不同疗程含异烟肼、利福平方案对尘肺结核近远期疗效观察

目的探讨以ＨＲ为主不同疗程化疗方案对菌阳尘肺结核的近远期疗效。方法将７９例菌阳病例分为９月组（Ｍ９：２ＳＨＲＺ／７ＨＲＥ）、１２月组（Ｍ１２：２ＳＨＲＺ／１０ＨＲＥ）、１８月组（Ｍ１８：２ＳＨＲＺ／１０ＨＲＥ／６ＨＲ），分别采用不同方案治疗。疗效考核以痰菌为主要依据。满疗程随访５～８年。结果Ｍ９、Ｍ１２、Ｍ１８组满疗程痰菌阴转率分别为８３％、９６％、９５％，随访期间痰菌复阳率分别为４１％、４％、５％，其中随访１～４年痰菌复阳率分别为６％、８％、２％、２％，第５～８年无复阳病例。结论１２月方案（２ＳＨＲＺ／１０ＨＲＥ）对复治菌阳尘肺结核有效；随访时间以４～５年为宜。     

可乐必妥（Levofloxacin）治疗肺结核的临床研究

目的 评价左氧氟沙星治疗肺结核的疗效、适宜剂量和在我国应用的前景。方法 ９７年初治菌阳肺结核随机分为治疗组（２ＨＬ２Ｖ／４ＨＬ２、５０例）和对照组（２ＨＬ２Ｚ／４ＨＬ２、４７例）进行短程化疗。结果 治疗组和对照组２个月痰菌阴转率分别为９４．０％和８３．０％;满疗程痰菌阴转率分别为９８．０％和９７．９％。胸部Ｘ线所见,治疗组和对照组病灶吸收分别为９８．０％和９５．７％,两组分别有７３．１％和５０．０     

不固定化疗期短程化疗研究初探

目的研究从现行６个月短化方案进一步缩短化疗期的疗效。方法改进初治涂阳患者６个月固定化疗期，采用涂片检查并以痰菌转阴后连续３个月阴性为治愈停药标准。结果２９０例涂阳肺结核经２ＳＨＲＺ／ｘＨＲ治疗，６个月时痰菌阴转率９８．３％，２８３例阴转治愈，平均化疗期４．７个月，２年随访率９４．３％，细菌学复发率１．９％。结论采用痰涂片检查，并以痰菌转阴后连续３个月阴性为阴转治愈标准，可将化疗期平均缩至４．７个月，且治愈率高，２年细菌学复发率低，为进一步缩短化疗期进行了有意义的探索。     

国产固定剂量复合剂治疗肺结核的临床近期效果观察

目的全面评价国产固定剂量复合剂异烟肼利福平吡嗪酰胺／异烟肼利福平（2HRZ／4HR）的抗结核疗效及毒副反应。方法将81例初治菌阳肺结核患者，随机分为治疗组（2HRZ／4HR）和对照组（2HRZ／4HR）观察近期痰菌阴转率、X线病灶改变及不良反应。结果治疗组和对照组2个月痰菌阴转率分别达82．5％和65．7％；满疗程痰菌阴转率各为100．0％和88．6％；胸部X线明显改善，治疗组和对照组病灶吸收分别占92．7％和94．3％，两组空洞闭合率分别为63．2％和62．5％；治疗组和对照组各有2例和4例肝功异常。结论国产固定复合剂是一种安全、高效、易被患者接受、具有推广应用前景的抗结核药物。     

国产固定剂量复合剂治疗肺结核的临床近期效果观察

目的评价国产固定剂量复合剂异烟肼利福平吡嗪酰胺／异烟肼利福平(2HRZ／4HR)的抗结核疗效及不良反应。方法将81例初治菌阳肺结核患者，随机分为治疗组(2HRZ／4HR)和对照组(2HRZ／4HR)，观察近期痰菌阴转率、X线病灶改变及不良反应。结果治疗组和对照组2月痰菌阴转率分别达82．5％和65．7％；满疗程痰菌阴转率各为100．0％和88．6％；胸部X线明显改善，治疗组和对照组病灶吸收分别占92．7％和94．3％，两组空洞闭合率分别为63．2％和62．5％；治疗组和对照组各有2例和4例肝功异常。结论国产固定复合剂是一种安全、高效、易被患者接受、具有推广应用前景的抗结核药物。     

国产固定剂量复合剂治疗肺结核的临床近期效果观察

目的全面评价国产固定剂量复合剂异烟肼利福平吡嗪酰胺／异烟肼利福平(2HRZ／4HR)的抗结核疗效及毒副反应。方法将81例初治菌阳肺结核患者，随机分为治疗组(2HRZ/4HR)和对照组(2HRZ/4HR)观察近期痰菌阴转率、X线病灶改变及不良反应。结果治疗组和对照组2个月痰菌阴转率分别达82．5％和65．7％；满疗程痰菌阴转率各为100．0％和88．6％；胸部X线明显改善，治疗组和对照组病灶吸收分别占92．7％和94.3％，两组空洞闭合率分别为63．2％和62．5％；治疗组和对照组各有2例和4例肝功异常。结论国产固定复合剂是一种安全、高效．易被患者接受、具有推广应用前景的抗结核药物。     

结核菌初始耐药对肺结核短化的影响

初始耐药菌组及敏感菌组肺结核病例的短程化疗结束，痰菌阴转率分别为８８．５％及９８．８％。２年细菌学复发率分别为８．５％及１．３％。耐１药者失败率为２．１％，耐２药及耐３药各为１４．８％及４１．７％。耐ＲＦＰ的失败率为２１．４％。说明，初始耐药，尤以耐ＲＦＰ者，是短化失败主要原因。     

结核菌初始耐药对肺结核短化的影响

初始耐药菌组及敏感菌组肺结核病例的短程化疗结束，痰菌阴转率分别为８８．５％及９８．８％，２年细菌学复发率分别为８．５％及１．３％。耐１药者失败率为２．１％，耐２药及耐３药各为１４．８％及４１．７％，耐ＲＦＰ的失败率为２１．４％，说明，初始耐药，尤以耐ＲＦＰ者，是短化失败主要原因。     

浙江省农村肺结核病例归口管理的实践及其成效

浙江省自１９９０年开始，在部分市县实施肺结核病例归口管理，并逐步推广。统一制定了病例发现、报告和治疗管理办法，重点加强了新发传染源病例的管理，使规则治疗率由１９８９年的８８．８％提高至９９．９％；初治涂阳病例痰菌阴转率由７３．５％上升至９２．４％；治疗失败率由９．４％降至１．９％；病例丢失率由７．１％降至２．１％。取得较好的成效。     

浙江省农村肺结核病例归口管理的实践及其成效

浙江省自１９９０年开始，在部分市县实施肺结核病例归口管理，并逐步推广。统一制定了解例发现、报告和治疗管理办法，重点加强了新发传染源病例的管理，使规则治疗率由１９８９年的８８．８％提高至９９．９％；初治涂阳病例痰菌阴转率由７３．５％上升至９２．４％；治疗失败率由９．４％降至１．９％；病例丢失率由７．１％降至２．１％。取得较好的成效。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.