彩色多普勒超声心动图顺序分段法诊断胎儿先天性心脏病的研究

目的　评价彩色多普勒超声心动图 (UCG)顺序分段法诊断胎儿先天性心脏病 (CHD)的准确性和临床价值。方法　 2 0 0 0年 2月至 2 0 0 2年 12月对 92 5例胎儿进行超声心动图检查 ,其中心脏病高危胎儿 2 4 7例 ,分别用顺序分段法和四腔心加两心室流出道切面法 UCG检查。以引产后尸解或生后 U CG作为对照标准。结果　终止妊娠胎儿尸解和生后 UCG检查证实 CHD36例 ,节段畸形 6 5个。 UCG顺序分段法发现 CHD35例 ,敏感性97.2 % ,特异性 10 0 % ,准确性 99.6 % ;节段畸形 6 4个 ,敏感性 98.5 % ,特异性 10 0 % ,准确性 99.9%。四腔心加两心室流出道切面法发现 CHD2 8例 ,敏感性 77.8% ,特异性 10 0 % ,准确性 96 .8% ;节段畸形 5 1个 ,敏感性 78.5 % ,特异性 10 0 % ,准确性98.5 %。两种方法诊断胎儿 CHD和显示节段畸形敏感性有显著的统计学差异 (P<0 .0 1)。结论　U CG胎儿顺序分段法是诊断胎儿 CHD较完善、可靠的方法 ,可明显提高胎儿 CHD诊断的敏感性 ,已成为产前筛选CHD和指导干预的重要方法。     

应用超声心动图筛查胎儿先心病的临床研究

目的探讨超声心动图在产前筛查胎儿先天性心脏病的临床价值。方法对1537例孕妇行胎儿超声心动图检查,观察胎儿四腔心切面、左右室流出道切面、主动脉弓、动脉导管弓切面及腔静脉长轴切面二维声像图,并结合彩色多普勒进行分析。结果发现先天性心脏病22例,占1．43％,误诊1例,漏诊2例;敏感性90．91％,准确率99.87％。结论超声心动图诊断胎儿心脏畸形具有很高的敏感性及准确性,在胎儿产前畸形筛查中有重要的应用价值。     

彩色多普勒超声在胎儿先天性心脏病筛查中的意义

目的探讨彩超筛查胎儿先天性心脏畸形的临床价值。方法应用二维超声对胎儿心脏进行心尖四腔心切面及六个基本切面检查,并加用彩色多普勒观察心脏血流情况,观察胎儿有无先天性心脏病。结果共检出46例胎儿有先天性心脏病,42例经引产尸解及足月分娩后经超声心动图证实,失访4例,漏诊5例。结论常规胎儿彩色多普勒超声检查对诊断绝大部分胎儿心脏畸形有重大意义。     

产前超声诊断胎儿心内膜垫缺损

目的探讨胎儿心脏心内膜垫缺损的产前超声表现与诊断技巧,提高此类畸形的产前超声检出率.方法调节胎儿心脏检查条件,常规胎儿超声检查后进行胎儿超声心动图检查,获得胎儿四腔心切面、左右室流出道切面、三血管切面,大动脉短轴切面,采用彩色多普勒和频普多普勒检查.结果产前诊断出胎儿心内膜垫缺损13例,均经引产后尸解得到证实.其中部分性心内膜垫缺损4例,完全性心内膜垫缺损9例.结论超声心动图检查是产前诊断胎儿心内膜垫缺损的可靠方法与技术.     

四腔心和流出道切面在常规产前先天性心脏畸形筛查中的意义

目的评价四腔心和流出道切面在胎儿先天性心脏畸形（congenital heart defect,CHD）筛查中的价值;探讨常规胎儿CHD筛查的必要性。方法采用彩色多普勒超声诊断仪,在显示四腔心切面的基础上,根据胎儿体位不同,选择相应的矢状、冠状或横切显示左、右室流出道。根据CHD病理特征和先心高危因素有无,把胎儿CHD分为简单型和复杂型,CHD胎儿分为高危因素组和非高危因素组。结果四腔心切面在产前诊断复杂型CHD和简单型CHD中的敏感度分别为58.3%和23.5%;四腔心和流出道切面联合应用在产前诊断复杂型CHD和简单型CHD中的敏感度分别为87.5%和29.4%。41例CHD中,高危因素组13例,非高危因素组28例。结论四腔心和流出道切面联合应用对产前诊断复杂CHD有较高的敏感性,对简单型CHD的敏感性低;常规产前CHD筛查是提高胎儿CHD诊断率的关键。     

