高甲状旁腺激素腹膜透析者颈动脉斑块发生率及其影响因素

目的 探讨高甲状旁腺激素腹膜透析者颈动脉斑块的发生率及影响因素.方法 根据甲状旁腺激素水平将受试者分为甲状旁腺激素正常组及甲状旁腺激素升高组.应用二维超声检测受试者颈动脉斑块,选用Logistic分析评估颈动脉斑块的危险因素.结果 共145例腹膜透析者纳入研究,其中甲状旁腺激素正常组69例（47.7％）,甲状旁腺激素升高组76例（39.1％）.与甲状旁腺激素正常组相比,甲状旁腺激素升高组颈动脉斑块发生率明显升高（50.3％ vs 30.5％,P＜0.001）.在甲状旁腺激素升高组,校正各种混杂因素后,高龄[比值比（OR）=1.04,95％可信区间（CI）1.02～ 1.06]、糖尿病（OR=3.31,95％ CI 1.92～6.43）、高血磷（OR=1.02,95％ CI 1.01 ～ 1.03）、高钙磷乘积（OR=1.27,95％ CI 1.10～4.54）为颈动脉斑块形成的独立危险因素.结论 高甲状旁腺激素的腹膜透析者颈动脉斑块发生率高,高龄、糖尿病、高血磷及高钙磷乘积是其动脉斑块形成的独立危险因素.     

尿毒症腹膜透析患者骨质疏松及危险因素

目的 通过分析患者的临床随访数据，探讨已规律行腹膜透析的尿毒症患者骨质疏松的患病率及相关危险因素。方法 本研究纳入了260例规律行腹膜透析6月以上的尿毒症患者，记录患者一般资料和生化指标，测定骨密度判断是否为骨质疏松，并对可能影响骨质疏松的危险因素进行单因素分析和Logistic多因素回归分析。结果 骨质疏松者128例（49.2%），骨质疏松的发生与性别(OR=5.086，P=0.001)、年龄(OR=2.783，P=0.017) 、透析龄(OR=2.145，P=0.021)、糖尿病(OR=1.684，P=0.029)显著相关，与体重指数、抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶-5b、全段甲状旁腺素、血钙、磷、钙磷乘积、碱性磷酸酶、尿素清除指数、白蛋白、血脂等无显著相关性( P＞0.05)。结论 腹膜透析患者骨质疏松的患病率较一般人群高，性别、年龄、透析龄、糖尿病是其危险因素。     

老年腹膜透析患者相关危险因素的分析

目的：探讨老年腹膜透析患者的相关危险因素。方法：通过观察分析危险因素：性别、原发病情况（糖尿病、高血压）、营养状态指标、贫血指标、腹膜透析充分性指标、钙磷代谢情况,并分析腹膜透析患者相关性感染及其心脑血管并发症情况。结果：高血糖、腹膜透析充分性（总Kt/V和总Ccr）及血浆白蛋白（Alb）成为腹膜透析患者老年组独立影响危险因素;另外,31例患者中有2例患者出现腹膜透析相关性腹膜炎情况,1例患者出现严重的脑血管并发症。结论：积极控制老年腹膜透析患者的血糖,并改善患者血清白蛋白及正确评估老年腹膜透析患者的透析充分性,这对于提高老年腹膜透析的生存质量具有重要作用。     

