皮肤外科门诊手术切口感染相关因素分析

【】目的 了解皮肤外科门诊手术切口感染发生情况,并分析其危险因素。方法 选择皮肤外科门诊手术患者930例,共1101个手术伤口,记录患者手术切口感染发生情况,采用自设的门诊手术切口感染危险因素调查表收集资料。结果 皮肤外科门诊手术患者切口感染发生率6.1%。Logistic回归分析显示,手术部位、糖尿病史、吸烟史、切口长度、拆线时间、术后疼痛、外用抗生素软膏、手术季节是皮肤外科门诊手术切口感染发生的危险因素。结论 皮肤外科门诊手术患者切口感染发生与自身、疾病手术、术后护理多种危险因素相关,应通过全面的危险因素评估,采取有效的预防措施,加强护理宣教,降低切口感染的发生。     

Comparison of preemptive analgesic effects of a single dose of nonopioid analgesics for pain management after ambulatory surgery: A prospective, randomized, single-blind studyin Turkish patients

Background:

Preemptive analgesia used for postsurgical pain management has been shown to reduce the requirements of postoperative analgesics.

Objective:

The aim of this study was to compare the preemptive analgesic effects of diflunisal, naproxen sodium, meloxicam, acetaminophen, and rofecoxin (no longer available in some markets) in patients undergoing ambulatory dental surgery and the need for postoperative pain management in these patients.

Methods:

This prospective, randomized, single-blind study was conducted at the Departments of Anesthesiology and Reanimation and Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Baskent University, Adana Teaching and Medical Research Center, Adana, Turkey. Turkish outpatients aged ≥ 16 years with American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status 1 (ie, healthy) and scheduled to undergo surgical extraction of an impacted third molar were enrolled. Patients were randomly assigned to receive diflunisal 500 mg, naproxen sodium 550 mg, meloxicam 7.5 mg, acetaminophen 500 mg, or rofecoxib 12.5 mg. All medications were administered orally 1 hour before surgery as preemptive analgesia and after surgery if needed, up to the maximum recommended dose. Surgery was performed with the patient under local anesthesia (articaine hydrochloride). Pain intensity was assessed using a 100-mm visual analog scale (VAS) (0 = none to 100 = worst possible pain) at 2, 4, 6, and 12 hours after ambulatory surgery. The use of additional analgesics was recorded for 24 hours using patient diaries. Postoperative adverse events were recorded using the diaries.

Results:

One hundred fifty patients (108 women, 42 men; mean [SE] age, 26.8 [0.6] years; 30 patients per group) had data available for analysis. Demographic data were similar between the 5 groups. No significant differences in mean VAS scores were found between the 5 groups at any time point. All mean VAS scores indicated minor pain. The rate of additional postoperative analgesics required was significantly lower in the diflunisal group compared with groups receiving naproxen sodium, meloxicam, acetaminophen, and rofecoxib (3 [10%] patients vs 11 [37%], 15 [50%], 15 [50%], and 14 [47%] patients, respectively; all, P < 0.05). Bleeding at the surgical site was reported in 2 patients each in the diflunisal, naproxen sodium, meloxicam, and acetaminophen groups, and in 1 patient in the rofecoxib group; the between-group differences were not significant. No significant differences in the prevalences of other adverse effects (eg, nausea, vomiting, allergy, gastrointestinal symptoms) were found between the 5 treatment groups.

Conclusions:

In the present study in patients undergoing third molar extraction, adequate preemptive analgesia, based on VAS scores, was found with all of the nonopioid analgesic agents used. Fewer patients required rescue medication with diflunisal. All 5 study drugs were similarly well tolerated.     

Patients' experiences of laparoscopic cholecystectomy in day surgery

Previous research has concentrated mainly on surgical aspects and postoperative complication rates after day surgery laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC), and less on patients' experiences and nursing care aspects. A qualitative study was conducted aimed at investigating patients' experiences of LC in day surgery. Ten women and two men were interviewed. The material was coded, categorized and analysed using qualitative analysis. The findings demonstrate that individuals with gallstone disease experience limitations in their daily life and feelings of socially handicapped. Prior to surgery, the patients felt anxious and expressed a wish for tranquilizers, and to meet the surgeon responsible. At discharge after day surgery, amnesia was experienced and the respondents did not remember important information about the operation given by the surgeon. Experience of postoperative pain varied greatly. Several respondents had a relapse of pain on the third day lasting up to 1 week. The need for additional pain medication and a bloated feeling were reported. Some respondents reported nausea and vomiting, and most had questions about wound care. The need for additional telephone follow-up was mentioned, as was the fact that it was difficult to come home to small children. However, the great majority felt that returning home on the same day as the operation, was positive.     

