Re-operation after the primary repair for patients with esophageal atresia

目的 分析总结食管闭锁术后食管再手术的临床经验.方法 2005年6月至2011年7月,8例接受食管闭锁术后食管再手术患儿,男6例,女2例.再手术时年龄6～52个月.7例GrossⅢ型,1例Gross Ⅰ型.再手术前表现为进食后呛咳及进食困难.6例食管气管瘘复发,2例严重狭窄反复扩张无效.8例行食管造影和食管镜检查瘘管及狭窄情况;4例行支气管镜检查.6例术中单肺通气.8例经右胸再手术,切断、缝扎食管气管瘘管,切除狭窄段食管并端端吻合.结果 平均手术时间3～3.5 h.平均住院时间25 d.随访1～72个月,无患儿发生吻合口瘘和食管气管瘘再复发.1例患儿吻合口狭窄扩张1次.结论 食管气管瘘复发多与瘘管未切断及局部炎症有关;食管狭窄与吻合张力高及吻合口漏相关.食管气管瘘复发或/和严重吻合口狭窄是食管再手术的指征.食管镜、支气管镜联合运用,有助于食管气管瘘管复发的诊断和术中定位.单肺通气为再手术提供相对安全的麻醉方式.食管再手术后恢复良好.     

先天性食管闭锁和气管食管瘘疗效探讨

目的探讨先天性食管闭锁和气管食管瘘的治疗效果。方法对1994年1月-2006年12月治疗的107例先天性食管闭锁和气管食管瘘进行了回顾分析。结果成活85例,成活率为79.44%;放弃治疗13例,死亡9例,死亡率8.41%;术后发生吻合口瘘29例,吻合口狭窄4例。结论提高食管闭锁和气管食管瘘患儿成活率的关键是早期诊断,减少吻合口瘘的发生。     

Ⅲ型先天性食管闭锁的诊疗体会

目的 总结Ⅲ型先天性食管闭锁的围产期诊断、围手术期治疗和并发症的处理经验.方法 回顾性分析本院自2004年7月至2013年7月收治的75例Ⅲ型先天性食管闭锁患儿临床资料.经产前诊断、生后食管造影及CT诊断明确并初步分型,术前持续抽吸胃管、抗炎治疗,及时行Ⅰ期食管气管瘘结扎＋食管吻合术,术后留置胃管、胸腔引流管,抗炎及静脉营养支持治疗.第7天行食管造影检查,有食管吻合口瘘者予鼻饲及静脉营养支持治疗.常规于术后1个月复查造影,证实存在吻合口狭窄者行食管扩张术.按计划随访.结果 75例中,出车转运61例,成功率100%;产前诊断11例,诊断率14.7%（11/75）.75例均合并不同程度肺炎,36例合并其他先天畸形,占48%（36/75）,5例确诊为VACTER综合征,占6.7%（5/75）.术前放弃治疗11例,接受手术64例,术后放弃4例,治愈60例,治愈率93.8%（60/64）.54例经胸膜外入路,10例经胸入路.Ⅲa型23例,Ⅲb型41例.出现食管吻合口瘘10例（15.6%,10/64）,放弃4例,6例经保守治疗痊愈;吻合口狭窄23例（35.9%,23/64）,行球囊扩张术（平均2.2±1.5次）后治愈.术后随访1个月至8年,5例有胃食管反流,3例有气管软化症,所有病例均生长发育良好,无吞咽困难.结论 通过围产期早期诊断,生后及时手术治疗,成熟缜密的手术技术,加强围手术期管理,以及对出现的术后并发症及时处理,可以提高CEA 的存活率及生存质量.     