NLR和PLR在腹膜透析相关性感染中的诊断价值探讨

目的探讨外周血中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值(neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio,NLR)、血小板与淋巴细胞比值(platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio,PLR)对腹膜透析相关性感染的诊断及预测价值。方法回顾性分析71例腹膜透析并发相关感染的患者及102例同期入院行腹膜功能及透析充分性评估的维持性腹膜透析患者的临床资料,分别按照是否发生腹膜透析相关性感染、NLR及PLR的最佳截断值进行分组,分析NLR、PLR等指标与腹膜透析相关性感染的关系。应用受试者工作特征曲线(receiver operating characteristic curve,ROC)评价NLR、PLR、NLR联合PLR对腹膜透析相关性感染的诊断及预测价值。结果相关性分析提示腹膜透析相关性感染与NLR、PLR、腹透液白细胞计数及hs-CRP呈正相关(均P<0.01);而与血清白蛋白、血镁、血磷呈负相关(均P<0.01)。NLR与腹膜透析相关性感染、PLR、腹透液白细胞计数及hs-CRP呈正相关(均P<0.01);与血镁及血清白蛋白呈负相关(均P<0.01);与血磷无相关性(P>0.05)。PLR与腹膜透析相关性感染、NLR、腹透液白细胞计数及hs-CRP呈正相关(均P<0.01);与血镁、血磷及血清白蛋白呈负相关(均P<0.05)。单因素Logistic回归显示低血清白蛋白(OR=0.808,95%CI 0.748~0.874,P<0.01)、低血镁(OR=0.001,95%CI 0.000~0.015,P<0.01)、低血磷(OR=0.324,95%CI 0.165~0.635,P=0.01)、高hs-CRP(OR=1.246,95%CI 1.149~1.351,P<0.01)、高NLR(OR=1.570,95%CI 1.315~1.815,P<0.01)、高PLR(OR=1.010,95%CI 1.006~1.014,P<0.01)是腹膜透析相关性感染的危险因素;多因素分析显示低血清白蛋白(OR=0.837,95%CI 0.704~0.995,P=0.043)、高hs-CRP(OR=1.296,95%CI 1.149~1.461,P<0.01)及高NLR(OR=1.522,95%CI 1.055~2.195,P=0.025)是腹膜透析相关性感染的危险因素。从ROC曲线可以看出,NLR、PLR、NLR联合PLR及hs-CRP诊断腹膜透析相关性感染的敏感度分别为64.8%、53.5%、94.4%、93.0%,特异度分别为87.3%、87.3%、98.0%、90.2%。结论与腹膜透析未发生相关性感染的患者相比,腹膜透析相关感染人群的NLR、PLR、腹透液白细胞计数及hs-CRP水平明显升高,而白蛋白、血镁、血磷明显降低。且高NLR、高hs-CRP、低血清白蛋白是腹膜透析相关性感染危险因素。此外,NLR联合PLR对腹膜透析相关性感染的临床诊断敏感性及特异性均优于hs-CRP。     

长腹膜透析龄患者首次腹膜炎的临床特征分析

目的 探讨长腹膜透析龄患者首次腹膜炎的临床特征。 方法 回顾性分析2000年至2009年发生首次腹膜透析相关性腹膜炎患者315例,按发生首次腹膜炎时腹膜透析龄分为两组：A组（<36个月）261例,B组（≥36个月）54例。对两组相关临床资料进行比较。 结果 入组患者平均年龄（55.7±15.9）岁,男性占61.0%,基础肾脏病主要为慢性肾小球肾炎（54.6%）,其次为糖尿病肾病（20.6%）。发病时A组中位腹膜透析龄8.4个月;B组中位腹膜透析龄49.4个月。发生腹膜炎时,两组间血红蛋白、血清白蛋白和血钾水平差异无统计学意义,但两组血清白蛋白和血钾水平均低于正常值范围。两组腹膜炎最常见诱因均为换液操作接触污染（48.2%比45.2%）。剔除未做透出液细菌培养患者,两组革兰阳性菌分布情况差异无统计学意义,但B组革兰阳性菌对甲氧西林的耐药率显著高于A组（46.2%比19.1%,P = 0.035）。两组革兰阴性菌分布情况及超广谱耐药菌比例差异无统计学意义。B组真菌感染比例显著高于A组（17.8%比6.4%,P = 0.011）。B组初始治疗有效率及临床结局显著差于A组（均P < 0.05）。两组间革兰阴性菌及真菌腹膜炎治疗失败率差异无统计学意义,但B组革兰阳性菌、无菌生长及未作培养腹膜炎治疗失败率显著高于A组（23.1%比1.5%、46.2%比6.7%、22.2%比0%,均P < 0.05）。Logistic回归分析整体资料显示,真菌感染、发病时较长腹膜透析龄、较低血清白蛋白水平为首次腹膜透析相关性腹膜炎治疗失败的独立影响因素（P = 0.000、0.002、0.025）。 结论 长腹膜透析龄患者首次腹膜炎的临床结局较短腹膜透析龄患者差。较高真菌和其他耐药菌感染率以及营养不良是影响其疗效的主要因素。     

