阳萎病因相关因素的调查研究

本文采用“男女性功能电脑测评与诊断系统”随机调查７８对阳萎患者夫妇和４６对性功能正常夫妇，调查分为患者本人因素和配偶因素两个方面，内容除男女双方的性功能状况外，还包括与阳萎病因有关的社会因素，家庭因素，情绪因素，躯体因素，药物因素及性心理因素等。     

负压缩窄装置（VCD）治疗阳萎139例的经验

报告１９８９￣１９９７年用负压缩窄装置（ＶＣＤ）治疗各种病因的阳萎患者１３９例，取得较好效果，病人及其配偶恢复了较满意的性生活。本文讨论了ＶＣＤ治疗阳萎的适应证，禁忌证，并发症和可接受的优点。并着重指出医师对病人详尽而具体的指导，是使用取得成功的主要因素。     

双功能彩色多普勒超声对静脉性阳萎血流动力学研究

１６例静脉性阳萎在海绵体血管活性药物注射后，采用双功能彩色多普勒超声（ＤＣＤＳ）来监测血流动力学变化，并用３２例功能性阳萎作对照组。背深动脉监测指标：１．舒张期内径（ＡＤ），２．最大收缩期流速（ＰＳＶ），３．舒张末期流速（ＥＤＶ），４．阻力指数（ＲＩ），５．血流加速度（ＡＣＣ）。背深静脉监测指标：１．静脉内径（ＶＤ），２．血液流速（ＶＶ）。研究结果提示静脉性阳萎ＥＤＶ＞Ｏｃｍ／ｓｅｃ，ＲＩ＜１，均Ｐ＜０．０１。背深静脉显示持续性、高流速血液回流。我们认为采用ＤＣＤＳ监测对客观评估静脉性阳萎血流动力学变化和静脉性阳萎的诊断均有一定价值。     

男科病人内分泌激素放免测定意义初探

目的：探讨男科病人内分泌激素与不育症、性功能障碍之间的关系。方法：采用放免法（ＲＩＡ）对正常组２０例、不育症组６８例、性功能障碍组４２例进行卵泡刺激（ＦＳＨ）、黄体生成素（ＬＨ）、催乳素（ＰＲＬ）睾酮（Ｔ＿雌二醇（Ｅ２）的测定。采用方差分析和两两对比进行实验结果分析，结果：Ｔ于正常组与不育症组有非常显著差异，不育症组与性功能障碍组差异显著。ＦＳＨ于不 育?     

男女性功能电脑（图文）测评与诊断系统

男女性功能电脑（图文）测评与诊断系统（ＳｃｈｅｄｕｌｅｓｆｏｒＣｌｉｎｉｃａｌＡｓｓｅｓｓｍｅｎｔｏｎＳｅｘｕａｌＦｕｎｃｔｉｏｎ，ＳＣＡＳＦ）该软件系统及其“用户使用指南”由上海市计划生育科学研究所、上海生殖健康研究与发展中心开发研制。１９９０年至...     

承气合剂等对内毒素体内诱生肿瘤坏死因子的影响

本实验采用肿瘤坏死因子（ＴＮＦ）细胞毒生物测定法及巨噬细胞酸性磷酸酶（ＡＣＰ）生化检测法，观察了经单一因素和复合因素预处理的小鼠在接受致死量内毒素（ＬＰＳ）注射后血清ＴＮＦ水平及腹腔巨噬细胞ＡＣＰ含量的变化。结果表明。当腹腔注射ＬＰＳ９０分钟后，各组小鼠血清ＴＮＦ均有不同程度的升高，生理盐水组最明显（Ｐ＜０．０１）。氢化考的松对ＬＰＳ体内诱生ＴＮＦ具有明显的抑制效应（Ｐ＜０．０１），其巨噬细胞ＡＣＰ值与血清ＴＮＦ水平具有明显的直线相关关系（Ｐ＜０．００２５）。结果提示：小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞活性与其分泌ＴＮＦ强度间可能具有一定的联系。承气合剂组血清ＴＮＦ值低于生理盐水组；但其巨噬细胞ＡＣＰ却明显高于其它各组。本文通过分析血清ＴＮＦ值与巨噬细胞活性间的这种不协调性，阐述了承气合剂所具有的直接或间接地抑制巨噬细胞释放过程的可能性。     