胎儿心脏超声筛查在先天性心脏病检测中的应用

对2016例孕妇进行产前超声心动图筛查,以胎儿四腔心切面、左右室流出道切面、主动脉弓、动脉导管弓切面及三血管切面为标准切面,快速筛查观察胎儿心脏结构形态是否正常。新生儿在出生一周内全部进行彩色多普勒超声心动图检查,以新生儿超声心动图检查及随访结果与胎儿心脏超声筛查结果进行比较分析。结果产前筛查发现胎儿先天性心脏病24例;其中单心室2例,三尖瓣下移2例,肺动脉瓣狭窄伴右室发育不良3例,左心室发育不良3例,三房心2例,法乐四联症2例,心内膜垫缺损6例,房间隔缺损4例;另外2例心尖部室间隔缺损产前检查漏诊。胎儿心脏超声筛查先天性心脏病的诊断符合率为92.31%。     

产前超声筛查妊娠中、晚期胎儿先天性心脏病价值

目的:探讨产前超声筛查妊娠中、晚期胎儿先天性心脏病的价值,减少漏诊、误诊。方法:应用高清晰彩色多普勒超声诊断仪,六切面法产前常规检查妊娠中、晚期孕妇28 912例,胎儿疑有心脏病者加行大动脉短轴切面、三血管切面及三血管气管切面扫查,观察内部血流的彩色多普勒及频谱多普勒情况,并与尸体解剖和产后超声随访对照。结果:产前筛查出胎儿先天性心脏病78例,漏、误诊6例,3例室间隔缺损产后超声随访闭合。结论:产前超声可用于筛查妊娠中、晚期胎儿先天性心脏病,分阶段动态产前超声检查可减少某些渐进性先天性心脏畸形的漏诊。     

胎儿先天性心脏病超声筛查的体会及高危因素分析

目的 总结胎儿先天性心脏病产前超声筛查的体会,分析筛查的高危因素.方法 采用七切面顺序分段法对6 129例胎儿(其中2 022例有筛查高危因素)进行心脏检查.先天性心脏病超声诊断结果与引产后尸体解剖或出生后随访结果进行对照,并采用Lgistic回归分析对筛查的12个高危因素进行分析.结果 超声筛查出101例胎儿(其中64例有筛查高危因素)先天性心脏结构异常(不包括心律失常).100例获得随访,误诊房间隔缺损2例.12个高危因素中有11个是筛查胎儿先天性心脏病的独立危险因素.结论 彩色多普勒超声心动图是诊断胎儿先天性心脏病比较准确和安全的影像学方法,根据胎儿先天性心脏病超声筛查的高危因素,可以早期筛查、诊断及干预,以减少先天性心脏病患儿的出生及其不良预后.     

超声心动图在诊断胎儿室间隔缺损中的应用

目的:探讨彩色多普勒超声心动图产前诊断室间隔缺损的临床价值。方法:在胎儿四腔心切面、五腔心切面和流出道长轴切面重点观察室间隔有无中断,应用彩色多普勒超声观察有无穿隔彩色血流和分流频谱,并多切面观察有无其他心内畸形。结果:筛查胎儿心脏5200例,共检出和诊断各种胎儿心脏结构异常120例,其中单纯VSD61例。38例产后超声心动图与产前超声诊断相符,2例缺损产前复查时宫内自然愈合,11例经手术证实,6例经引产后尸解证实,4例失访。结论:产前彩色多普勒超声心动图对诊断产前胎儿室间隔缺损具有重要的临床价值。     

