR=1．44(95％CI：0．93～2．23)。结论血清IGF-1高水平为大肠癌的独立危险因子，IGFBP-3与大肠癌的关联不具有统计学意义；IGFBP-3与大肠癌关系的各研究之间异质性是由实验方法不同而引起，但该结论尚需大样本并同时进行两种方法的测量证实。     

青岛市成人麻疹发病相关因素的病例对照研究

目的 探讨青岛市成人麻疹发病的相关因素。方法 采用病例对照研究的方法，收集青岛市2002～2003年发生的全部成人麻疹病例70例和140名健康对照人群的一般社会人口经济学因素、麻疹疫苗免疫史、人口性质等信息。结果 单因素及多因素分析结果显示：病例组中无麻疹疫苗免疫史的比例明显高于对照组（x^2=26．88，P〈0．05，OR=5．12.95％ CI：2．69～9．73），按照接受免疫的次数，分为0次、1次、≥2次3个等级进行比较分析，0次麻疹疫苗免疫史与1次免疫史比较，两组的差异无统计学意义（x^3=1．86，P=0．173）；0次麻疹疫苗免疫史与≥2次免疫史进行比较显示，两组间的差异有统计学意义（x^2=45．24，P=0．000，OR=13．35，95％CI：5．80～30．71）；有1次麻疹疫苗免疫史与≥2次免疫史在两组中的分布差异也有统计学意义（x^2=26．23，P=0．000，OR=7．91，95％CI：3．37～18．59）。外来人口的麻疹发病比例明显高于本地人（x^2=21．60，P〈0．01，OR=4，06，95％CI：2．21～7．45）；单因素分析提示，两组人群经济收入水平差异有统计学意义（x^2=2．23，P〈0．05，OR=2．08，95％CI：115～3．76）。结论无麻疹疫苗免疫史人群、外来人口、低经济收入人群是青岛市成人麻疹发病的高危人群。     

糖尿病与非糖尿病患者发生心律失常类型和危险区素分析

目的分析糖尿病与非糖尿病患者在住院期间发生心律失常的类型及危险因素。方法对我院2008年6月-2013年6月五年间3489例住院心律失常患者实施回顾性研究分析。将这些患者分为两组,即糖尿病患者组（501例）与非糖尿病患者组（2988例）。对这两组患者的心律失常类型及危险因素的构成比例进行比较。结果通过单变量分析显示,糖尿病疾病与房室传导受阻（P〈0．01）、心颤（P=0．01）等因素有关。通过多变量分析显示,心律失常同以下因素相对独立：冠心病（OR即相对危险度比值比：1．47;95％CI即可信区间：1．07～1．96;P=0．01）、胃炎（OR：0．59;95％CI：0．35～0．94;P=0．04）、甲状腺功能衰退症状（OR=3．11;95％CI：1．58-5．99;P〈0．01）、自身免疫疾病（OR=3．01;95％CI：1．31-6．81;P〈0．01）、高血压（OR=2．48;95％CI：1．98～3．18;P〈0．01）、年龄≥60（OR：1．57;95％CI：0．24～1．99;P〈0．01）、血糖增加（OR：2．21;95％CI：2．03～2．29;P〈0．01）。结论糖尿病与心颤、房室传导受阻有一定关系。而对于非糖尿病患者,他们出现心律失常症状主要与冠心病、胃炎、甲状腺功能降低症状、自身免疫疾病、高血压、高龄等合并症有关。而糖尿病患者组出现心律失常的患者相对年龄较轻,且与血糖增加等新陈代谢因素有关。     