小儿气管食管瘘手术治疗分析

目的：对小儿气管食管瘘病例的诊断、治疗和愈后进行回顾和总结。方法对本院近5年来收治的10例气管食管瘘患儿的手术治疗过程及疗效进行回顾性分析。10例均接受手术治疗11次,对气管瘘口进行修补,对食管明显狭窄者切除病变食管,行端端吻合或结肠代食管。结果10例均获治愈,术后无一例死亡,门诊随访时间3～15个月,仅2例出现食管狭窄需多次扩张,其余均正常。结论小儿气管食管瘘的常见原因为化学腐蚀性和医源性,常伴发呼吸道症状,病情较为严重,积极有效的手术治疗能改善患儿预后,提高存活率。     

先天性食管闭锁并食管气管瘘胸腔镜手术探讨

目的 探讨胸腔镜下手术治疗先天性食管闭锁并食管气管瘘的方法和疗效.方法 回顾性分析本院2013年7月至2015年7月间经胸腔镜手术治疗54例先天性食管闭锁患儿的病例资料.其中男32例,女22例,患儿年龄1～12d,平均(5.17±2.32)d,患儿体重2.0～3.8kg,平均(2.85±0.44) kg.术前通过食管造影检查诊断先天性食管闭锁ⅢA型13例,ⅢB型41例.结果 51例患儿在胸腔镜下完成食管气管瘘结扎切断、食管端端吻合术,手术时间94～208min,平均(138±30) min.3例患儿中转开胸手术.2例患儿术中发现近端也合并有食管气管瘘,同时行近端瘘管结扎.3例患儿发现远端合并食管狭窄,术中同时行食管狭窄切开术.2例患儿术中发现合并右位主动脉弓畸形,行主动脉弓前食管吻合.2例患儿游离近端食管时气管破裂,予5-0可吸收线缝合修补治愈.术后9例发生吻合口漏,其中2例放弃治疗,2例因重症肺炎并呼吸衰竭死亡,1例食管气管瘘复发失访,其余4例患儿通过静脉营养支持治疗治愈.49例患儿治愈出院并获得随访4～28个月.5例患儿出现食管狭窄,在胃镜下行食管扩张治愈出院.结论 胸腔镜下手术治疗新生儿Ⅲ型先天性食管闭锁是一种安全有效的手术途径;术中视野清晰,手术操作方便,能同时处理合并的其他食管畸形;食管斜面裁剪食管吻合可降低术后食管狭窄的发生.胸腔镜下食管闭锁手术的疗效需要术者具备丰富的手术经验和娴熟的腔镜操作技术,麻醉的配合是手术顺利进行的重要因素.     

先天性食管闭锁及气管食管瘘11例

目的探讨先天性食管闭锁及气管食管瘘的早期诊断和治疗方法。方法先天性食管闭锁患儿11例均在入院24h内行食管泛影葡胺或碘化油造影确诊,并经胸膜外入路行食管吻合术,分析总结其诊断和治疗。结果治愈9例(81.8%),死亡2例(18.2%)。1例术后有食管吻合口狭窄,行食管扩张术后治愈;1例术后吻合口瘘,经抗感染、营养支持、充分引流后瘘口愈合。结论早期诊断、及时手术、术后护理及并发症的防治对提高先天性食管闭锁患儿的存活率有重要作用。     

胸腔镜联合3D打印生物可降解气管外支架治疗复发性气管食管瘘

目的探讨胸腔镜联合个体化3D打印生物可降解气管外支架治疗复杂的复发性气管食管瘘的可行性和安全性。方法收集2022年1月至2022年8月在西安交通大学第二附属医院小儿外科治疗的7例复发性气管食管瘘(recurrent tracheoesophageal fistula, rTEF)患儿的临床资料, 其中女2例, 男5例, 年龄在4个月至10岁。依据术前胸部薄层CT(0.5 mm)进行气道三维重建并设计个体化支气管外支架, 于西安交通大学机械制造系统工程国家重点实验室3D打印制作。所有患儿均接受胸腔镜气管食管瘘修补术联合3D打印生物可降解气管外支架置入术, 支架于瘘管水平包绕气管并固定于气管软骨。结果 7例患儿均成功完成胸腔镜气管食管瘘修补术及个体化3D打印生物可降解气管外支架置入术。手术时间为120～200 min, 术后机械通气时间为5～11 d, 监护病房住院日6～13 d, 总住院日14～37 d。2例术后出现吻合口瘘, 经保守治疗后痊愈。随访10～15个月时, 7名患儿均未见气管食管瘘复发。结论胸腔镜气管食管瘘修补术联合3D打印可降解气管外支架可阻止rTEF黏膜管道的再通, 可预...     

