鲍氏不动杆菌D类碳青霉烯酶及插入序列ISAba1研究

目的研究临床分离耐亚胺培南鲍氏不动杆菌(IRAB)的耐药性、D类碳青霉烯酶及ISAba1流行情况,为临床合理用药及抗感染提供依据。方法收集医院2011年10月-2012年6月分离的鲍氏不动杆菌(ABA)140株,多重PCR鉴定ABA ITS基因型,K-B纸片法进行药敏试验,改良Hodges试验对产碳青霉烯酶菌株初筛,多重PCR检测D类碳青霉烯酶及整合酶基因,PCR方法分别检测blaOXA-23-like和blaOXA-51-like上游ISAba1,对部分blaOXA-23-like、blaOXA-24-like、blaOXA-51-like阳性菌株测序并确定基因型。结果 140株ABA经扩增16S-23SrRNA基因间隔序列后137株基因型是ABA;124株为IRAB,13株为亚胺培南敏感鲍氏不动杆菌(ISAB),IRAB对大多数抗菌药物的耐药率>90.00%;blaOXA-23-like、blaOXA-51-like基因检出率,分别为91.24%、94.89%,未检测到blaOXA-58-like基因;部分blaOXA-23-like、blaOXA-24-like、blaOXA-51-like阳性菌株全基因测序后分别为OXA-23、OXA-72、OXA-66。结论哈尔滨地区鲍氏不动杆菌耐药情况十分严重,OXA-23型酶是其耐药的主要原因,ISAba1对其表达起主要作用。     

耐亚胺培南鲍氏不动杆菌碳青霉烯酶表型与基因型研究

目的研究某综合医院临床分离耐亚胺培南鲍氏不动杆菌碳青霉烯酶基因型携带状况,为临床合理用药及医院感染控制提供依据。方法对2008年1月-2009年10月临床分离的100株耐亚胺培南鲍氏不动杆菌,应用聚合酶链反应检测其金属β-内酰胺酶的耐药基因:blaIMP、blaVIM、blaSIM-1和OXA型碳青霉烯酶的耐药基因:blaOXA-23、blaOXA-24。结果所有受试验菌株均未检测到金属β-内酰胺酶耐药基因blaIMP、blaVIM、blaSIM-1和OXA-24型碳青霉烯酶的耐药基因,PCR检测到79株菌携带blaOXA-23,在阳性菌株中随机选取2株测序,在网上与NCBI在线数据库的已知产OXA-23碳青霉烯酶鲍氏不动杆菌进行比对,与登录号EF534259.1的同源性为100.0%。结论某综合医院临床分离耐亚胺培南鲍氏不动杆菌未产金属β-内酰胺酶,主要耐药机制是产OXA-23型碳青霉烯酶。     

老年患者耐亚胺培南鲍氏不动杆菌研究

目的 明确医院临床分离老年患者耐亚胺培南鲍氏不动杆菌的耐药件、同源性、碳青酶烯酶基因型及其基因周围环境.方法 收集医院2005年1月-2007年1月临床分离的142株鲍氏不动杆菌,纸片扩散法筛选耐亚胺培南鲍氏不动杆菌;琼脂稀释法测定亚胺培南耐药菌株对14种抗菌药物的MIC值;脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)分析亚胺培南耐药菌株同源性;PCR扩增及克隆测序分析碳青酶烯酶基因及其周围基因环境.结果 142株鲍氏不动杆菌中筛选到97株耐亚胺堵南鲍氏不动杆菌;PFGE分型中全部菌株属于4个流行的克隆株;97株耐亚胺培南鲍氏不动杆菌中90株携带OXA-23-like基因,97株携带OXA-51-like基因,86株菌株OXA-23-like基因上游检测到插入序列ISAbal,6株OXA-51基因上游检测到ISAbal.结论 所有耐亚胺培南鲍氏不动杆菌均为泛耐药菌,克隆播散足最主要的传播方式,OXA-23组和OXA-51组D类β-内酰胺酶基因足最主要的碳青酶烯酶基因型,未检测到OXA-24组、OXA-58组、IMP型和VIM型碳青酶烯酶基因,OXA类碳青酶烯酶基因与插入序列ISAbal关系密切.     