胎儿心脏超声筛查在先天性心脏病检测中的应用

目的探讨胎儿心脏超声筛查在先天性心脏病检测中的应用价值。方法以胎儿四腔心、左室流出道、右室流出道、三血管、主动脉弓、动脉导管弓切面为标准切面,快速筛查观察胎儿心脏结构形态是否正常。出生后一周内全部进行新生儿彩色多普勒超声心动图检查,以尸体解剖结果、新生儿超声心动图检查及随访结果与胎儿心脏超声筛查结果相对照。结果在1200例胎儿中发现10例心脏结构异常,其中产前胎儿心脏超声筛查确诊9例：单心室1例,肺动脉瓣狭窄伴右室发育不良1例,三尖瓣下移1例,心内膜垫缺损2例,室间隔缺损2例,法洛四联症1例,三房心1例。另外1例心尖部室间隔缺损产前检查漏诊。显示产前诊断胎儿先天性心脏病的敏感性为90%,特异性为100%。结论以上述6个切面为标准进行胎儿心脏超声筛查可排除心脏复杂畸形。建议在进行胎儿产前常规超声检查时增加3~5分钟时间,以六个切面为标准快速进行胎儿心脏筛查,以降低胎儿先天性心脏病的漏诊率。     

彩色多普勒超声对胎儿心脏病的诊断研究

目的 探讨彩色多普勒超声对胎儿心脏病的产前诊断价值。方法 随机对6000例孕妇进行胎儿超声心动图检查。结果 产前检出30例胎儿心脏病，16例经引产尸体解剖证实，产后彩超检查证实14例。声像图显示四腔心不对称者占30．0％（9／30），有室间隔缺损者占73．3％（22／30）。结论 常规胎儿心动图检查对产前检出胎儿心脏病具有重要的临床价值；四腔心不对称和室间隔缺损是胎儿心脏病最主要的声像图表现。     

胎儿先天性心脏病的超声诊断及分型

目的 探讨胎儿心血管畸形的常见类型、合并畸形及分型价值.方法 行胎儿超声心动图检查孕妇3201例,明确诊断胎儿先天性心脏病239例,其中8例系双胎妊娠中的一胎存在心血管畸形.胎儿出生后半年内进行超声复查.结果 239例中检出复杂先天性心脏病155例,其中检出率较高病种依次为单心室59例、右室双出口29例、房室间隔缺损19例、法洛四联症或五联症12例、永存动脉干11例、右心发育不良综合征6例、完全性大血管转位6例.239例中引产100例,其中病理证实41例;出生16例;待产及失访123例.结论 胎儿心血管畸形以复杂和多种畸形并存多见;本组胎儿先天性心脏病检出率7.47％,复杂先天性心脏病占64.85％.根据胎儿先天性心脏病类型,确定出生后能否手术、矫治术式和预后综合评估分为可根治型、可治姑息型和无法治疗型,这一新的理念将有助于孕妇及家庭作出合理的抉择.     

超声监测筛查胎儿先天性心脏畸形

目的 探讨超声监测筛查胎儿先天性心脏畸形的可行性及临床应用价值。方法 对常规产前超声检查在胎心四腔观中疑有异常，临床发现胎儿心律不齐，以及母体有高危因素共20例行超声心动图检查。以观察胎儿四腔观为基础，酌情增加长轴、短轴、主动脉弓等切面观，并适当配合彩色多普勒及脉冲多普勒超声检查。结果 超声检查发现的20例先天性心脏异常中，17例先天性心脏病，其中1例右位心并完全性内脏转位，1例为单纯性室内隔缺损（生后证实其染色体为21三体），15例复杂性先天性心脏病；3例心脏肿瘤，其中2例为室间隔横纹肌瘤，1例为心室壁横纹肌瘤。20例心脏异常病例中4例同时合并其他器官结构异常，7例右位心及不同程度内脏转位，8例脐动脉A/B值异常，4例心律紊乱。结论 产前超声筛查胎儿先天性心脏畸形切实可行。对有高危因素、胎儿心律失常及其他内脏畸形者，应重点行超声心动图检查。     

