沐舒坦联合利巴韦林治疗小儿支气管肺炎疗效观察

目的观察沐舒坦联合利巴韦林治疗小儿支气管肺炎的临床疗效。方法将我院收治的支气管肺炎患儿25例,随机分为试验组15例和对照组10例。对照组采用常规超声雾化吸入,试验组除采用抗感染、抗病毒治疗外,还加用沐舒坦联合利巴韦林氧气雾化吸入。观察2组的临床疗效。结果试验组总有效率为93.3%高于对照组的80.0%,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论沐舒坦联合利巴韦林雾化吸入治疗小儿支气管肺炎不良反应小,疗效确切,有一定的临床推广价值。     

普米克令舒联合沐舒坦雾化吸入在肺部手术后的临床疗效分析

目的观察沐舒坦联合普米克令舒雾化吸入在肺部手术后的临床疗效。方法将120例肺部手术后的患者随机分为沐舒坦联合普米克令舒氧气雾化吸入组(试验组)60例和对照组60例(超声雾化吸入法)进行研究。结果试验组在效果、血气分析的显著改变及肺功能的显著改变明显优于对照组(P<0.05),试验组总有效率为96.7%,对照组总有效率为79.8%,两组有显著性差异(P<0.05)。结论沐舒坦联合普米克令舒雾化吸入在肺部手术后疗效确切,值得临床推广。     

盐酸氨溴索联合利巴韦林在小儿支气管肺炎治疗中的效果分析

目的探讨盐酸氨溴索联合利巴韦林治疗小儿支气管肺炎的临床效果。方法选取本院2011年10月～2012年1月小儿支气管肺炎病例126例,随机分为观察组63例与对照组63例。观察组采用盐酸氨溴索联合利巴韦林氧气雾化吸入治疗,对照组采用常规超声雾化吸入治疗。对比观察两组的临床效果。结果观察组在症状改善和临床有效率方面均优于对照组,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论盐酸氨溴索联合利巴韦林氧气雾化吸入治疗小儿支气管肺炎,疗效佳,不良反应小,具有临床推广价值。     

红霉素联合沐舒坦雾化吸入治疗百日咳综合征的临床疗效分析

目的观察红霉素联合沐舒坦雾化吸入治疗百日咳综合征的临床疗效。方法将明确诊断为百日咳综合征的86例患儿随机分为2组:治疗组给予红霉素静脉滴注和沐舒坦雾化吸入联合治疗,对照组给予红霉素静脉滴注治疗,比较2组治疗的疗效。结果治疗组的治疗总有效率为93.02%,对照组总有效率为79.07%,2组比较有统计学(P<0.05)。结论红霉素联合沐舒坦雾化吸入治疗百日咳综合征有良好的疗效。     

沐舒坦与糜蛋白酶雾化吸入治疗婴幼儿支气管肺炎疗效比较

目的:观察沐舒坦超声雾化吸入治疗婴幼儿肺炎的疗效。方法:在综合治疗的基础上,治疗组给予沐舒坦雾化吸入,对照组给予糜蛋白酶雾化吸入。结果:治疗组总有效率为87.14%,对照组总有效率为70.00%,治疗组明显优于对照组P<0.05。结论:雾化吸入治疗婴幼儿肺炎,沐舒坦疗效优于糜蛋白酶。     

小剂量肝素钠联合沐舒坦雾化吸入治疗小儿肺炎的疗效观察

目的:探讨小剂量肝素钠联合沐舒坦雾化吸入辅助治疗小儿肺炎的临床疗效。方法:将116例肺炎患儿随机分为治疗组和对照组各58例,治疗组在常规治疗的基础上加用肝素钠[100U/(kg·次)]、沐舒坦针剂(15mg/次)联合雾化吸入,2次/d,连续5d,部分延长至7d。结果:治疗组总有效率96%,对照组总有效率79%,两组比效差异有明显统计学意义(x2=8.123,P<0.01)。治疗组在止咳、啰音消失和住院时间等评价指标上明显优于对照组(P<0.001)。结论:小剂量肝素钠联合沐舒坦雾化吸入辅助治疗小儿肺炎临床疗效显著。     

