阴囊坏疽的诊断和治疗(附9例报告)

目的：探讨阴囊坏疽的诊断及治疗方法。方法：回顾性分析9例阴囊坏疽患者的临床资料，对9例患者均行早期多切口切开引流和广泛清创。结果：7例患者坏疽创面愈合良好，1例行二期睾丸切除术后愈合；1例死亡。患者生存率为88．8％。结论：阴囊坏疽的治疗以早期多切口切开引流、广泛清创、使用足量广谱抗生素、全身支持治疗及局部治疗、原发病治疗为主。注意卫生、保持局部清洁及提高卫生保健意识是其重要预防措施。     

特发性阴囊坏疽诊治报告（附5例报告）

目的：总结特发性阴囊坏疽诊断及治疗体会,提高该病的诊疗水平。方法：回顾性分5例特发性阴囊坏疽患者的临床资料,并结合文献复习。结果：5例患者中2例有糖尿病史。经急诊切开减压、多次彻底清创、联合应用广谱抗生素及全身支持治疗后,4例二期缝合创面,1例缺损面积较大者行阴股沟邻位皮瓣转移修复术。结论：早期诊断、及时切开减压及清创、联合应用广谱抗生素对特发性阴囊坏疽的预后有至关重要的作用。     

阴囊坏疽的治疗体会(附14例报告)

目的总结阴囊坏疽的治疗方法。方法2003年8月至2005年6月诊治阴囊坏疽14例，患者年龄27～74岁，平均48岁。阴囊坏疽并发肛周、阴茎坏疽者2例，并发肛周、阴茎、腹股沟区坏疽者10例，并发肛周、阴茎、腹股沟区、腹部皮下坏疽者2例。其中并发阴茎坏死3例，并发睾丸炎5例。14例细菌培养均为阳性。14例均采用Ⅰ期清创、阴囊成形、置管引流术，同时给予抗炎对症治疗。3例阴茎坏死者行阴茎全切、尿道造瘘术，2例腹部坏疽者行腹部皮下切开清创引流，5例睾丸炎者行单侧睾丸切除。结果12例阴囊成形术Ⅰ期愈合，2例尿道造瘘术患者痊愈出院。10例阴茎皮肤坏疽者1个月后阴茎植皮，痊愈出院。死亡2例。结论早期及时清创和抗炎对症治疗是治疗本病的关键，Ⅰ期清创、阴囊成形及置管引流是治疗阴囊坏疽的有效方法。     

封闭式负压引流技术辅助治疗阴茎、阴囊坏疽4例临床分析

目的:通过分析总结封闭式负压引流技术辅助治疗阴茎、阴囊坏疽的临床疗效,探讨该类疾病的最佳治疗方法。方法:收集整理2015年1月至2016年6月,收治的4例阴茎、阴囊坏疽患者的临床诊治资料,回顾分析其治疗过程中配合使用封闭式负压引流技术的方法及其疗效。4例患者均早期行广泛、彻底的阴囊、阴茎坏疽清创术,并静脉应用二联广谱抗生素,清创后为充分创面引流,应用封闭式负压引流(VSD),待创面清洁后,予以创面缝合。结果:4例患者经配合使用封闭式负压引流技术后,坏疽创面引流更加充分,阴囊、阴茎坏疽范围快速局限化,未出现睾丸坏死情况。4例患者均在坏疽创面清洁后,二期缝合,创面顺利愈合后出院。3个月后随访,局部创面愈合良好,无复发。结论:应用封闭式负压引流冲洗技术配合早期行广泛、彻底清创可有效促进坏疽范围的局限化,显著降低换药频率和缩短患者住院周期,是治疗阴茎阴囊坏疽的极为有效的辅助治疗手段。     

Fournier坏疽的诊治(附16例报告)