Pain management following discharge after ambulatory same-day surgery

AIM AND BACKGROUND: Same-day surgeries are becoming routine for many surgical procedures. However, the degree to which patients need help with pain management at home following laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC), shoulder, or hand ambulatory day surgery has received minimal examination. This study examined pain and related interference, analgesic use and adverse events, complications and resources utilized, and adequacy of postdischarge information at four time periods. METHODS: Data were collected from 180 patients by telephone interviews at 24, 48 and 72 hours, and 7 days after discharge. Patients (n = 78 hand, 48 shoulder, 54 LC surgery) were on average 41 years old. RESULTS: For all patients, worst 24-hour pain was reported as moderate to severe at all time periods. Using repeated measures anova demonstrated that shoulder patients had significantly more pain and overall pain-related interference, particularly in sleep and work, from 24 hours to day 7 than did hand or LC patients. The main analgesic taken was acetaminophen (paracetamol) with codeine 30 mg; 50% took no analgesia from 72 hours. About 20% experienced analgesic adverse events within 72 hours, mainly constipation and nausea. Only 相似文献   

加速康复理念下术前禁食禁水在肝脏外科择期手术中的应用

目的 探讨加速康复外科(enhanced recovery after surgery,ERAS)理念下术前禁食6h禁水2h在肝脏手术中的应用效果。方法 将2018年1月-2月进行肝脏手术的患者作为对照组,2018年3月-4月进行肝脏手术的患者作为干预组。对照组实施传统的方法,在术前晚8pm禁食10pm禁水。干预组采用加速康复外科理念下术前禁食禁水的要求,术前禁食6h和禁水2h。基于ERAS理念下,病区组建了医护一体化的术前禁食禁水管理小组,在对医护人员进行培训后开始系列管理工作。包括根据不同的手术开始时间进行个性化禁食禁水开始时间的管理；医护合作,及时调整禁食禁水开始时间；制定各班护士在术前禁食禁水中的工作职责；落实患者的健康教育等。结果 干预组患者术前禁食禁水明显短于对照组,干预组患者的口渴、饥饿、焦虑的发生率明显低于对照组,干预组术前补液量明显少于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 基于ERAS理念下的术前禁食禁水措施在肝脏外科择期手术中得到了应用,避免了长时间禁食禁水造成的不适症状,提高了患者对手术的耐受力,缩短了术后住院时间。     

术前新禁食方案对腹部择期手术患者的影响

目的探讨腹部择期手术患者实施术前新禁食方案对术中、术后的影响,并对其可行性进行分析。方法将80例患者随机分为观察组与对照组各40例。对照组给予常规禁饮禁食,观察组给予新禁食方案,对2组患者术前、术中及术后相关指标进行比较分析。结果 2组患者在术前胃液量、术中胃液量、术中误吸、术后呕吐、术后恶心、术后肺炎方面比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);观察组患者在术前饥饿、口渴、焦虑程度方面优于对照组(P0.05);2组患者术前及术后胰岛素抵抗程度比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);组内比较,观察组患者术前与术后胰岛素抵抗程度比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05),对照组患者术前与术后胰岛素抵抗程度比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论术前新禁食方案并未增加患者术前及术中的胃液量,以及术中及术后呕吐、误吸等发生率,但能有效减轻患者术前饥饿、口渴、焦虑以及术后胰岛素抵抗程度,对腹部择期手术患者实施术前新禁食方案安全有效,切实可行。     

择期手术患儿禁食禁饮时间现状及研究进展

通过中国知网（CNKI）和万方数据库等检索相关文献,对择期手术患儿术前禁食、禁饮时间的研究现状及进展进行综述,提出术前禁食、禁饮时间过长,会对患儿产生不良影响,建议适当缩短择期手术患儿术前禁饮时间,在术前禁食4～6 h,术前2h饮清液体可改善患儿自身感受,减轻患儿不适,满足其机体需要,缓解口渴感,同时降低患儿发生脱水的风险,且不会增加呕吐及误吸的发生率。     