沐舒坦治疗小儿支气管肺炎的临床观察及护理

目的探讨沐舒坦氧气驱动雾化吸入治疗小儿支气管肺炎的临床疗效观察。方法将120例小儿支气管肺炎进行随机分为治疗组与对照组,治疗组60例,对照组60例,治疗组应用沐舒坦15mg雾化每日2次,每次15min;对照组应用庆大霉素4wu+糜蛋白酶1000u雾化每日2次,每次15min。结果治疗组沐舒坦的咳嗽时间减少3d、肺部罗音消失时间提前3d、排痰时间提前2d、治愈天数平均较对照组缩短2d。结论沐舒坦氧气驱动雾化吸入治疗小儿支气管肺炎疗效明显,使患儿缩短病程,疗效好,同时减少并发症的发生,值得临床广泛推广使用。     

沐舒坦注射液雾化后吸痰在婴幼儿肺炎治疗中的疗效观察

目的：探讨沐舒坦注射液雾化吸入后吸痰治疗婴幼儿肺炎的临床疗效。方法收集60例婴幼儿肺炎患者，随机分为治疗组和对照组，各30例。对照组采用常规治疗，治疗组在常规治疗基础上联合氧气驱动沐舒坦注射液雾化吸入后吸痰。比较两组的临床疗效及咳嗽消失时间、湿啰音消失时间、哮鸣音消失时间及住院时间。结果治疗组治疗总有效率为96.67%，显著高于对照组的83.33%（P<0.05）。治疗组咳嗽消失时间、湿啰音消失时间、哮鸣音消失时间及住院时间均显著低于对照组（P<0.05）。结论沐舒坦注射液雾化吸入后吸痰可提高婴幼儿肺炎的临床疗效，加快其康复速度。     

高渗盐水雾化吸入治疗小儿疱疹性咽峡炎的疗效观察

目的观察高渗盐水联合利巴韦林雾化吸入治疗小儿疱疹性咽峡炎的临床疗效。方法48例疱疹性咽峡炎患儿随机分为对照组和观察组,每组24例。对照组在常规治疗基础上用0.9%生理盐水联合利巴韦林雾化吸入治疗,观察组在常规治疗基础上加用高渗盐水联合利巴韦林雾化吸入治疗。观察两组临床疗效。结果观察组治疗总有效率为95.8%,对照组治疗总有效率为87.5%,两组比较差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论高渗盐水联合利巴韦林雾化吸入治疗疱疹性咽峡炎疗效明显,值得临床推广应用。     

氧气雾化吸入沐舒坦治疗麻疹合并肺炎疗效的观察及护理

目的探究采用雾化吸入沐舒坦治疗麻疹并肺炎的临床效果及护理方法。方法将2013年1月至2014年1月我院收治的120例麻疹并肺炎患者随机分为观察组及对照组,观察组行氧气雾化吸入沐舒坦治疗,对照组行α-糜蛋白酶+地塞米松治疗,两组均给予健康教育、雾化吸入护理等护理干预,比较两组治疗结局。结果观察组患儿体温降至正常所需时间、平均住院天数等观察指标均短于对照组,差异具有显著统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组临床治疗总有效率为95.0%,显著高于对照组(80.0%)。结论对于麻疹合并肺炎的患儿,采用氧气雾化吸入沐舒坦治疗并结合一定的护理措施可以取得显著的临床治疗效果,值得临床治疗借鉴使用。     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg.kg) or i.p. (50 mg.kg) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) l.h. kg in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) l.h. kg in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg x kg(-1)) or i.p. (50 mg x kg(-1)) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) 1 x h(-1) x kg(-1) in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) 1 x h(-1) x kg(-1) in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was approximately 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p < 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p < 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 +/- 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 +/- 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

Interindividual variability in metabolic activation in humans in vivo

In assessing interindividual variability in metabolic activation, the toxic metabolite is often too unstable for conventional analysis. Possible alternatives include a stable product of the reactive metabolite e.g. cysteinyl derivatives of N-acetyl-4-benzoquinoneimine, the toxic metabolite of paracetamol, adducts with DNA or protein, and indirect measurement of the activity of the enzyme(s) producing the active metabolite. An example of the last approach is the use of furafylline, a highly specific inhibitor of human CYP1A2, to determine the extent of the metabolic activation of the cooked food mutagens PhIP and MeIQx. The extent of inhibition, determined from levels of unchanged amine in urine, is an indirect measure of the activity of the activation pathway. Further refinement of this approach, allied to improved measures of the biological process of interest should prove of value in evaluating interindividual variability and its role in the risk assessment process.     

