某汽车制造公司职业危害现况调查

[目的]了解汽车制造行业职业危害和作业工人健康状况，探讨职业病危害因素的联合作用，提出进一步完善现行职业卫生标准建议。[方法]依据国家职业卫生标准的要求，对作业场所粉尘、各种毒物、噪声、高温等进行检测和评价。采用职业性健康体检等方法对作业工人的健康状况进行调查研究。[结果]工作场所粉尘和毒物浓度均符合国家职业卫生标准的要求。粉尘作业工人检出尘肺病Ⅰ期患者1人；无尘肺0^＋者（即疑似职业病）70人，异常率高达15．05％。噪声强度超标率为45．45％，噪声作业工人检出听力异常者58人，听力异常率高达35．58％。苯作业工人检出白细胞偏低者49人，红细胞、血红蛋白两项偏低者2人。经郑州市职业中毒诊断专家集体会诊，7人被诊断为职业性慢性轻度苯中毒，4人被诊断为苯观察对象。此外，脂肪肝、高血压患病率分别为18．88％、7．35％，占作业工人常见病、多发病的第1、第2位。[结论]作业工人整体健康状况不容乐观。低浓度职业病危害因素对生产工人健康的远期影响及多种有害因素对人体的联合作用应引起关注。     

北京市昌平区32家中小型家具制造企业职业病危害调查

目的了解北京市昌平区中小型家具制造企业工作场所存在的职业病危害因素及其对作业工人健康的影响。方法对该区32家家具制造企业人员构成、生产班次、工艺流程、有毒原材料使用情况、防护设施、个人防护用品和主要职业病危害因素进行现场调查；对各企业工作场所存在的粉尘、苯系化合物和噪声进行检测、评价；对335名粉尘、苯系化合物和噪声作业工人进行职业健康检查。结果粉尘作业工人体检未发现尘肺病表现，肺通气功能障碍检出率为4．3％；苯系化合物作业工人神经衰弱综合征检出率12．9％；血象异常检出率14．9％；噪声作业工人听力损失检出率65．6％，且作业工龄〈5a阳性检出率较高。工作场所检测超标情况和职业健康检查阳性结果一致。结论该区中小型家具制造企业存在的职业病危害不容忽视，有效的工程防护是预防职业健康损害的关键措施，应将作业工龄〈5a的工人作为重点人群加强职业健康监护，在超标作业环境中操作必须配备有效的个体防护用品并正确使用。     

某石化企业职业病危害调查分析与对策

目的 了解某石化企业主要职业病危害情况,提出治理对策.方法 对该石化企业2008-2012年的职业病危害因素检测、职业健康检查、职业病诊断和现场职业卫生学调查资料进行分析.结果 该企业工作场所粉尘、苯、硫化氢、二氧化硫、甲苯和溶剂汽油等9种职业病危害因素存在超出国家职业卫生标准(以下简称“超标”)的情况;411个噪声监测点噪声强度均超过80 dB(A),噪声强度超过90 dB(A)者占31.4％.职业健康检查检出异常的情况主要包括苯作业工人白细胞偏低、噪声作业工人双耳高频平均听阈≥40 dBHL和粉尘作业工人肺纹理增多.职业病病谱发生变化,相对2000年以前主要发生急性职业性硫化氢中毒而言,2001年以来的职业病以尘肺病、职业性噪声聋和职业性慢性苯中毒为主.结论 该企业职业病防控的重点已从急性硫化氢中毒转变为尘肺病、职业性噪声聋和职业性慢性苯中毒,应采取加强生产设施的密闭化改造,完善通风除尘设施,强化职工听力保护等措施做好职业病防治工作.     

中、小型钼矿企业矽尘危害现状调查

目的为了解钼矿行业矽尘危害现状，以便采取行之有效的控制措施。方法作业场所粉尘测定依据《作业场所空气中粉尘测定方法》（GB5748—1985）等国家职业卫生标准的要求，设置粉尘检测点。按照《工作场所有害因素职业接触限值》（GBZ 2-2002）及《工业企业设计卫生标准》（GBZ 1-2002）进行职业卫生评价。作业工人的健康状况采用职业性健康体检等方法进行调查研究。结果各钼矿作业场所粉尘浓度不同程度的超标，粉尘浓度总超标率为80．8％，粉尘中游离二氧化硅含量均超过10％，粉尘中粒径小于5斗m的粉尘颗粒所占比例达77．0％～98．1％，粉尘分散度（〈5μm）较高。粉尘作业工人健康监护体检，未检出尘肺病患者，无尘肺0^＋者（即疑似职业病）总检出率为7．60％。此外，粉尘作业工人尿常规、血常规异常率分别为22．34％、20．91％，分别占据作业工人常见病、多发病的第一、第二位。结论各钼矿生产作业场所矽尘职业卫生状况及工人健康状况不容乐观，应引起有关部门的高度重视。     