H型先天性食管气管瘘的程序化诊治

目的总结程序化诊治H型先天性食管气管瘘(H-type tracheoesophageal fistula, H-TEF)的临床效果。方法回顾性分析2017年3月至2022年3月广州市妇女儿童医疗中心新生儿外科收治的10例采取程序化诊治的H-TEF患儿临床资料。其中新生儿6例, 主要表现为反复出现喂养后呛咳;婴幼儿4例, 主要表现反复发生肺炎。合并先天性心脏病1例, 胸椎半椎体畸形1例。程序化诊治流程:经食管造影和(或)纤维支气管镜检查明确诊断后置入鼻胃管喂养;待炎症指标正常或接近正常, X线胸片肺部无炎性改变后, 于术前纤维支气管镜引导下在食管气管瘘管内留置导管;经床边X线检查确认瘘管位置, 如瘘管位于第2胸椎水平以上则采取经颈部手术、位于第2胸椎水平以下则采取经胸腔镜手术。结果 10例中, 经食管造影确诊7例, 经纤维支气管镜确诊3例。患儿术前均成功放置食管气管瘘管内导管。7例瘘管位于第2胸椎水平以上, 采取经右颈开放下食管气管瘘修补术;3例瘘管位于第2胸椎水平以下, 采取胸腔镜手术。均于术后次日即经鼻胃管喂养, 术后1周予食管造影检查, 无一例出现吻合口漏或食管气管瘘复发。随访8个...     

胸腔镜联合3D打印生物可降解气管外支架治疗复发性气管食管瘘北大核心CSCD

目的探讨胸腔镜联合个体化3D打印生物可降解气管外支架治疗复杂的复发性气管食管瘘的可行性和安全性。方法收集2022年1月至2022年8月在西安交通大学第二附属医院小儿外科治疗的7例复发性气管食管瘘(recurrent tracheoesophageal fistula,rTEF)患儿的临床资料,其中女2例,男5例,年龄在4个月至10岁。依据术前胸部薄层CT(0.5 mm)进行气道三维重建并设计个体化支气管外支架,于西安交通大学机械制造系统工程国家重点实验室3D打印制作。所有患儿均接受胸腔镜气管食管瘘修补术联合3D打印生物可降解气管外支架置入术,支架于瘘管水平包绕气管并固定于气管软骨。结果7例患儿均成功完成胸腔镜气管食管瘘修补术及个体化3D打印生物可降解气管外支架置入术。手术时间为120~200 min,术后机械通气时间为5~11 d,监护病房住院日6~13 d,总住院日14~37 d。2例术后出现吻合口瘘,经保守治疗后痊愈。随访10~15个月时,7名患儿均未见气管食管瘘复发。结论胸腔镜气管食管瘘修补术联合3D打印可降解气管外支架可阻止rTEF黏膜管道的再通,可预防rTEF的复发,安全可行。     

胸腔镜与开胸手术治疗先天性食管闭锁并食管气管瘘的对比研究

目的 比较胸腔镜手术与开胸手术治疗先天性食管闭锁并食管气管瘘的疗效差异.方法 回顾性分析50例Ⅲ型先天性食管闭锁并食管气管瘘的临床资料,其中25例为江西省儿童医院2012年12月至2014年1月收治,采用胸腔镜治疗;另25例为首都儿科研究所2008年6月至2014年4月收治,采用开胸治疗.男27例,女23例,术前均明确诊断并完成手术治疗.胸腔镜组采用3孔法,经胸行食管气管瘘结扎,食管吻合术.开胸组采用经胸膜外完成手术.结果 胸腔镜组25例均一期完成食管吻合术,无中转,术后2例死亡.开胸组25例中23例完成经胸膜外食管吻合术,2例因食管盲端距离过长行食管气管瘘结扎,胃造瘘术,术后放弃治疗.手术时间胸腔镜组平均为127min(110～160min),开放组平均133min(105～170min);呼吸机使用时间胸腔镜组平均为2.6 d(1～13 d),开放组平均2.3 d(1～11 d),两组对比差异均无统计学意义.胸腔镜组25例中2例吻合口漏(8％),7例狭窄(28％),2例食管气食管瘘复发(8％).开放组25例中2例吻合口漏(8％),4例狭窄(16％),无食管气管瘘复发,两组比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 胸腔镜手术治疗先天性食管闭锁并食管气管瘘是安全可行的,但要求术者具备熟练的微创手术技术和相关的手术技巧.     