鲍氏不动杆菌blaOXA-23基因定位及其临床意义

目的研究鲍氏不动杆菌blaOXA-23的基因背景,探讨不动杆菌属耐药性产生与抗菌药物使用的关系。方法连续筛选法获得耐亚胺培南鲍氏不动杆菌;PCR检测碳青酶烯酶基因;ERIC-PCR研究菌株遗传相关性;质粒接合实验及blaOXA-23杂交等研究OXA-23基因定位。结果24株中筛选出10株耐药菌,其中有6株检测到blaOXA-23基因;且菌株呈多克隆特点;DNA杂交发现blaOXA-23与整合子无关。结论blaOXA-23可存在于对亚胺培南敏感的不动杆菌属中;抗菌药物选择压力强化了blaOXA-23阳性菌的种群优势,导致耐药性产生;提示应合理应用此类抗菌药物。     

ICU分离鲍氏不动杆菌对碳青霉烯类抗菌药物耐药机制研究

目的调查医院重症监护病房(ICU)分离鲍氏不动杆菌对碳青霉烯类抗菌药物的耐药机制,为ICU鲍氏不动杆菌感染治疗的抗菌药物选择提供理论依据。方法收集2010年1月-2014年1月ICU住院患者分离到的135株非重复鲍氏不动杆菌,采用VITEK-2Compact全自动微生物分析系统进行鉴定及药敏分析,采用PCR法检测blaVIM、blaNDM、blaOXA-23/24、blaIMP、blaKPC及blaOXA-51/58等碳青霉烯酶耐药基因,采用PCR检测ISAba1基因并与碳青霉烯酶基因连锁检测。结果 4年ICU分离出鲍氏不动杆菌135株,年龄60岁患者分离的鲍氏不动杆菌最多52株,占38.52%;ICU患者痰液标本中检出鲍氏不动杆菌最多79株占58.52%,其次为分泌物及尿液,分别占20.00%及11.11%;鲍氏不动杆菌对氨苄西林耐药率最高为94.81%,对美罗培南和亚胺培南的耐药率分别为32.95%和34.07%;对选取的46株碳青霉烯类耐药菌进行基因检测显示,46株均携带有blaOXA-51-like基因,46株菌携带ISAba1基因;40株携带blaOXA-23-like基因,对blaOXA-23-like基因测序,进行比对后确定为blaOXA-23基因,并同时检出ISAba1-blaOXA-23连锁基因;未检出blaKPC、blaIMP、blaVIM、blaOXA-58-like、blaOXA-24-like及blaNDM基因。结论 ICU患者分离的鲍氏不动杆菌耐药性严重,以老年患者居多,主要分离自痰液标本,其中碳青霉烯耐药株常携带有OXA-23型碳青霉烯酶基因,并与ISAba1连锁携带。     

鲍氏不动杆菌对亚胺培南耐药性及碳青酶烯酶基因型分析

目的了解蚌埠医学院第一附属医院临床分离的鲍氏不动杆菌耐药性及碳青酶烯酶基因型。方法采用琼脂稀释法测定最低抑菌浓度(MICs),用PCR法扩增碳青酶烯酶blaOXA基因和金属酶基因IMP、VIM,对阳性基因型进行全长扩增并测序鉴定。结果临床分离108株鲍氏不动杆菌有56株对亚胺培南耐药,亚胺培南耐药菌株碳青酶烯酶基因型分析显示,检测出blaOXA-23型基因21株,3株检测出blaOXA-58,50株blaOXA-64-like检测阳性,blaOXA-20、blaOXA-24、blaOXA-48、blaOXA-50、blaOXA-55、blaOXA-60检测结果均为阴性,未检测到金属酶IMP、VIM基因。结论临床分离的鲍氏不动杆菌主要产OXA-23、OXA-51型碳青酶烯酶,这可能与临床上经常使用碳青酶烯类抗菌药物有关。     