中国农村人群高血压危险因素的meta分析北大核心CSCD

目的探讨中国农村人群高血压发病的主要危险因素,为今后防治提供依据。方法以高血压、农村、危险因素等为主题词或关键词,检索1998—2013年发表的有关中国农村人群高血压发病危险因素的病例对照研究,按照文献纳入与排除标准选择文献、评价质量,提取数据,采用RevMan5．1软件进行meta分析。结果共17篇文献符合条件纳入研究,meta分析结果表明各危险因素的合并OR值及95％a分别为：年龄（OR=1．07,95％CI：1．06—1．08）、BMI（OR=1．36,95％CI=1,27～1．45）、高血压家族史（OR=1．79,95％CI=1．34—2．39）、吸烟（OR=1．20,95％CI=1．07～1．34）、饮酒（OR=1．20,95％CI=1．14—1．27）、嗜盐（OR：1．28,95％CI=1．17—1．41）、高脂肪摄入（OR=1．17,95％CI=1．05—1．31）、文化程度高（OR：0．78,95％CI=0．71～0．87）、经济收入高（OR=0．90,95％CI=0．86—0．94）、锻炼（OR=0．81．95％CI=0．69～0．94）、腰臀比（OR=1．51,95％CI=1．2—1．89）、性别（OR：1．28,95％Cl=1．15-1．42）。结论高血压家族史、腰臀比、BMI、嗜盐、性别、吸烟、饮酒、高脂肪摄入、年龄为中国农村人群高血压发病的危险因素,文化程度高、锻炼、经济收入高则为保护性因素。     

幽门螺杆菌感染及非甾体抗炎药致消化性溃疡并发出血的相关性研究

目的 探讨幽门螺杆菌（Hp）感染及服用非甾体抗炎药（NSAIDs）导致消化性溃疡并发出血的相关性.方法 随机选择2012年1月至2013年6月就诊的消化性溃疡患者共180例,根据是否合并出血分为出血组75例,未出血组105例,分析出血的危险因素.结果 单因素分析结果显示年龄≥60岁、既往有消化道出血史、心脑血管疾病病史、单纯服用NSAIDs是出血的危险因素（P＜0.01）.多因素Logistic回归分析显示,年龄≥60岁[OR值（95％CI）：0.9（0.5～ 1.7）,P=0.003]、消化性溃疡史[OR值（95％CI）：1.4（0.7～2.6）,P=0.006]、既往有消化道出血史[OR值（95％CI）：2.1（1.4～3.0）,P=0.007]、单纯Hp感染[OR值（95％CI）：3.2（2.1～4.2）,P=0.001]、心脑血管疾病病史[OR值（95％CI）：1.3（0.5～1.9）,P=0.005]、单纯服用NSAIDs[OR值（95％CI）：2.4（1.6～3.5）,P=0.001]是消化性溃疡并发出血的独立危险因素,Hp感染合并服用NSAIDs可提高消化性溃疡并发出血的发病率（P＜0.01）.结论 Hp感染合并服用NSAIDs可增加消化性溃疡并发出血的发生率和危险性.     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病危险因素病例对照研究

目的探讨慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）发病的相关危险因素，为开展COPD的一级预防提供依据。方法采用按年龄±3岁进行1：1配比的病例一对照研究方法，对435例来源于2003年1月-2006年4月某市级医院的COPD患者及其对照者应用条件Logistic回归进行危险因素分析。结果单因素分析结果显示，性别（OR=1．802，95％CI：1．385--2．346）、药物过敏史（OR=4．346，95％CI：2．838～6．657）、吸烟（OR=2．857，95％CI：2．145～3．807）、吸烟年限〉10a（OR=2．719。95％CI：2．041～3．621）、日吸烟量〉10支（OR=2．250，95％CI：1．601～3．161）、开始吸烟年龄≤20岁（0R=1．909，95％CI：1．140。3．198）、吸烟指数大于300年支（OR=2．241，95％CI：1．645-3．054）和高血糖（OR=2．469，95％CI：1．772～3．441）为COPD的危险因素。多因素分析结果显示，性别（OR=1．595，95％CI：1．124～2．264）、药物过敏史（OR=4．029，95％（CI：2．411～6．735）、吸烟（OR：2．635，95％CI：1．844～3．764）和高血糖（OR=2．390，95％CI：1．632-3．502）为COPD的危险因素。结论男性、药物过敏史、吸烟和高血糖为COPD的主要危险因素。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.