胸腔镜治疗先天性食管闭锁

目的 阐述胸腔镜治疗先天性食管闭锁的经验体会.方法 回顾性分析了2006年8月至2011年5月期间共进行11例胸腔镜下食管闭锁手术,采用Styker公司的胸腔镜器械,进行胸腔镜手术操作,患儿年龄为3 d～2个月,男7例,女4例,体重2.1～3.6kg.术前均作碘油造影及胸腹部摄片,证实为食管闭锁,1例1型,10例为Ⅲ型,其中8例伴有先天性心脏病.结果 3例转为开胸,其中2例因手术野影响,另1例为术中出血;7例均在胸腔镜下Ⅰ期完成手术;1例采用胸腔镜分期手术.术中出血少,术后恢复平稳,有2例发生吻合口漏,经保守治疗后恢复好.术后7例作食管扩张各一次.结论 胸腔镜下食管闭锁手术有一定的优越性,但需要掌握一定的适应证,同时要求手术者有较熟练的腔镜技术,患儿的选择和手术者的技术是保证手术成功的关键.     

Near-missed upper tracheoesophageal fistula in esophageal atresia

Upper pouch tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF) accompanying esophageal atresia (EA) occurs in less than 1% of all EA/TEF variants and could be easily missed after birth. To confront such diagnostic inaccuracy, perioperative tracheobronchoscopy (TBS) and preoperative upper pouch esophagogram (UPEG) have been proposed but are still controversial. We describe the role of UPEG and TBS, used early after birth, in two cases of EA/TEF with upper pouch TE fistulas with unusual high location (one intrathoracic, one subglotic). These upper TE fistulas were almost missed but ultimately detected very early while employing both UPEG and TBS, wherein UPEG was for the diagnosis of TEF and TBS for both intraoperative diagnostic confirmation and aid in TEF identification. We conclude that UPEG and TBS are complementary in detecting near-missed upper TE fistula accompanying EA. Such approach ensures early and accurate diagnosis of EA/TEF variants, thus preventing the complications of a missed congenital upper pouch TE fistula.     

Evaluation of the intraoperative risk factors for esophageal anastomotic complications after primary repair of esophageal atresia with tracheoesophageal fistula

Purpose

The aim of this study is to identify the risk factors for esophageal anastomotic stricture (EAS) and/or anastomotic leakage (EAL) after primary repair of esophageal atresia with tracheoesophageal fistula (EA/TEF) in infants.

Methods

A retrospective chart review of 52 patients with congenital EA/TEF between January 2000 and December 2015 was conducted. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify the risk factors for anastomotic complications.

Results

Twenty-four patients were excluded from the analysis because they had insufficient data, trisomy 18 syndrome, delayed anastomosis, or multi-staged operations; the remaining 28 were included. Twelve patients (42.9 %) had anastomotic complications. EAS occurred in 12 patients (42.9 %), and one of them had EAL (3.57 %). There was no correlation between anastomotic complications and birth weight, gestational weeks, sex, the presence of an associated anomaly, age at the time of repair, gap between the upper pouch and lower pouch of the esophagus, number of sutures, blood loss, and gastroesophageal reflux. Anastomosis under tension and tracheomalacia were identified as risk factors for anastomotic complications (odds ratio 15, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.53–390.0 and odds ratio 8, 95 % CI 1.33–71.2, respectively).

Conclusion

Surgeons should carefully perform anastomosis under less tension to prevent anastomotic complications in the primary repair of EA/TEF.