影响腹膜透析患者心脏瓣膜钙化与左房增大相关因素分析

目的 探讨腹膜透析患者心脏瓣膜钙化及左房增大的患病率与相关危险因素分析,为有效预防瓣膜钙化及左房增大的发生提供依据.方法 入选深圳市第二人民医院腹透中心稳定的接受规律持续性非卧床腹膜透析(CAPD)的患者,采集患者的人口统计学资料,测定血压,检测生化指标,评估患者的残肾功能和透析充分性,记录用药情况,使用心脏多普勒超声仪检测患者的心脏瓣膜钙化及左房内径情况.采用Logistic回归分析心脏瓣膜钙化和左房增大的危险因素.结果 71例患者入选本研究,男性38例(53.5％),女性33例(46.48％).所入选患者平均年龄(51.7±15.7)岁,平均透析龄(30.04±18.69)个月.其中28例(39.4％)患者存在心脏瓣膜钙化,31例(43.7％)患者存在左房增大.与无心脏瓣膜钙化患者相比,心脏瓣膜钙化患者的年龄(P=0.000)、左房内径(P=0.017)较大;尿素氮(P =0.028)、CTNI(P=0.005)、BNP(P=0.026)较高;总KT/V水平(P =0.007)较低.与左房内径正常的患者相比,左房增大患者的CTNI(P=0.009)、BNP(P =0.005)较高;铁蛋白(P =0.002)、总Ccr (P =0.041)较低.相关性分析表明,左房内径与年龄、CTNI、BNP、心脏瓣膜钙化呈正相关关系(P＜0.05);而血清总钙、铁蛋白、总Ccr呈负相关关系(P＜0.05).多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示年龄(OR=1.151,95％ CI:1.072～1.237,P=0.000),肌酐(OR=1.003,95％ CI:1.000 ～ 1.006,P=0.026)与这些患者发生瓣膜钙化独立正相关.尿素氮(OR=1.401,95％ CI:1.119～1.752,P=0.003),心脏瓣膜钙化(OR=21.149,95％ CI:1.737～ 257.459,P=0.017)与这些患者发生左房增大独立正相关;而尿酸(OR=0.982,95％ CI:0.967 ～ 0.997,P=0.017),视黄醇结合蛋白(OR =0.944,95％ CI:0.899 ～ 0.992,P=0.023),铁蛋白(OR=0.986,95％ CI:0.977 ～0.996,P=0.004)与左房增大独立负相关.结论 腹膜透析患者心脏瓣膜钙化和左房增大患病率较高.年龄、血清肌酐水平是心脏瓣膜钙化的独立危险因素,血清尿氮与心脏瓣膜钙化是左房增大的独立危险因素,血清视黄醇结合蛋白、血清尿酸、铁蛋白水平是左房增大的保护因素.左房增大与心脏瓣膜钙化互为因果,密切相关.     

腹膜透析相关性腹膜炎发生的影响因素及列线图预测模型建立

目的 分析腹膜透析相关性腹膜炎发生的影响因素,建立预测腹膜透析相关性腹膜炎发生风险的列线图模型。方法 收集2016年1月至2021年12月在新乡医学院第一附属医院肾内科规律随访的253例腹膜透析患者的资料。根据是否发生腹膜炎分为非腹膜炎组(170例)和腹膜炎组(83例,发生腹膜炎97次)。采用logistic回归分析比较两组的临床资料,将单因素分析结果中差异有统计学意义的变量纳入多因素logistic回归模型,应用逐步回归法分析腹膜透析相关性腹膜炎发生的影响因素,应用R语言绘制预测腹膜透析相关性腹膜炎发生风险的列线图模型。采用受试者工作特征曲线(receiver operator characteristic curve,ROC)和Hosmer-Lemeshow拟合优度检验P值分别评估模型的区分度和校准度。结果 多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,碱性磷酸酶升高(OR=1.006, 95%CI:1.001～1.011, P<0.05)、白蛋白降低(OR=0.907, 95%CI:0.847～0.972,P<0.01)、中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞比值升高(OR=1.327,95...     