Isolated ventricular septal defects detected by color Doppler imaging: evolution during fetal and first year of postnatal life.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the development during gestation and up to 1 year postnatally of isolated small ventricular septal defects (VSDs) not visible by gray-scale imaging and detected only on color Doppler fetal echocardiography. METHODS: This was a retrospective analysis of 146 fetuses with isolated VSDs detectable only on color Doppler echocardiography. Complete sequential gray-scale, color Doppler and spectral Doppler examination of the fetal heart were performed. The following variables were documented: site of the VSD, presence of extracardiac or chromosomal anomalies, outcome of the pregnancy and evolution of the defect up to 1 year postnatally. RESULTS: A total of 113 fetuses reached their first year of postnatal life, 23 pregnancies were terminated, there were three stillbirths/neonatal deaths, and seven were lost to follow-up. It was observed that 32.7% (n = 37) of all defects in neonates alive after 1 year closed in utero, 44.3% (n = 50) of defects closed spontaneously within the first postnatal year, and 23.0% (n = 26) of defects did not close. In all, a comparable number of perimembranous and muscular septal defects closed spontaneously in utero and during the first year of postnatal life. Among 35 fetuses with extracardiac anomalies 51.4% (n = 18) were euploid. CONCLUSION: Small VSDs, detectable only by color Doppler echocardiography, show a high spontaneous intrauterine and postnatal closure rate. These findings might be of value for prenatal parental counseling.     

Detection rate of early fetal echocardiography and in utero development of congenital heart defects.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the detection rate of early fetal echocardiography and the in utero development of congenital heart defects (CHD). METHODS: Cases were selected from all singleton pregnancies between 1997 and 2003 in which detailed fetal 2-dimensional and color-coded Doppler echocardiography was performed in our prenatal unit between 11 weeks' and 13 weeks 6 days' gestation; 2165 cases with complete outcome parameters were analyzed. RESULTS: During this study period, CHD were diagnosed in 46 fetuses. Between 11 and 13 weeks' gestation, 29 CHD were diagnosed (11 weeks, 9 cases; 12 weeks, 8 cases; and 13 weeks, 12 cases); 9 CHD were found in the second trimester and 2 in the third trimester. The in utero detection rate of fetal echocardiography was 86.96% (n = 40). Six additional CHD (13.04%) were detected postnatally. The spectrum of detected CHD changed with advancing gestational age and was different from the postnatal detected heart defects. CONCLUSIONS: Early fetal echocardiography is feasible and allows the detection of most CHD. Congenital heart defects vary in appearance at different stages of pregnancy and may evolve in utero with advancing gestational age. Therefore, early fetal echocardiography should always be followed by echocardiography at mid gestation.     

Application of the 3‐Vessel View in Routine Prenatal Sonographic Screening for Congenital Heart Disease

Objectives. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of prenatal screening for congenital heart disease (CHD) based on a combination of the 4‐chamber view and 3‐vessel view in an unselected population. Methods. A prospective study on 8025 scanned fetuses was performed. All singleton pregnancies scheduled for routine prenatal sonographic screening at 20 to 24 weeks' gestation and subsequently delivered in our unit were included. Data were recorded regarding visualization of the 4‐chamber view, outflow tracts, and 3‐vessel view. Suspected CHD was confirmed by postmortem or postnatal echocardiography. We obtained follow‐up data for the neonates and calculated the diagnostic accuracy of the examinations. Results. Major CHD was identified in 32 cases (4.0%), of which 26 (81.3%) were diagnosed antenatally and 6 (18.7%) postnatally. Four cases (0.5%) had false‐positive findings. Twenty‐one cases were identified by the 4‐chamber view and 5 by an abnormal 3‐vessel view. The sensitivity of the 4‐chamber view alone was 65.6%, and the specificity was 99.9%. The sensitivity of the combination of the 4‐chamber view and 3‐vessel view was 81.3%, and the specificity was 99.9%. Conclusions. The 3‐vessel view is a reliable and easy method to be used in a routine antenatal clinic along with the 4‐chamber view.     

超声心动图在胎儿单纯室间隔缺损产前诊断中的价值

目的探讨彩色多普勒超声心动图对胎儿单纯室间隔缺损产前诊断的价值。 方法使用彩色多普勒超声诊断仪筛查胎儿心脏4898例,胎龄20～32周。在四腔心切面、左室长轴切面、右室流出道及肺动脉长轴等切面,观察室间隔有无回声中断及穿隔血流信号。 结果产前超声共筛查诊断胎儿单纯室间隔缺损60例,合并21-三体综合征3例。 结论彩色多普勒超声心动图能对胎儿绝大部分室间隔缺损做出产前诊断,对进一步诊断及治疗方案的选择有重要的临床价值。