     

Is ligation of azygos vein necessary in primary repair of tracheoesophageal fistula with esophageal atresia?

INTRODUCTION: Congenital tracheoesophageal fistula with esophageal atresia (TEF with EA) is not an uncommon disease of newborns. Classical approach for primary repair of TEF with EA is right thoracotomy with extrapleural approach, ligation of the azygos vein, identification and ligation of tracheoesophageal fistula, identification of upper esophageal pouch and end-to-end anastomosis. This study was conducted to evaluate if the ligation of the azygos vein is a must during primary repair of TEF with EA. METHOD: We studied 50 randomly selected cases in the last two years (Jan 2003 - Jan 2005). In 25 babies (group A), primary repair was done with preservation of the azygous vein while 25 babies (group B) were operated with a classical approach with ligation and division of the azygos vein. The postoperative result was comparative in both cases. RESULT: Postoperative pneumonitis was higher in the babies operated with the classical approach (56 % in group B and 12 % in group A) and was found to be statistically significant. In postoperative complication, anastomotic leak was slightly higher in group B but was not statistically significant. Mortality rate was similar in both groups. Babies in group A were hemodynamically more stable in comparison to group B. CONCLUSION: Preservation of the azygos vein maintains the normal venous drainage of mediastinum and hence decreases the postoperative chest congestion and pneumonitis in the postoperative period in cases of congenital esophageal atresia with tracheoesophageal fistula, so it should be preserved whenever possible.     

Long-term outcomes following H-type tracheoesophageal fistula repair in infants

Purpose

To evaluate outcomes following repair of H-type tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF).

Methods

Retrospective chart review of infants with H-type TEF treated at our institution between 2000 and 2014. Patient demographics, surgical management, and postoperative function were evaluated.

Results

Of the 268 patients with esophageal atresia/TEF treated at our center, 16 (6%) had an H-type TEF (10 males). Thirteen (81%) had associated anomalies. All patients were symptomatic: choking and sputtering were the most common presentation (n = 10, 63%). Diagnosis Age at diagnosis was 8 days (1 day–34 months). All patients were diagnosed based on a single esophagogram. Prior to surgery, 12 (75%) patients underwent bronchoscopy and 11 underwent cannulation of the TEF tract. Surgery All patients underwent open repair. One was started thoracoscopically but converted to open due to esophageal sero-muscular injury. Repair was achieved in all patients via a transcervical approach (right-sided incision in 15). One patient had an unsuccessful prior attempt at repair using tissue glue. Following TEF division, 11 patients had tissue interposition grafts placed (9 muscle, 2 fat). Postoperative course Eight (50%) patients had postoperative vocal cord paresis (6 right-sided, 2 bilateral). A patient developed recurrent TEF 78 days postoperatively that was subsequently repaired. Follow-up At 41 months (8–143), there were no mortalities, all patients with vocal cord paresis were asymptomatic despite the fact that only 3 of 8 (38%) regained function, and nine (56%) patients had gastro-esophageal reflux requiring treatment.

Conclusions

This large, single-center series demonstrates that H-type TEF can be diagnosed with esophagogram at an early age. Postoperative recurrent laryngeal nerve paresis and gastro-esophageal reflux disease are common following repair. Although most patients with vocal cord paresis eventually become asymptomatic, two-thirds do not regain vocal cord function. This reinforces the importance of routine examination of vocal cord movement following H-type TEF repair.

     

Thoracoscopic versus open repair of esophageal atresia with tracheoesophageal fistula at a single institution

Purpose

The potential benefits of thoracoscopic repair (TR) of esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula (EA/TEF) in newborns are still unclear. Our aim was to define the criteria, perioperative outcome after undergoing TR versus open repair (OR) for EA/TEF.

Patients and methods

A retrospective chart review was conducted of 36 consecutive neonates who underwent EA/TEF repair between 2001 and 2012 in Shizuoka Children’s Hospital. Patients in this study were birth weight >2,000 g, and did not have severe cardiac malformations or chromosomal aberrations. Of the 26 newborns who met the selection criteria, 11 patients underwent attempts at TR compared to 15 patients who underwent OR. All cases were followed 1 year after operation at least.