频发腹膜透析相关性腹膜炎的临床特征及危险因素的探讨

目的探讨频发腹膜透析相关性腹膜炎的临床特征及危险因素。方法回顾性分析2007年1月至2014年12月安徽医科大学附属省立医院腹膜透析置管后行持续性非卧床腹膜透析的尿毒症患者,选择1年内发生腹膜炎≥2次者定义为频发组,1年内仅发生1次腹膜炎者定义为单发组,比较2组临床及实验数据差异,并分析频发腹膜透析相关性腹膜炎的危险因素。结果频发组13例,发生感染性腹膜炎30例次,单发组57例,发生感染性腹膜炎57例次。频发组与单发组相比,患者血压和体质量指数明显升高(P0.05),未及时治疗者[7例(53.85%)比13例(22.81%)]及抗感染疗程不足者[5例(38.46%)比8例(14.04%)]增多(P0.05),无效拔管率[5例(38.46%)比7例(12.28%)]增加(P0.05),血红蛋白、血白蛋白显著降低(P0.05),全段甲状旁腺素水平升高(P0.05)。病原学检查分析频发组革兰阴性菌感染率(33.33%)及真菌感染率(10.00%)均较高,但以革兰阴性菌增加的趋势最明显(P=0.035)。2组间置管时年龄、性别、透析时间、文化程度、腹膜炎诱因、病死率、残余肾功能、外周血白细胞、血钙、血磷、C反应蛋白、血总胆固醇、三酰甘油、首次腹透液白细胞数比较差异均无统计学意义。Logistic回归分析显示高体质量指数、严重高血压、低血红蛋白、低血白蛋白为频发腹膜透析相关性腹膜炎的危险因素。结论营养不良、体质量指数过高、严重高血压为腹膜透析者频发腹膜炎的危险因素,积极纠正低蛋白血症、控制血压、保持标准体质量指数,积极按时规范治疗腹腔内源性感染有助于该病的预防和控制。     

慢性肾衰竭腹膜透析患者的预后分析

目的分析慢性肾衰竭腹膜透析患者的生存率及预后影响因素。方法回顾性调查2003年1月至2011年6月在我院规律随访的353例腹膜透析患者,总结患者的预后和退出原因,比较死亡患者与继续腹膜透析患者临床指标差异,分析患者死亡的危险因素和独立危险因素。结果353例患者中退出159例,其中死亡74例,死亡原因主要是心血管疾病。腹膜透析患者1年、2年、3年、4年的生存率分别为92％、80％、68％、58％。Logistic回归分析显示,年龄、糖尿病肾病、血红蛋白、血白蛋白和血肌酐是患者死亡的危险因素。COX回归分析显示,年龄、血红蛋白和血肌酐是死亡的独立危险因素（均P〈0．05）。结论根据年龄、血红蛋白和血肌酐水平可以对腹膜透析患者预后做初步判断,重视患者的营养状况,有利于改善预后、降低死亡率。     

持续非卧床腹膜透析患者腹膜炎的临床分析

目的：通过分析影响持续非卧床腹膜透析（CAPD）患者发生腹膜炎的因素,为腹膜炎的防治制定合理的方案。方法：调查2005年2月1日～2009年10月31日行CAPD患者的临床资料,以单因素方差分析及COX回归法分析影响患者发生腹膜炎的因素。结果：105例患者中有35例发生53次腹膜炎。致病菌中革兰阳性菌多见。术后1月内培养出的致病菌均是球菌类,而术后1月后杆菌类占43.5%。在导致腹膜炎的原因中,操作因素及消化道因素占67.9%。糖尿病患者腹膜炎发生率为36.8%,非糖尿病患者腹膜炎发生率为32.6%。白蛋白浓度下降与患者发生腹膜炎相关（P〈0.01）。结论：腹膜透析相关性腹膜炎最常见的细菌仍是球菌类。术后早期发生的腹膜炎均是球菌类,可能与早期操作不熟练相关;术后1月后杆菌类比例迅速增加,可能为消化道因素增多所致。相对于非糖尿病患者,糖尿病腹膜透析患者腹膜炎的发生率高,无腹膜炎生存时间短。白蛋白浓度降低为腹膜炎发生的高危因素。     

腹膜透析相关性腹膜炎经验用药分析

目的 研究华山医院及宝山分院腹膜透析（腹透）相关性腹膜炎的致病菌、耐药性及患者转归,为临床经验用药提供依据。 方法 回顾性分析2007年1月至2010年1月上述两医院腹透中心收治的93例腹透相关性腹膜炎的临床表现、致病菌、耐药性及转归。 结果 75例腹透液培养阳性,阳性率为80.2％,其中革兰阳性球菌45例,革兰阴性杆菌21例,真菌2例,革兰阳性杆菌1例,革兰阴性球菌1例,多种菌混合感染5例。革兰阳性球菌主要以凝固酶阴性的葡萄球菌为主,所有革兰阳性球菌对万古霉素均敏感,但对头孢唑林耐药率高达60.0%,而且耐药率有明显的逐年增加趋势。革兰阴性菌对头孢他啶的耐药率达到46.1％,所有革兰阴性杆菌对亚胺培南均敏感。因腹膜炎而退出腹膜透析有16例,退出率为17.2％（16/93）。腹腔使用万古霉素对残肾功能无显著影响。 结论 两院腹透中心腹透相关腹膜炎致病菌以革兰阳性球菌为多数。头孢唑啉耐药性逐年增高,目前不再适合作为初始治疗的经验用药。腹腔使用万古霉素可推荐作为革兰阳性菌致腹膜炎的初始经验用药。     