南昌地区耐亚胺培南鲍氏不动杆菌耐药性及碳青霉烯酶基因分析

目的调查和分析南昌地区46株耐亚胺培南鲍氏不动杆菌的耐药性及其产碳青霉烯酶的基因型,探讨其耐药机制。方法用K-B法测定南昌地区临床分离的46株耐亚胺培南鲍氏不动杆菌对10种抗菌药物的耐药性,2-巯基丙酸抑制试验检测金属酶,采用PCR法检测碳青霉烯酶耐药基因型,对扩增的碳青霉烯酶基因进行核苷酸序列测定,通过网上相似性检索确定其编码酶基因的类型。结果 46株鲍氏不动杆菌对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、氨苄西林/舒巴坦、阿米卡星、左氧氟沙星的耐药率分别为45.7%、52.2%、74.0%及76.1%,对其他抗菌药物的耐药率均>90.0%;有8株菌对10种抗菌药物全部耐药;46株鲍氏不动杆菌金属酶表型筛选试验均为阴性,PCR扩增后有32株产OXA-23型碳青霉烯酶基因,未检出IMP、VIM、OXA-24基因;产OXA-23型鲍氏不动杆菌株对阿米卡星高度耐药。结论 OXA-23型碳青霉烯酶基因是南昌地区鲍氏不动杆菌对亚胺培南耐药的主要因素;头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、氨苄西林/舒巴坦可作为这部分菌株感染的治疗选择。     

鲍氏不动杆菌的耐药性分析及β-内酰胺类耐药基因的初步研究

目的分析临床分离的鲍氏不动杆菌耐药性,研究耐亚胺培南菌株的碳青霉烯酶基因型。方法利用VITEK-2系统检测85株鲍氏不动杆菌的药物敏感性,聚合酶链反应(PCR)技术检测耐亚胺培南菌株的碳青霉烯酶基因型。结果 85株鲍氏不动杆菌对氨苄西林的耐药率最高,为94.1%,对亚胺培南的耐药率为64.7%;亚胺培南的耐药的菌株中携带OXA-23基因有46株,占83.6%,携带OXA-64-like基因有32株,占58.2%,携带OXA-58基因有13株,占23.6%,以上阳性产物经测序比对与GenBank提供的标准序列99.0%同源;其余OXA-20、OXA-24、OXA-48基因型检测结果均为阴性。结论医院检测的鲍氏不动杆菌对β-内酰胺类耐药严重,并以携带OXA-23基因型碳青霉烯酶为主。     

耐碳青酶烯类鲍氏不动杆菌blaOXA基因型检测及同源性分析

目的了解碳青酶烯类耐药鲍氏不动杆菌的耐药性、blaOXA基因型及同源性。方法琼脂稀释法测定鲍氏不动杆菌对14种抗菌药物的最低抑菌浓度(MIC),PCR扩增ISAba1、blaOXA23和bla OXA-66/OXA-51基因,脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)分析基因同源性。结果20株鲍氏不动杆菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南均耐药,其中19株为多药耐药株,1株ISAba1和blaOXA-23阳性,2株blaOXA-66阳性,16株ISAba1、blaOXA-23和blaOXA-66均阳性,1株以上3种基因全部阴性;PFGE分析结果显示,A型(12株)、B型(2株)、C型(2株)、D型(3株)、E型(1株)。结论医院感染的鲍氏不动杆菌对碳青酶烯类耐药可能与产OXA-23酶有关,并存在院内的克隆传播。     

耐亚胺培南鲍氏不动杆菌β-内酰胺酶基因型研究

目的探讨住院患者临床分离的耐亚胺培南鲍氏不动杆菌的耐药性及β-内酰胺酶基因型,为临床合理用药及医院感染控制提供依据。方法 PCR方法检测54株鲍氏不动杆菌的10种β-内酰胺酶耐药基因(blaOXA-23、blaOXA-24、blaOXA-51、blaOXA-58、blaVI M-2、blaI MP-1、ampC、blaDHA、blaTEM、blaSHV)并测序。结果鲍氏不动杆菌对大多数抗菌药物耐药率77.0%,对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦的耐药率最低,为24.1%;54株菌中均检出blaOXA-51、ampC、blaTEM基因(100.0%),blaOXA-23阳性44株(81.5%),blaOXA-24阳性2株(3.7%),测序证实为blaOXA-72,其余基因均阴性。结论耐亚胺培南鲍氏不动杆菌多药耐药现象严重,blaOXA-23、blaOXA-51、ampC和blaTEM基因携带率高。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.