日间手术在单纯性白内障手术患者中的应用

目的探讨日间手术应用于白内障手术患者的效果,为临床白内障手术选择最优的手术方式提供依据。方法选取单眼单纯白内障患者160例采用随机数字表法随机分为日间手术组和住院手术组各80例,日间手术组患者在门诊完成术前检查,约定手术时间入院并行手术,24h内出院回家休养,住院手术组患者住院后完成术前检查等待安排手术,手术后观察几天无异常即可出院,比较两组患者术前待床天数、住院天数及医疗费用情况。结果住院手术组术前待床天数为18．0d,日间手术组为1．2d;住院手术组住院时间为（5．15±1．36）d,日间手术组为（1．00±0．00）d,差异有统计学意义（t=27．286,P〈0．01）;住院手术组医疗费用为（6901．72±392．43）元,大于日间手术组的（6499．13±134．05）元,差异有统计学意义（t=8．683,P〈0．01）。结论单纯性白内障手术采用日间手术的方式,能降低医疗费用,缩短住院时间,可作为首选治疗方式。     

择期手术患儿术前禁食禁饮时间过长原因分析及对策

目的规范择期手术患儿术前禁食、禁饮的时间和方法。方法采用面对面访谈的方法,按照自行设计的调查表,询问200例择期手术患儿家长患儿实际禁食禁饮的起止时间;患儿是否出现禁食禁饮所致的不良反应,如口渴、饥饿、哭闹、脱水等,家长的焦虑程度。结果医嘱要求患儿术前禁食4～8h,禁饮4h。择期手术患儿术前实际禁食、禁饮的时间普遍过长,〈6个月患儿平均禁食8．11h、禁饮8．02h;～12个月的患儿平均禁食9．81h、禁饮9．38h;～3岁患儿平均禁食10．98h、禁饮10．21h;～7岁患儿平均禁食15．12h、禁饮14．12h。〈6个月的婴儿及新生儿均出现口渴、饥饿、哭闹等不良反应,6例有轻度脱水表现;～12个月患儿有64．0％出现口渴、饥饿、哭闹等不良反应,2例有轻度脱水表现;～3岁患儿有44．0％出现哭闹,60．0％诉饥饿口渴,2例有轻度脱水表现;～7岁患儿有12．0％出现哭闹,36．0％诉口渴,48．0％诉饥饿,没有患儿出现脱水表现。对家长的焦虑评价中,45．0％的家长〉4分。结论目前择期手术患儿术前禁食禁饮时间过长。择期手术患儿术前禁食禁饮时间过长的原因与以下几方面有关：医护人员及患儿家长认识上存有误区;医护人员工作流程不规范,工作不够细致;对家属宣教欠缺,家长配合欠佳。为避免择期手术患儿术前禁食禁饮时间过长造成患儿不适及出现不良反应,需要医护人员更新观念,规范工作流程,加强宣教,加强医患合作。     

Nurses' perceptions of preoperative teaching for ambulatory surgical patients

Title. Nurses’ perceptions of preoperative teaching for ambulatory surgical patients. Aim. This paper is a report of a study to examine nurses’ perceptions of the importance of providing preoperative information to ambulatory surgical patients, and factors that might influence their provision of such teaching. Background. Ambulatory surgery is now widespread and creates a challenge for nurses to provide preoperative teaching in the limited contact time they have with patients. Although nurses act as key educators in patient teaching, little is known about their perceptions of the importance of preoperative teaching, or about current practice in the provision of such teaching for ambulatory surgical patients. Methods. A self‐administered questionnaire including demographics and the Preoperative Teaching Questionnaire was completed by 91 of the 169 eligible nurses (response rate 53·8%) working in day‐surgery units, operating theatres or outpatient clinics providing ambulatory surgery services in two public hospitals in Hong Kong in 2005. Results. A discrepancy between nurses’ perceptions and practice in relation to the provision of preoperative information was found. Limited teaching aids, tight operation schedules and language barriers affected the delivery of preoperative information to ambulatory surgical patients. Conclusion. The results highlight the importance of reviewing current preoperative teaching methods and improving the effectiveness of such teaching to enhance the quality of care for ambulatory surgical patients.     

