头静脉与贵要静脉伴行汇合注入腋静脉1例

在供学生局部解剖的40具成人尸体中,发现单侧头静脉与贵要静脉汇合注入腋静脉的变异,此种变异罕见,现报告如下.     

头静脉汇入腋静脉或锁骨下静脉夹角对经头静脉入路PICC置管术的影响

目的　探讨头静脉汇入腋静脉或锁骨下静脉夹角对经头静脉入路上肢外周静脉穿刺中心静脉置管（peripherally inserted central catheters，PICC）操作的影响。 方法　解剖38具（76侧）捐献者遗体，测量和分析上肢外展0 °和90 °时男、女两侧头静脉汇入腋静脉或锁骨下静脉的夹角。 结果　头静脉汇入腋静脉或锁骨下静脉的前外侧壁，汇入处管径平均为（7.27±2.94）mm，95%可信区间为6.51~8.03 mm，夹角有锐角、直角和钝角3种类型。上肢外展0 °时，夹角平均为（47.14±27.02）°，95%可信区间为40.97°~63.32°；上肢外展90°时，夹角平均为（63.88±24.26）°，大于上肢外展0°时夹角，95%可信区间为53.96°~65.64°。上肢外展0°时，男、女夹角无明显差异，而上肢外展90°时男性夹角大于女性夹角。上肢外展0°和90°时，左、右侧夹角均无明显差异。 结论　经头静脉入路PICC术时，男、女两侧头静脉汇入腋静脉或锁骨下静脉的夹角不影响导管通过，但有少部分人夹角接近或大于90°，尤其男性上肢外展90°可能增加导管通过夹角的难度，操作中需加以注意。     

Applied anatomy on reconstructions of the portal vein and renal vein using the femoral vein

目的:探讨股静脉作为血管移植材料替代门静脉和肾静脉的可行性与安全性.方法:解剖观察60具成年人尸体(男32具,女28具)的114侧下肢的股静脉、腘静脉、股深静脉及交通支,以及门静脉主干和左、右肾静脉.测量股深静脉汇入股静脉点至收肌腱裂孔下缘的股静脉段长度和压扁外径,即股静脉可切取的解剖长度,以及门静脉主干,左、右肾静脉的长度及压扁外径.结果:男性股静脉可切取的解剖长度为18.8 cm±2.3cm,压扁外径15.8 mm±0.8mm;女性股静脉可切取的解剖长度为15.1 cm±1.5 cm,压扁外径14.0mm±1.1 mm;股静脉可切取的长度与性别和身高之间存在相关关系,男、女股静脉压扁外径比较差异有统计学意义.14.0％肢体存在双股静脉的变异现象;42.1％肢体存在一支外径较粗(＞2 mm)的股-腘静脉侧支;33.3％肢体存在一支外径较粗(＞2 mm)的股深腘静脉交通支;仅17.5％肢体不伴有股-腘静脉侧支和股深-腘静脉交通支.门静脉主干长度和压扁外径分别为6.8cm±0.8cm,19.2 mm±0.8 mm;左肾静脉长度和压扁外径分别为6.5 cm±0.6 cm,20.4 mm±0.6 mm;右肾静脉长度和压扁外径分别为2.8 cm±0.5cm,17.4 mm±0.7mm.门静脉主干及左、右肾静脉的长度和压扁外径不存在性别差异.结论:大隐静脉和股-腘静脉侧支或股深-腘静脉交通支的存在,保证了切取股静脉作为血管移植材料是可靠的、安全的;可切取的股静脉能够满足门静脉、肾静脉重建的长度及口径要求.     

头静脉注入颈内静脉1例

<正>作者在局部解剖学尸体解剖过程中发现1例成年男尸左侧头静脉注入颈内静脉,这种变异非常少见,为了积累解剖学资料,现报道如下。本例标本身长178 cm。左上肢头静脉起自手背静脉网桡侧,在"鼻烟窝"区内形成,沿前臂桡侧上行,于距腕横纹8.5cm处转行至前臂前面继续上行。在肘窝注入肘正中静脉,于     

副半奇静脉注入左头臂静脉1例

作者在解剖1具男性尸体时，见其副半奇静脉注入左头臂静昧的变异，现报道如下： 该例副半奇静脉由第1～3肋间后静脉在脊柱左侧缘汇聚而成，起始端直径约为4．9mm，在左侧纵隔胸膜的覆盖下，绕过主动脉弓左侧缘，向右依次跨过左锁骨下动脉、左颈总动脉的根部，最后注入左头臂静脉，全长为7．25cm，在注入左头臂静脉端的直径为5．7mm，该静脉尚收集胸前壁的1条小静脉，     

Facial vein terminating in the external jugular vein An embryologic interpretation

The external jugular v. (EJV) is increasingly being used for therapeutic procedures and monitoring by clinicians. In view of this clinical relevance, dissection was done on the head and neck regions in 40 adult cadavers of Indian origin to detect variations of the EJV. Though several patterns of tributaries were found, a facial v. (FV) of considerable size was observed coursing obliguely to join the EJV in the neck in four cases (5%). The distance of the junction of the FV and the EJV from the angle of the mandible ranged between 55 and 104 mm. This may represent a persistent communication of the primitive linguofacial v. with the secondarily developing EJV. This anastomotic channel is present for some time in the fetus but later undergoes retrogression. Its persistence in some individuals results in this variation.     

Phlebectasia of the external jugular vein associated with duplication of the internal jugular vein

The most common cause of a neck mass that increases in size on the Valsalva maneuver is laryngocele. Jugular phlebectasia is a congenital dilation of the jugular vein, which is extremely rare in adults, may present similarly. Duplication of the internal jugular vein (IJV), which is usually encountered coincidentally, is another rare anatomic variation. Isolated cases or cases associated with IJV ectasia have been reported. We report on an adult patient with coexisting external jugular phlebectasia and internal jugular duplication on the same side.     

Evaluation of soleal vein thrombosis

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is closely associated with pulmonary thromboembolism. In approximately 90% of case, the lower limbs are the source of DVT. The detection rate for de novo and chronic thrombus of the soleal vein is highest in the embolism position of deep vein thrombosis. Because there are few symptoms characteristic for soleal vein thrombosis, its diagnosis by the clinical symptoms is very difficult. Recently, ultrasonography has become the first choice for the imaging and diagnosis of DVT, and is also useful for the diagnosis of soleal vein thrombus. In particular, it is very important for the detection of thrombus in the soleal vein return course.     

Ultrastructure of popliteal vein aneurysm

The term aneurysm is used to indicate a permanent and irreversible localized vascular dilatation that involves all three layers of the blood vessel wall. It may develop in any part of the circulatory system, including veins, and its history, presentation, and management differ depending on the location. A venous aneurysm is defined as a solitary area of fusiform or saccular dilatation occurring in the course of a major vein or connected by a single channel to a major venous structure. The lower extremities are the most frequently affected, with the popliteal vein being the most common site. Although different theories have been advanced, the etiology of the disease remains uncertain. Mechanical stress and/or degenerative changes within the vein wall are believed to represent the most likely causes of venous aneurysm. To date, there are only a few publications dealing with the histological appearance of popliteal vein aneurysm, and no studies that specifically describe its ultrastructural details have been published to our knowledge. In an attempt to fill this gap and to provide better insights into the pathophysiological mechanisms possibly involved in aneurysmal venous disease, we describe the fine structure of popliteal vein wall and valve in health and disease using both scanning and transmission electron microscopy.