慢性肾功能衰竭血浆P物质,心钠素与肾功能的关系

目的了解慢性肾功能衰竭（ＣＲＦ）患者血浆Ｐ物质（ＳＰ）、心钠素（ＡＮＰ）含量变化与肾功能的关系。方法采用放射免疫分析法检测正常对照组及ＣＲＦ组血液透析前后ＳＰ、ＡＮＰ，同时测定血清肌酐（Ｓｃｒ）。结果（１）透析前ＳＰ显著高于正常对照组（Ｐ＜００１），透析后ＳＰ高于透析前（Ｐ＜００５）；ＳＰ透析前与Ｓｃｒ呈正相关（ｒ＝０６６，Ｐ＜００５），ＳＰ透析后与Ｓｃｒ呈负相关（ｒ＝－０４６，Ｐ＜００５）；（２）透析前ＡＮＰ显著高于对照组（Ｐ＜００１），透析后ＡＮＰ显著低于透析前（Ｐ＜００５），ＡＮＰ透析前后与Ｓｃｒ呈正相关（ｒ＝０８２，Ｐ＜００５）；（３）透析前后ＳＰ变化值与ＡＮＰ变化值呈负相关（ｒ＝－０４８，Ｐ＜００５）。结论ＣＲＦ患者血浆ＳＰ、ＡＮＰ含量的变化与肾功能的改变有较明显的相关性。     

性功能电脑测评与诊断系统在男性性功能障碍诊断中的应用

本文应用上海生殖健康研究与发展中心研制的ＳＣＡＳＦ诊断软件，对上海市计划生育科学研究所泌尿男性学专科１３２名男性性功能正常者和１７３名男性性功能障碍者进行性功能症状临床评定，研究结果表明：ＳＣＡＳＦ的重测法信度ｒ值为０．８４～０．９７，联合法信度ｒ值为０．８２～０．９５；经验效度系数ｒ值为０．７１～０．８４，说明ＳＣＡＳＦ的可靠性和准确性都很好。同时ＳＣＡＳＦ的可接受性与可行性的良好满意度达９７％，表示ＳＣＡＳＦ完全能够适合我国国情。因此ＳＣＡＳＦ能作为我国男性性功能障碍的标准化诊断量表。     

卵磷脂胆固醇酰基转移酶及舒降之在肾病性高脂血症中的关系研究

探讨卵磷脂胆固醇酰基转移酶（ＬＣＡＴ）活性下降是否肾病性高血脂血症的病因之一，以及舒降之与ＬＣＡＴ的关系。方法观察正常鼠、肾病鼠及舒降之治疗肾病鼠前后血脂指标及ＬＣＡＴ活性（摩尔酯化率ＭＥＲ及酯化分数ＦＥＲ）变化。结果肾病组的ＭＥＲ比正常对照组显著升高，而ＦＥＲ则显著降低。舒降之治疗后的各项血脂指标均显著改善，而ＬＣＡＴ的ＦＥＲ显著升高。结论肾病性高脂血症的ＬＣＡＴ活性下降是高胆固醇的结果而非其病因之一。舒降之降低高血脂导致ＬＣＡＴ活性继发性升高，而非通过提高ＬＣＡＴ活性而达到治疗效果。     

参附注射液对缺血再灌注家兔多脏器损伤的治疗作用

目的：观察参附注射液（ＳＦ）对缺血再灌注家兔多脏器细胞损伤的保护作用。方法：家兔１８只，采用失血性休克模型，随机分为三组，检测多脏器组织中ＳＯＤ、ＭＤＡ、ＴＮＦ含量及血浆酸性磷酸酶（ＡＣＰ）、镁浓度，小肠组织作透射电镜观察。结果：再灌９０分钟后ＳＦ治疗组肝、肾、肺、肠组织中的ＭＤＡ和ＴＮＦ水平低于对照组，ＳＯＤ水平则高于对照组，血ＡＣＰ、Ｍｇ２＋浓度治疗组低于对照组。电镜观察，肠粘膜上皮细胞损伤ＳＦ组不明显。结论：ＳＦ对兔缺血再灌注多脏器细胞的损伤有保护作用。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.