Recombinant activated factor VII in paediatric cardiac surgery

Objective To review the use of recombinant activated factor VII in paediatric cardiac surgery.Design Retrospective chart review.Setting Paediatric intensive care unit in a stand-alone university-affiliated childrens hospital.Patients and participants Cardiac surgical patients who received recombinant activated factor VII (rFVIIa, NovoSeven; NovoNordisk, Copenhagen, Denmark) between June 2002 and June 2003 at The Childrens Hospital at Westmead.Results Six children undergoing cardiac surgery received rFVIIa. Recombinant activated factor VII was administered if bleeding was excessive and persisted despite appropriate investigation and attention to haemostasis by surgical and medical staff. An intravenous dose of 180 µg/kg was given and repeated 2 h later. All of the six patients responded well to rFVIIa with achievement of haemostasis. No adverse events were noted.Conclusions Recombinant activated factor VII achieved haemostasis in six paediatric cardiac surgical patients. Good outcomes and no adverse events were noted in these children.     

Adopting Preoperative Fasting Guidelines

In 1999, the American Society of Anesthesiologists adopted preoperative fasting guidelines to enhance the quality and efficiency of patient care. Guidelines suggest that healthy, non-pregnant patients should fast six hours from solids and two hours from liquids. Although these guidelines are in place, studies suggest that providers are still using the blanket statement “NPO after midnight” without regard to patient characteristics, the procedure, or the time of the procedure.Using theory to help change provider's beliefs may help make change more successful. Rogers' Theory of Diffusion of Innovations can assist in changing long-time practice by laying the groundwork for an analysis of the benefits and disadvantages of proposed changes, such as changes to fasting orders, while helping initiate local protocols instead of additional national guidelines. AORN J 90 (July 2009) 73-80. © AORN, Inc, 2009.     

Five millimetre-instruments in paediatric robotic surgery: Advantages and shortcomings

Purpose: The study was designed to assess the utility and controversies surrounding the usage of 5-mm instruments in paediatric robotic surgery. Adequate, delicate instruments for surgery in very narrow spaces are still lacking. Material and methods: Thirty children underwent elective abdominal robotic surgery. Working sites, assembly and operative time, hospital stay, advantages, complications and shortcomings are reported. Results: Interventions were performed in the following anatomical sites: 11 upper abdominal, nine pelvic, ten renal procedures. The majority of procedures required two operative trocars. A 2–3 mm accessory port was necessary for operations in the renal area and upper abdomen. The ports had to be placed at least 3 cm from the costal margins and superior iliac spines and at an angle of at least 130° with respect to the camera trocar. This configuration allowed intra-corporal knotting, vessel ligation and dissection with instruments in the inverted position. Operative times and hospital stays were similar to those reported for 8 mm-instruments. Conclusion: The use of 5-mm instruments was advantageous in renal and pelvic sites. The benefits in upper abdominal surgery need further evaluation, particularly in patients weighing <10 kg. Smaller sized instruments with high endowrist dexterity would resolve the problems encountered in paediatric robotic-assisted surgery using 5-mm instruments.     

品管圈在减少日间手术患者传统术前禁食禁饮方法不良反应发生率中的应用

目的：探讨品管圈在减少日间手术患者传统术前禁食禁饮方法不良反应发生率的效果探究。紧随外科快速康复的理念，改变宣教方式，制定详细的流程图，严格筛选患者，有效避免过长时间禁食禁饮给患者带来不适症状。方法：2019年4月至2019年9月，选择在外科日间手术治疗且麻醉方式为全麻及椎管内麻醉的患者300例为研究对象，其中2019年3月12日至3月30日刚开展品管圈活动前的150例为对照组，2019年8月1日至8月20日已开展品管圈活动的150例患者为干预组。以“减少日间手术患者传统术前禁食禁饮不良反应发生率”为主题，应用品管圈（quality control circle,QCC)10大步骤开展品管圈活动。结果：日间手术患者传统术前禁食禁饮的不良反应发生率由改善前的116.67%降低至32.67%，目标达标率为118%。结论：QCC运用到减少日间手术患者传统术前禁食禁饮不良反应发生的效果显著，是一种行之有效的质量管理工具，同时增加了圈员之间的团结合作以及学习的氛围，也提高了护理工作者的专业知识的能力和解决问题的能力。