Theophylline kinetics in peripheral tissues in vivo in humans

Several biochemical and cellular effects have been described for methylxanthines under in vitro conditions. However, it is unknown, whether threshold concentrations required to exert these effects are attained in target tissues in vivo. We therefore employed the microdialysis technique for measuring theophylline concentrations in peripheral tissues under in vivo conditions.Following in vitro and in vivo calibration, microdialysis probes were inserted into the medial vastus muscle and into the periumbilical subcutaneous adipose layer of healthy volunteers. Following single oral dose administration of 300 mg or i.v. infusion of 240 mg theophylline, in vivo time courses of theophylline concentrations were monitored in tissues and plasma. Major pharmacokinetic parameters (c_max, t_max, AUC) were calculated for plasma and tissue time courses. The mean AUC_tissue /AUC_plasma-ratio was 0.56 (p.o.) and 0.55 (i.v.) for muscle and 0.55 (p.o.) and 0.72 (i.v.) for subcutaneous adipose tissue.We conclude that microdialysis provides important information on the distribution and the tissue pharmacokinetics of theophylline.Abbreviations FPIA Fluorescence polarisation immuno assay - AUC Area under the curve - t_max Time to peak concentration - c_max Peak concentration     

休克时血中氧自由基的变化

本实验测定10名休克患者血浆和红细胞的丙二醛(MDA)、血浆总抗的氧化活性(AOA)的含量。结果表明:休克病人红细胞膜和血浆 MDA 含量(4.298±0.722;5.348±0.834)与对照组(3.235±0.682;4.356±1.081)比较明显增高(P<0.05);血浆 AOA(39.65±7.858)与对照组(48.21±10.81)比较明显降低(P<0.01)。提示:休克时,患者机体内自由基反应增强是引起组织细胞损伤的原因之一。     

Changes in angiopoietin expression in glomeruli involved in glomerulosclerosis in rats with daunorubicin-induced nephrosis

AIM: To study the potential pathological role of endogenous angiopoietins in daunorubicin-induced progressive glomerulosclerosis in rats. METHODS: Seventy male Wistar rats were allocated randomly into a daunorubicin group (DRB; n=40) or a control group (n=30). The rats in the DRB group were injected with DRB (15 mg/kg), in their tails. Subsequently, at intervals of 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 weeks, 5 male Wistar rats in each group were chosen randomly for 24 h urinary protein quantitative measurements (24 h UPQM), and determination of plasma tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), angiopoietin-1 (Ang1), and angiopoietin-2 (Ang2) levels. Kidney sections were examined by electron microscopy, Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) staining, immunohistochemical staining and in situ hybridization histochemistry. RESULTS: As glomerulosclerosis progressed in the DRB group, expression of Ang1 mRNA and protein in glomeruli decreased and expression of TNF-alpha protein, Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli increased. Expression of Ang1 mRNA and protein in glomeruli were negatively correlated with 24 h UPQM, Fn protein expression, and mean area of extracellular matrix (MAECM). In comparison, expression of Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli were positively correlated with 24 h UPQM, Fn protein expression and MAECM; furthermore, there was a positive correlation between plasma Ang2 and 24 h UPQM. Plasma TNF-alpha and expression of TNF-alpha in glomeruli were positively correlated with expression of Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli. There was a negative correlation between Ang1 protein expression and Ang2 protein expression in glomeruli. CONCLUSION: During DRB-induced glomerulosclerosis, podocyte injury led to a shift in the balance of Ang1 and Ang2 in glomeruli. Increased TNF-alpha in plasma and glomeruli may upregulate Ang2 expression in glomeruli. Elevated Ang2 in both plasma and glomeruli may mediate protein permeability through the glomerular filtration barrier. Moreover, local expression of Ang2 may facilitate the progress of glomerulosclerosis by upregulating a component expression of extracellular matrix.     

Trichinellosis in immigrants in Switzerland

We describe a case of trichinellosis diagnosed at the Division of Infectious Diseases, Hospital of Lugano, in January 2009. This case was associated with a cluster of cases and was traced to the consumption of contaminated meat after a wild boar hunt in Bosnia.