铜陵市某铸造企业职业病危害现状调查

目的了解铸造行业职业病危害因素的现状,为职业流行病学研究和铸造行业职业病危害因素控制提供基础数据。方法采用随机抽样方法对铜陵市铸造行业某企业作业场所中粉尘、有毒气体、噪声及高温等职业病危害因素现场检测结果及作业工人健康监护情况进行调查。结果该企业作业场所中粉尘游离二氧化硅含量大部分大于10%,粉尘浓度为0.2~6.1 mg/m3,最大超标倍数为48倍,粉尘超标场所主要集中在抛砂、抛丸和清理岗位;各作业场所中的有毒气物质检测结果均符合国家卫生标准;噪声强度检测6个岗位,仅有1个岗位符合国家卫生标准;高温作业岗位的温度略高于国家卫生标准。结论铸造行业职业病危害仍比较严重,尤其是粉尘和噪声。建议强化企业职业病防治主体意识,投入资金进行技术改造,加强个人防护;落实并完善健康监护和定期检测评价制度;监管部门应加大监管力度。     

某煤炭码头建设项目职业病危害控制效果评价

目的对某煤炭码头职业病危害控制效果进行评价。方法对该码头建设项目作业现场用职业卫生检测法、职业卫生调查法和职业病危害作业分级法进行评价。结果项目工人接触的总粉尘(TWA)、呼吸性粉尘(TWA)、噪声和高温符合国家职业卫生标准的要求,转运站的总粉尘超限倍数最大达到2.5,存在超标情况。结论该建设项目在建设过程中,遵循了国家有关的法律法规,采取了必要的职业病危害防护措施,制定了可行的职业卫生管理制度,项目工作场所职业病危害因素的强度或浓度总体符合国家职业卫生标准,各种职业病危害因素对作业工人的影响总体能够得到较好的控制。     

天然气开采工人作业环境调查

目的为了解天然气生产、销售、工程中职业病危害因素的种类、分布和采取的防护措施，及防护措施的防护效果，以提出改进意见，从而达到保护劳动者健康，防止职业病的发生。方法首先进行现场劳动卫生学调查，确定该行业存在的职业病危害因素，依据国家职业卫生标准进行检测、评价、分析。结果工作场所粉尘、毒物浓度测定结果基本符合国家职业卫生标准，个别岗位噪声强度超过国家职业卫生标准比较严重。结论天然气开采业工人作业环境不容乐观；低浓度毒物对工人健康的远期影响及多种有害因素对人体的联合作用，应引起足够重视；在噪声的防护上应加强工程技术改造，注意个人防护。改善工人作业环境。     

某造船建设项目职业病危害及关键控制点分析

通过收集资料、现场职业卫生学调查、职业卫生检测和健康监护,采用检查表法、定量分级和定性分析法对某船厂进行职业病危害现状评价。结果显示,生产过程中存在粉尘(包括电焊烟尘)、毒物、噪声等多种职业病危害因素,作业场所空气中锰、二甲苯浓度以及噪声强度超标,其余指标均符合国家职业卫生标准限值。职业健康检查主要为工人的电测听、胸片和肺功能异常。提示造船行业的职业病危害关键控制点为电焊、油漆、打磨、装配等作业,主要职业病危害因素为锰、二甲苯和噪声。 更多还原     

某钨矿职业病危害因素调查分析

目的了解某钨矿职业危害状况,为制定职业病的预防措施提供依据。方法采用职业卫生学调查、工作场所职业病危害因素监测及职业健康体检进行综合分析。结果工作场所中钨及其不溶性化合物、钼及其无机化合物、锰及其无机化合物、铜烟、一氧化碳、二氧化氮、硫化氢、二硫化碳和二氧化硫均符合国家卫生标准的要求,粉尘、二氧化碳、砷及其无机化合物、砷化氢、铅及其无机化合物和噪声等超标。结论该企业职业病危害较为严重,需采取综合防护措施,保护工人的身体健康。     

某炭素公司工作场所职业病危害及控制措施分析

目的了解以超高功率石墨电极为主要产品的炭素公司职业卫生防护现状,掌握其工作场所职业病危害因素的种类、浓度(强度)及分布情况,提出职业病危害防护的对策及建议。方法按照国家有关标准的要求,对该企业进行一般劳动卫生学调查、工作场所职业病危害因素识别和检测及卫生工程相关指标检测,对职业病危害因素超标原因进行分析。结果职业病危害因素检测结果显示:有46.7%的粉尘作业工种接触粉尘浓度超标;40%的噪声作业工种接触噪声等效声级超标;毒物检测结果除作业工人接触甲苯的短时间接触浓度超标外,其接触沥青烟、氟化物、二氧化硫和一氧化碳的浓度均符合国家职业接触限值;工频电场强度检测结果均未超过国家职业接触限值。建筑卫生学指标检测结果显示:部分工作场所温度较高,中心实验室通风情况不符合相关规范的要求。结论该企业工作场所各种职业病危害因素中,以粉尘和噪声超标最为严重;部分工作场所职业病危害控制措施效果不佳,粉尘、噪声和部分毒物的浓度或强度不能满足《工作场所有害因素职业接触限值》的要求。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.