Association between nutrition and peripheral artery disease in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients

Objective To investigate the association between nutrition and peripheral artery disease (PAD) in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients. Methods One hundred and two stable CAPD patients from a single center were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Automatic ankle-brachial index (ABI) measuring system was applied to examine ABI. Patients were divided into PAD group (ABI＜0.9) and non-PAD group (ABI≥0.9). Clinical data were collected. Biochemical parameters were detected. Nutritional status was evaluated by serum albumin, handgrip strength (HGS) and subjective global assessment (SGA). Logistic regression analysis was performed to estimate the association of PAD with each nutritional marker as well as other potential risk factors. Results The incidence of PAD was 23.53% (24/102). ABI was significantly lower in patients with malnutrition as compared to those without malnutrition [(0.72±0.21) vs (1.04±0.14), P＜0.01]. Compared with non-PAD patients, serum albumin (P＜0.01), HGS (P＜0.01), diastolic blood pressure (P＜0.05), serum creatine (P＜0.05)、blood urine nitrogen (P＜0.01) were significantly decreased, but age (P＜0.01), the incidence of malnutrition [SGA, P＜0.01], diabetic status (P＜0.01), cardiovascular disease history (P＜0.01) were significantly increased in PAD patients. Logistic regression analysis showed that serum albumin (OR=0.762, 95％CI：0.611-0.948, P=0.015), HGS (OR=0.988, 95％CI：0.979-0.997, P=0.013) were independent protective factors for PAD, malnutrition [(SGA), OR=21.101, 95％CI：5.008-88.901, P＜0.01] was independent risk factor for PAD in CAPD patients. Conclusions The PAD incidence of CAPD patients in our center is 23.53%. Nutrition is independent factor associated with PAD in CAPD patients.     

Clinical reports for peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis

Objective To investigate causes and risk factors of peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis, explore the pathogenic bacteria and drug sensitivity. Methods CAPD patients suffered peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis were recruited in the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University in 2012. Gender, age and possible risk factors were analyzed by unvaried and multivariate logistic regression analysis. The causes, pathogenic bacteria, drug susceptibility, and validity treated with cefazolin plus ceftazidime were also analyzed. Results Thirty patients suffered peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis and 129 peritoneal dialysis patients without peritonitis as control were included. The main causes for peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis were nonstandard operating steps and intestinal infection. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis was significantly associated with higher CRP level. Of the peritoneal fluid culture, 26 cases were found positive and the positive rate was 76.47%, 19 cases (73.08％) were infected with Gram-positive cocci, 6 cases (23.08％) with Gram-negative bacillus and 1 case (3.85％) with fungi. Drug sensitivity test showed that Gram-positive cocci had the resistance rate to cefazolin(16.67％), and was sensitive to vancomycin in all cases. Gram-negative bacilli had the resistance to ceftazidime (20.00％), and was sensitive to imipenem and meropenem in all cases. All patients were given cefazolin plus ceftazidime as initial treatment. Twenty-seven cases were effective and the primary efficiency were 79.41％. Conclusions The main causes of peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis in our centre were nonstandard operating steps and intestinal infection. The higher CRP level is an independent risk factor of peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis. Gram-positive cocci are the main pathogenic bacteria leading to peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis. There is lower resistance rate in Gram-positive cocci to cefazolin and Gram-negative bacilli to ceftazidime. Cefazolin plus ceftazidime can be an effective medicine on initiinal treatment of peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis.     