目的　探讨Fournier坏疽的诊断及治疗。　方法　对 16例男性Fournier坏疽患者的临床资料进行分析。患者年龄 2 4～ 84岁 ,平均 5 1岁。其中阴囊坏疽 13例 ,阴茎皮肤坏疽 3例。细菌培养 14例 ,阳性 9例。 16例均行外科清创、引流、抗感染等治疗 ,4例行高压氧治疗。　结果　 13例经二期缝合痊愈出院 ,其中 2例 1个月后取皮瓣行阴茎、阴囊成形术。死亡 3例 ,其中 2例并发败血症 ,1例高龄患者早期出现肾功能受损而致多器官功能衰竭。　结论　治疗以早期广泛清创及应用广谱抗生素为主 ,加强局部引流 ,有条件者可行高压氧治疗。     

阴囊坏疽的阴囊重建

目的探讨阴囊坏疽的诊断、治疗及阴囊重建方法.方法 1992年1月～2004年9月,对15例阴囊坏疽进行临床资料分析,年龄23～80岁.创面细菌培养阳性14例,无菌生长1例,其中血培养阳性1例.均行抗感染、外科清创及引流等治疗.2例行高压氧治疗.清创术后根据情况采用皮瓣转移、植皮、直接缝合等方法行阴茎阴囊修复重建,其中2例高龄患者行睾丸去势术.结果住院时间21～34 d,平均26 d.所有患者术后创面均Ⅰ期愈合.获随访1～3年,平均1.5年.13例保留睾丸者阴囊外观满意,性功能正常,无睾丸萎缩发生.下肢、阴囊及腹股沟区无不适.结论阴囊坏疽确诊后应早期广泛清创并联合应用抗生素治疗,加强局部引流,有条件者可行高压氧治疗,根据具体情况重建阴囊.     

HIV阳性患者阴茎阴囊Fournier's坏疽29例报告

目的:探讨HIV阳性Fournier's坏疽的临床特点并总结治疗体会。方法:回顾性分析了一组29例HIV阳性Fournier's坏疽患者特点和诊断治疗方法。结果:本组29例,均为HIV阳性男性患者,年龄21⁸1岁。CD4+T淋巴细胞计数均<320/mm3,所有病例均未接受抗逆转录病毒治疗(ART)。2例老年患者合并糖尿病。所有病例均以阴囊阴茎感染起病,进而发展为坏疽,并累及周围皮肤软组织。入院即行广泛清创,切开引流,并应用广谱抗生素治疗;4例需阴囊成形。26例痊愈,3例死亡(其中1例死于感染性休克,2例死于糖尿病并发肺部感染),死亡率10.3%。结论:早期广泛的外科清创引流和广谱抗生素应用仍然是处理HIV阳性Fournier's坏疽的关键;和之前的报道相比,未发现HIV阳性直接影响Fournier's坏疽的预后。     

阴囊坏疽行阴囊修复重建

目的总结阴囊坏疽的临床特征和诊治方法。方法复习2015年7月至2016年10月诊治的3例阴囊坏疽致阴囊缺损患者临床资料。结合文献资料分析和讨论阴囊坏疽的特征及治疗。结果所有患者均早期、反复清创、封闭负压引流、股前外侧穿支皮瓣转移修复重建,取得良好的效果。结论早期清创、引流后应用封闭负压引流技术,联合股前外侧穿支皮瓣转移是治疗阴囊坏疽致阴囊缺损修复重建的良好方法。     

暴发性阴囊坏疽的局部处理方法探讨

目的 探索暴发性阴囊坏疽的治疗方法。方法 回顾分析9例暴发性阴囊坏疽治疗方案。9例患者均行外科清创，冲洗引流，抗感染等治疗，其中4例感染广泛蔓延的患者清创术后，采用U形多孔双向引流管引流。3例外暴露的睾丸暂置于浅表腔隙中，二期重建阴囊回纳睾丸。结果 留置U形管引流者，重复清创手术的次数明显减少，体温及血象恢复正常的时间较普通引流显著缩短，术后恢复迅速。结论 暴发性阴囊坏疽的治疗仍以清创及应用抗生素为主，术中多毋须切除睾丸。U形多孔双向引流管在清创术后引流效果确切，在促进康复有明显优势。     