Results

All 11 TR were successfully completed. There were no significant differences between intra- and perioperative complications in the two groups. Intraoperative EtCO₂ and arterial blood gases were not significantly different between the two groups. We did not found eating disorder, respiratory disorder, and failure of growth in all cases.

Conclusion

In our study, the thoracoscopic approach appeared to be favorable and safe for EA/TEF repair in carefully selected patients.     

Thoracoscopic surgery for esophageal atresia

This review centers on the thoracoscopic management of esophageal atresia (EA) and distal tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF). The first thoracoscopic repair of EA was performed by Rothenberg and Lobe in Berlin in 1999 just prior to an IPEG meeting. Since that time, the largest report describing the use of thoracoscopy for EA/TEF repair came in 2005 with a multi-national, multi-institutional retrospective review from six institutions around the world. The outcomes reported were quite good and very comparable to large series of open operations that had been previously reported. This review will describe a single surgeon’s technique for thoracoscopic repair of EA/TEF. In addition, further controversies regarding the usefulness of preoperative bronchoscopy, ligation of the distal TEF, and type of suture used for the esophageal anastomosis will also be discussed. Finally, there is a discussion on the advantages and disadvantages of the thoracoscopic approach.     

Prognosis of congenital tracheoesophageal fistula with esophageal atresia on the basis of gap length

Congenital tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF) with esophageal atresia (EA) is not an uncommon disease of newborns. Several classifications have been advocated for predicting the outcomes of these patients but all are physiological and concentrated on associated medical condition that influences survival. We emphasize a new classification on the basis of gap between two esophageal pouches to define the magnitude of surgical problems in the primary repair and correlate them with the outcomes in terms of anastomotic leak, esophageal stricture and mortality, keeping other prognostic factors constant. A total of 50 cases of congenital TEF with EA were included and all underwent primary esophageal anastomosis after the ligation of TEF. The gap between the two pouches was meticulously measured intraoperatively using a vernier caliper before the ligation of TEF, and patients were divided into four groups on the basis of gap length. Group A, where gap length was >3.5 cm (ultralong), group B where gap length was 2.1-3.5 cm (long gap), group C where gap length was >1 cm but not more than 2 cm (intermediate group) and group D, where the gap between two esophageal pouches was 1 cm or less (short gap). The incidence of anastomotic leak was 80, 50, 28, 10.5% and the incidence of esophageal stricture was 100, 75, 22.5, 19% after successful primary repair, respectively, in groups A, B, C and D. The mortality was highest in group A (80%) followed by group B (50%) and 22% in group C and least 15.6% in group D. The incidences of esophageal leak and mortality were found to be statistically significant. This classification which is based on easily measurable criteria provides a useful method to predict morbidity, long-term outcome and mortality of EA with TEF surgery.     

Treatment Strategy and Long-Term Prognosis for Patients With Esophageal Atresia and Congenital Heart Diseases

A review examined six consecutive cases of patients with esophageal atresia (EA) and tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF) who underwent cardiac surgery at the authors’ institution between 2001 and 2011 for associated complex congenital heart diseases. All the patients had a normal karyotype and showed EA with distal TEF. In all cases, gastrostomy was the initial surgical intervention. Cardiac surgery was performed concurrently with gastrostomy for one patient who had a total anomalous pulmonary venous connection with pulmonary venous obstruction. For two patients with duct-dependent pulmonary circulation, EA/TEF was corrected in the neonatal period, and an aortopulmonary shunt operation was electively performed after the first month of life. For two patients with duct-dependent systemic circulation, repair of EA/TEF was performed concurrently with gastrostomy, followed by palliative cardiac surgery during the neonatal period. For another patient without duct-dependent circulation, repair of EA/TEF was performed in the neonatal period. No mortality occurred during a median follow-up period of 6.2 years. However, respiratory complications including severe tracheomalacia for two patients, recurrent episodes of respiratory infection for three patients, and severe gastroesophageal reflux for five patients caused considerable long-term morbidity.