Survival analysis in automated peritoneal dialysis patients

Objectives To compare the clinical characteristics, long-term survival and associated risk factors of automated peritoneal dialysis (APD) patients and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients. Methods As a retrospectively study, adult patients started peritoneal dialysis in Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH) from September 1st, 2002 to September 30th, 2016 were enrolled. Baseline information and dialysis associated parameters were collected. The primary outcome was death and the secondary outcome was technical failure. The risk factors of death were analyzed in APD patients by Cox's regression model. Homochromous gender and age matched CAPD patients were analyzed as control. Results The baseline condition of 69 APD patients were similar to those of 138 CAPD patients. The survival rates of APD patients at 1-year、3-year and 5-year were 95.4%, 88.0% and 73.0% respectively, which were superior to CAPD patients. No significant difference in technical survival was found between APD and CAPD patients. Single-factor Cox's regression analysis showed that all-cause mortality of CAPD patients was 2.2 times higher than that of APD patients (95% CI 1.221-3.837). In the multi-factor Cox regression analysis model, adjusted by age, complications (including cardiovascular disease and diabetes), nPCR and serum creatinine, dialysis modality was not an independent risk factor of dialysis patients. Age (HR=1.077, 95%CI 1.016-1.142, P=0.013), diabetes (HR=3.608, 95%CI 1.117-11.660, P=0.032) and serum albumin (HR=0.890, 95%CI 0.808-0.982, P=0.020) were independently associated with all-cause death of APD patients. Conclusions Dialysis modality was not an independent risk factor for the all-cause mortality of peritoneal dialysis patients. Age, diabetic nephropathy and hypoalbuminemia were independently associated with the death of APD patients.     

急性腹透相关性腹膜炎患者超滤和溶质转运的变化

目的：研究持续非卧床腹膜透析（CAPD）患者发生急性腹透相关性腹膜炎时腹膜超滤功能、腹膜对小分子物质转运的变化，以及急性腹膜炎对患者血清白蛋白的影响。方法：对2006年1月～2008年3月期间因腹透相关性腹膜炎住院的22例CAPD患者（男12例，女10例）进行研究，收集腹膜炎发生后第1、3、6、9、12天的血和腹透液标本，分别检测血和腹透液常规及肌酐、糖、白蛋白、Na^＋、K^＋。同时记录每天腹透超滤量，并查看患者腹膜炎发生前最后一次的腹膜平衡试验（PET）结果和腹膜炎发生前2周每日超滤量并计算其均值，分别作为腹膜炎发生后腹膜对肌酐转运及腹膜超滤情况的基线对照组。腹膜溶质转运的计算通过同一时间点该溶质腹透液与血浆的比值（D／P）测得。结果：与腹膜炎发生前腹透超滤量相比，腹膜炎发生后第1、3天超滤量明显减少，呈负超滤（P〈0．01）；腹膜炎发生后各时间点肌酐D／P值均较腹膜炎发生前肌酐D／P值明显升高（P〈0．05）；腹膜炎发生后第3、6、9、12天血清白蛋白水平明显低于腹膜炎发生第1天（P〈0．05）。结论：CAPD合并急性腹膜炎时腹膜超滤功能降低，尤以腹膜炎早期更明显；急性腹膜炎导致腹膜对肌酐的转运增加及患者的血清白蛋白水平降低。     

Association between body-mass index and survival in peritoneal dialysis patients

Objective To evaluate the association between body-mass index and prognosis in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients. Methods In this observational study of a single nephrology unit in Shanghai East Hospital, 81 incident continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis(CAPD) patients were included from Jan 2008 to Dec 2013, whom were followed-up by 36 months or until death. The patients were classified as underweight (BMI＜18.5kg/m2); normal weight (18.5～23.9kg/m2); overweight (24～27.9kg/m2) and obese (BMI≥28kg/m2). The patients and technique survival rates were estimated by Kaplan-Meier analysis. Cox proportional hazards analyses were used to elucidate relationship between BMI and all-cause mortality and technique failure in PD patients. Results The overall survival rate was similar between normal and overweight groups (P=0.96), but significantly lower in underweight group and obese group (P＜0.01 respectively). The overall technical survival rate of obese group was lower compare with normal group (P＜0.01). The main cause of technical failure was peritonitis (81.3%). BMI was positively correlated with albumin (r=0.24, P＜0.05), hemoglobin (r=0.56, P＜0.01), glucose(r=0.23, P＜0.05) and cholesterol (r=0.41, P＜0.01), but negatively correlated with Kt/V (r=-0.36, P＜0.01) and Ccr(r=-0.34, P＜0.01). In adjusted Cox proportional hazard mode 3, obese was independently associated with all-cause mortality (HR: 5.93, 95%CI: 1.10～31.79). Obese and peritonitis were independently associated with technical failure (HR: 10.33, 95%CI: 1.04～78.02 and HR: 2.74, 95%CI: 1.17～6.40 respectively). Conclusions Underweight and obese CAPD patients have poorer outcome. Obese CAPD patients also have lower technical survival rate. Obesity was an independent risk factor for all-cause mortality in CAPD patients.     