暴发性阴囊坏疽治疗9例体会

目的：探讨暴发性阴囊坏疽的治疗方法。方法：对9例患者均行外科清创、冲洗引流、抗感染等治疗，其中3例外暴露的睾丸暂置于浅表腔隙中，二期重建阴囊回纳睾丸，1例患者行高压氧治疗。结果：留置U形管引流者，重复清创手术的次数明显减少，体温及血常规恢复正常的时间较普通引流显著缩短，术后恢复迅速。结论：暴发性阴囊坏疽的治疗仍以清创及应用抗生素为主，术中多无须切除睾丸；条件许可，可配合高压氧治疗；U形多孔双向引流管在清创术后引流效果确切，对促进康复有明显优势。     

Fournier's gangrene in a modern surgical setting: improved survival with aggressive management.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the outcome of 23 consecutive patients with Fournier's gangrene. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients' charts were reviewed retrospectively from all those treated for Fournier's gangrene between July 1994 and July 1997 at the UCLA affiliated hospitals. RESULTS: Twenty-three patients were identified (mean age 51.7 years, range 13-71). The aetiologies included perirectal abscess (43%), urethral stricture (30%), scrotal abscess (21%) and unknown (4%). Predisposing factors included diabetes mellitus (43%), steroids or chemotherapy (21%), alcohol abuse (43%), malignancy (26%) and radiation therapy (9%). All 23 patients initially received wide debridement and placement of a percutaneous suprapubic tube. At the time of the first surgery, total scrotectomy was required in all, colostomy in 17% and penectomy in 4%. An additional 35% required eventual colostomy and an additional 9% required a penectomy. Patients underwent repeat debridement a mean of 2.5 times; the overall survival was 96%. CONCLUSION: Survival can be improved in patients with Fournier's gangrene by combining aggressive surgical and medical management. The keys to successful outcome included a high index of suspicion, prompt fluid resuscitation, rapid initiation of broad-spectrum antibiotics, a multidisciplinary approach, early surgical intervention with radical debridement, haemodynamic support in an intensive care setting, and frequent repeat operative debridement.     

Fournier's gangrene: a retrospective clinical study on forty-one patients

BACKGROUND: Fournier's gangrene, first described by Dr Jean Alfred Fournier in 1883, still has a high mortality rate. The prognosis and outcome of such patients were analysed. METHODS: Forty-one patients with Fournier's gangrene were reviewed on the parameters of age, sex, aetiological agents, predisposing factors, treatment modalities and outcomes. RESULTS: Although early intervention and careful treatment was carried out, nine of 41 patients (21.9%) died as a result of complications of septicemia. Among the treatment modalities, there were extensive debridement, drainage, excisions of the skin and fascia, colostomy procedure, extensive antibiotic treatment and hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Although a combination of different treatment modalities were used, the mortality rate was 21.9%. CONCLUSIONS: Fournier's gangrene is still a severe disease. Today, hyperbaric oxygen treatment is very effective in the treatment of this disease.     

Management of Fournier's gangrene: an eleven year retrospective analysis of early recognition,diagnosis, and treatment

Fournier's gangrene is an infectious necrotizing fasciitis of the perineum and genital regions. It is a synergistic infection caused by a mixture of aerobic and anaerobic organisms. The mortality rate from this infection ranges from 0 to 67 per cent. One of the most important determinants of overall outcome is early recognition and extensive surgical debridement upon initial diagnosis. This is followed by aggressive antibiotic therapy combined with other precautionary and resuscitative measures. Our hypothesis is that early aggressive surgical debridement combined with broad-spectrum antibiotic coverage results in decreased mortality from Fournier gangrene. The objective of this study was to determine our morbidity and mortality as compared with other institutions. This was a retrospective review of 200 charts of patients from 1990 through 2001. The charts reviewed included patients with a diagnosis of male and female genital abscesses, cellulitis, necrotizing fasciitis, and vascular disorders. This resulted in 33 patients who had a final diagnosis of Fournier's gangrene. There were 26 (79%) males and seven (21%) females with a diagnosis of Fournier's gangrene. The patients ranged in age from 30 to 85 years (mean age 51.5). There were a number of predisposing factors that were examined. Thirteen patients (39%) were diabetic, 18 (55%) suffered from hypertension, 18 (55%) were obese, and 18 (55%) were cigarette smokers. Four patients (12%) had no predisposing factors. The treatment consisted of wide surgical debridement which was performed in all 33 patients. Most patients received multiple debridements ranging from one surgery to seven (mean 3.25) per hospital stay. The majority of patients received broad-spectrum antibiotic coverage. Three patients died, which resulted in a mortality rate of 9 per cent. Early recognition and aggressive surgical debridement is the most essential intervention in stopping the rapidly progressing infectious process of Fournier's gangrene. This intervention should be combined with aggressive triple-antibiotic therapy and other precautionary measures for supporting the patient who has the systemic effects of Fournier's gangrene. Our data do not reach statistical significance with regard to the use of triple-antibiotic therapy. However, we believe that it is an important part of the treatment regimen. The combination of aggressive surgical therapy and appropriate antibiotic coverage results in a reduction in mortality.     

Fournier坏疽五例报告

目的 探讨Ｆｏｕｒｎｉｅｒ坏疽的诊断和处理方法。方法 报告５例Ｆｏｕｒｎｉｅｒ坏疽的临床特点并进行文献复习。结果 ５例经清创引流,抗炎及对症治疗第,３例康复,随访１年无复发;死亡２例;结论Ｆｏｕｒｎｉｅｒ坏疽是一种累及阴囊、阴茎的感染性坏死性筋膜炎。及时正确的诊断,处理可减少其死亡率和并发症;超声显像,ＣＴ等技术有利于此病的早期发现;治疗原则为早期清创,引流,全身应用大剂量广谱抗生素等。     

Predisposing factors and treatment outcome in Fournier's gangrene. Analysis of 28 cases

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the etiologic factors and the effects of surgical debridement and adjunctive therapies on morbidity and mortality of Fournier's gangrene. METHODS: 27 males, 1 female, a total of 28 patients with a mean age of 58 years treated for Fournier's gangrene were evaluated retrospectively. RESULTS: Predisposing factors including diabetes, alcohol abuse, paraplegia and renal insufficiency were identifiable in 54% of the patients. Etiologic origin of the gangrene was urogenital, cutaneous and anorectal in 43, 25 and 11% of the patients, respectively. The pathology was limited to genitalia in 10, extending to perineum in 8, the umbilicus in 7 and even up to the axilla in 3 patients. Suprapubic cystostomy and colostomy were necessary in 18 and 2 cases, respectively. We used hyperbaric oxygen therapy in 2 and honey in 6 patients to accelerate wound healing. A repeat debridement was necessary in 39% of the cases. Plastic surgery and grafting were done in 14 patients. Our mortality rate was 7%. CONCLUSION: Early recognition of the pathology and aggressive surgical debridement are the mainstay of the management of Fournier's gangrene. Additional strategies to improve wound healing and increase patient survival are also needed.     

Minimal debridement in the treatment of Fournier's gangrene.