持续性非卧床腹膜透析患者119例死亡原因分析

目的 分析持续性非卧床腹膜透析（CAPD）患者的死亡原因,为延长患者生存时间提供依据.方法 回顾性分析119例CAPD患者的死亡原因,并与同期126例CAPD存活患者相比较,以寻找其死亡的高危因素.结果 心血管并发症、脑血管意外和营养不良是最主要的死亡原因,分别占30.3%、24.4%和16.8%.与存活组相比,死亡组的年龄、动脉血压（收缩压和舒张压）、胆固醇和C反应蛋白升高（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）,死亡组左心室肥大的比例升高（P〈0.01）,而心脏射血分数、血红蛋白、血浆白蛋白、主观综合性营养评估、尿素氮清除率、透析前残余肾功能和透析前尿量降低（P〈0.01）.结论 心脑血管并发症和营养不良是CAPD患者最主要的死亡原因,与残余肾功能减退、左心室肥大、高血压、蛋白质丢失和微炎症等因素有关.保护残余肾功能、积极有效地控制高血压、纠正营养不良和减少腹膜炎的发生率将有助于延长患者生存时间,降低死亡率.     

慢性肾脏病患者高血压的控制及其相关因素

目的 研究并发高血压的住院慢性肾脏病（CKD）患者的降压药使用和血压控制情况,以及其相关因素。 方法 对象为2009年3月至2010年4月期间于本院住院的并发高血压的CKD患者共726例,记录其基本资料、血压、降压药使用及其他相关资料,分析其用药方案及血压控制率。 结果 91.74%患者接受了降压治疗,分别有21.21%、22.59%、19.56%、28.37%患者使用1、2、3、≥4种降压药。CKD患者总体高血压控制率为42.4%,平均血压为（137.86±20.75）/（76.30±11.35） mm Hg。CKD1+2、3、4+5期（未透析）、透析组的高血压控制率分别为50.8%、46.7%、42.0%、33.5%,各组间差异有统计学意义（P < 0.05）。非透析组高血压控制率（<130/80 mm Hg）显著高于透析组（<140/90 mm Hg）（44.9%比33.5%,P < 0.05）。血透组与腹透组高血压控制率差异无统计学意义（32.3%比38.7%,P > 0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,女性（优势比OR=1.787,95%CI 1.045~3.056）和应用ACEI类降压药（OR=4.378,95%CI 1.830~10.472）是高血压控制的有利因素;而脉压差增大（OR=0.847,95%CI 0.811~0.885）和并发糖尿病（OR=0.415,95%CI 0.188~0.919）是高血压控制的不利因素。 结论 住院CKD患者的高血压治疗率很高,但控制率仍较低。女性、ACEI类降压药是CKD患者血压控制的有利因素,而脉压差大、糖尿病是血压控制不良的独立危险因素。     

维持性血液透析患者外周动脉疾病与全因死亡的相关性

目的 通过测量踝肱指数（ABI）调查维持性血液透析（MHD）患者下肢外周动脉疾病（PAD）,观察其与透析患者全因死亡的关系.方法 纳入四川省人民医院血液净化中心177例MHD患者,收集其一般资料、透析前血压、实验室检查结果,并测量ABI.以任何一侧ABI＜0.90作为下肢动脉缺血的诊断标准,随访29个月,采用Kaplan-Meier及Cox回归分析下肢动脉疾病与患者全因死亡的关系.结果 下肢缺血PAD的患病率为12.5％ （22/177）,PAD组患者年龄较高[（67±16）岁比（58± 15）岁,P=0.017].Kaplan-Meier分析提示,PAD组患者生存率低于无PAD组（P＜0.001）;Cox分析显示,校正年龄、性别、透析龄、糖尿病、冠心病之后,PAD患者死亡风险是无PAD患者的3.39倍（95％可信区间1.44～7.97,P=0.005）,糖尿病（风险比=2.917,95％可信区间1.280～6.649,P=0.011）和年龄（风险比=1.042,95％可信区间1.007～ 1.077,P=0.018）也是该人群死亡的危险因素.结论 MHD患者外周血管疾病患病率较高,PAD、糖尿病和年龄是MHD患者死亡的独立危险因素.