Scrotal and perineal gangrene of the male genitalia was first described by Fournier in 1883. Treatment of the disease remains surgical despite the availability of modern antibiotics. Many authors advocate a wide debridement of all tissue superficial to the involved fascial layers. We have reviewed our experience of using wide and minimal debridement as the surgical technique of choice. In our retrospective study, nine patients were diagnosed and treated over a 2-year period for Fournier's gangrene. The mean age was 65+/-28 years. Two patients were admitted from chronic care facilities, four were diabetic, and two had taken oral steroids. Five of the nine patients were treated with the technique of minimal tissue debridement. In brief, the scrotum was bivalved along the median raphe, each scrotal sac was drained, and the testicles were exteriorized. Orchiectomy was performed if the testicles were grossly necrotic. Penrose drains were inserted from each scrotal sac to the counterincision at the level of the internal rings. All of the tissue involved was irrigated with betadine and peroxide, after debridement of the necrotic tissue. Broad-spectrum antibiotics along with daily packing were continued for 4 to 6 weeks; at the end of that time the testicles were returned to the scrotum and the skin was loosely reapproximated. Three of the nine patients were treated with wide debridement of all the soft tissue including the fascia. One of the patients displayed gangrene of the entire abdominal wall; he was not a surgical candidate and died 3 days later. The four patients treated with minimal debridement all obtained successful treatment of their fasciitis. However, one died of complications related to a duodenal ulcer. The mean hospital stay was 45+/-10 days. Two of the three patients treated with wide debridement required plastic reconstruction using a skin-muscle flap of the perineum. The remaining patient treated with wide debridement died of complications related to metastatic renal carcinoma. The mean hospital stay of this group was 62+/-12 days. The specific flora included: Bacteroidis fragilis in 87 per cent, Peptostreptococcus and Streptococcus in 75 per cent, Clostridia group, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter and Pseudomonas in 62 per cent, Klebsiella in 50 per cent, Staphylococcus in 37 per cent, and Proteus in 12 per cent of the patients. In the surgical management of Fournier's gangrene, wide drainage with minimal debridement resulted in similar morbidity and shorter hospital stay when compared with extensive debridement.     

Perineoscrotal gangrene: report of 51 cases. Diagnostic and therapeutic features

OBJECTIVE: To approach the treatment of Fournier's gangrene. So, pathophysiology and etiology are recalled. METHODS: The authors present 51 cases of Fournier's gangrene treated from 1989 to 1998, their age ranged from 19 to 89 years. Data were collected on admission signs and symptoms, physical examination. Aggressive surgical debridement of all necrotic tissues was performed, Intravenous antibiotics and resuscitation fluid were also administered. RESULTS: All patients were male. In 20 cases (39%), there was no identifiable cause, and in 31 cases (61%), the etiology of gangrene was urethral (33%), anorectal (28%) and unknown (19%). The average hospital stay was 30 days. Three cases underwent unilateral orchidectomy, six colostomy and in 17 cases, a suprapubic catheter was inserted. Mortality was high (18%) and essentially associated to debilated state and toxi-infectious context. CONCLUSION: Fournier's gangrene is a true urologic emergency potential lethal, which requires aggressive antibiotic and surgical treatment.     

A case of Fournier's gangrene reconstructed using a rectus abdominis muscle flap

We encountered a case of Fournier's gangrene complicated with vesicorectocutaneous fistula that was treated with a pedicled rectus abdominis muscle flap (pedicled RA m-c flap). A 75-year-old man was admitted with consciousness disorder and swelling of the scrotum. The patient had noticed swelling of the scrotum 4 days before admission, but he had ignored this condition. The scrotum and the penis appeared necrotic. On the basis of clinical and radiological findings, we diagnosed this condition as Fournier's gangrene. Surgical debridement was performed in conjunction with the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics. After the patient's general condition was improved, the broad defect in the perineal tissue was covered with a pedicled rectus abdominis muscle flap. The flap was successful. In Japan, this is the first case of Fournier's gangrene complicated with vesicorectocutaneous fistula that was treated with a pedicled RA m-c flap. In order to determine whether plastic surgery after debridement shortens the duration of hospitalization, we reviewed the cases of 120 patients with Fournier's gangrene in Japan. We conclude that plastic surgery after debridement does not shorten the duration of hospitalization, however, this procedures is very useful to deep and broad defects by Fournier's gangrene.