O型孕妇649例ABO血型抗体效价动态检测及其意义

目的:探讨动态监测O型孕妇血清中lgG抗A(B)血型抗体的效价,与新生儿溶血病(HDN)的关系.方法:对丈夫为非O型的649例O型孕妇在孕20、26、30、34、38周动态监测血清中IgG抗A(B)的效价;检查新生儿血型;并作溶血三项实验(Coombs试验、抗体释放及游离抗体测定)以确诊HDN.结果:当IgG抗A(B)抗体效价升高2个及以上滴度时,其HDN的发病率为83%.结论:动态监测lgG抗A、抗B抗体效价再结合分析抗体效价的高低,可以更加准确地预测HDN,及早采取相应的防治措施对优生优育具有重要价值.     

O型血孕妇血清免疫抗体与新生儿溶血病的关系探讨

目的：探讨O型血孕妇血清中免疫抗体IgG抗A(B)与新生儿溶血病(HDN）的关系。方法：检测HDN患儿母亲血型及血清IgG抗A(B)效价，检测患儿血型；另外检测产前组O型血孕妇血清IgGA(B)效价。结果：HDN患儿母亲均为O型(患儿为A或B型)，且IgG抗A(B)效价≥1：128者达81．6％；产前组O型血孕妇IgG抗A(B)效价≥1：128者达56．2％。结论：O型血孕妇孕期检测血清IgG效价对HDN的防治有重要意义。     

孕母血型免疫学抗体与新生儿溶血病的相关性分析

目的探讨O型和RhD阴性孕母血型免疫学抗体效价与新生儿溶血病（HDN）之间的关系。方法对679例孕妇（其中669例O型孕妇和10例RhD阴性孕妇）进行血型抗体效价检测,并追踪调查其中118例新生儿的血型血清学检测（包括血型鉴定、直抗试验、游离抗体检测及放散试验）。结果 669例O型孕母血清IgG抗A（B）抗体效价﹥64者122例（18.24%）。118例母婴血型不合者发生HDN的有45例;孕母血清IgG抗A（B）抗体效价为〈64、64、〉64的HDN阳性率分别为13.79%、36.67%、86.67%。10例RhD阴性孕妇中4例检出抗D抗体,2例抗D抗体效价〈64,1例抗体效价为64,1例抗体效价〉64。结论孕母血清血型抗体效价与HDN的发病率成正相关。产前检查孕母血清血型抗体效价对预测HDN的发生具有重要意义。     

孕期IgG抗体效价与新生儿溶血病的关系分析

目的:探讨O型血孕妇妊娠期血清IgG抗体效价对产后新生儿ABO溶血病(HDN)的发病影响.方法:选择血型为O型RhD阳性、其丈夫血型为非O型的孕妇分娩新生儿457例,孕期进行血清抗A或抗B的IgG抗体测定,效价≥1:64者为阳性,分娩时取脐静脉血做新生儿血型鉴定、血清胆红素、溶血三项试验,根据IgG抗体效价与HDN发生情况进行分析.结果:妊娠次数在2次及2次以上者,其IgG抗A(B)阳性率大于1次妊娠者,差异有显著性(P＜0.05);有不良妊娠史者发生率高,差异有显著性(P＜0.05);随着孕妇血型抗体效价的增高,新生儿溶血病的发生率也逐渐增高(P＜0.05).结论:对妊娠次数较多或有不良妊娠史的孕妇在孕早期应进行IgC航A(B)抗体效价的测定,并对整个孕期动态观察IgG抗体效价的变化.可作为判断胎儿出生后是否发生新生儿溶血病的筛查指标,对降低新生儿母婴血型不合所致溶血病具有积极作用.     

O型血孕妇血清中IgG抗体效价与新生儿溶血病的关系

目的 探讨孕妇IgG血型抗体与ABO新生儿溶血病发生率之间的关系.方法 对2 700例O型Rh阳性夫非O型孕妇行IgG抗-A(B)效价测定,对其中280例有新生儿溶血病(HDN)危险的孕妇所生新生儿行HDN血型血清学检查即ABO、Coomb实验、游离和释放实验)以了解孕妇IgG血型抗体效价高低与ABO-HDN发病率之间的关系.结果 2 700例O型孕妇中,IgG抗-A(B)效价＜64、64、128、256和≥512各组分别占62.4%、16.8%、12.6%、5.8%和2.4%.280例母婴血型不和且有ABO-HDN危险的孕妇所生新生儿中共有67例HDN阳性,占23.9%;孕妇IgG抗-A(B)效价为64、128、256、和≥512各组HDN阳性率分别为10.2%、27.8%、45.7%和50.0%(P＜0.01).结论 孕妇血清中IgG抗-A(B)效价高低与ABO-HBN的发生率成正相关.产前进行血清IgG效价抗体检测非常必要.     

孕妇血清IgG型抗A(B)抗体效价联合新生儿网织红细胞水平在新生儿溶血病诊断中的应用价值

目的 探讨孕妇血清IgG型抗A(B)抗体效价联合新生儿网织红细胞水平检测在新生儿溶血病(HDN)诊断中的应用价值。方法 选取2021年1月—2022年1月行全程产检的O型血孕妇270例,分析不同产次、年龄、IgG型抗A(B)抗体效价等孕妇的HDN发生差异,同时分析HDN和非HDN新生儿网织红细胞水平差异。结果 本研究确诊HDN 22例(8.15%)。HDN组网织红细胞水平高于非HDN组(P<0.01)。IgG型抗A(B)抗体效价阴性孕妇HDN发生率低于IgG型抗A(B)抗体效价阳性孕妇(P<0.05)。经产妇IgG型抗A(B)抗体阳性率高于初产妇(P<0.05)。年龄≥30岁孕妇IgG型抗A(B)抗体阳性率高于年龄<30岁孕妇(P<0.01)。IgG型抗A(B)抗体效价联合网织红细胞水平预测HDN的受试者工作特征曲线下面积大于二者单独预测(P<0.05),其预测HDN的敏感度和特异度分别为91.00%和96.00%。结论 IgG型抗A(B)抗体效价联合新生儿网织红细胞水平检测有助于预测HDN的发生,同时IgG型抗A(B)抗体效价与孕妇年龄、产次有关。     

O型孕妇不同孕期IgG抗A/B抗体效价的动态监测

目的动态监测夫妇ABO血型不合的O型孕妇孕早期与孕晚期血清中IgG抗A/B抗体效价,探讨其在产后ABO-HDN诊断中的价值。方法采用微柱凝胶法对1158名夫妇ABO血型不合的O型孕妇孕早期与孕晚期进行IgG抗A/B抗体效价检测,分析其抗体效价的分布、变化幅度与产后ABO-HDN发生率的关系。结果 158例夫妇ABO血型不合的O型孕妇孕早期与孕晚期血清中IgG抗A/B抗体效价的分布与血型分布无相关性(P>0.05),产后ABO-HDN的发生率与产前(包括孕早期与孕晚期)IgG抗A/B效价的高低呈正相关性(P<0.05),与孕期IgG抗A/B抗体效价的升高幅度呈正相关性。结论动态监测夫妇ABO血型不合的O型孕妇不同孕期IgG抗A/B抗体效价,可更加准确的预测ABO-HDN的发生,为临床提供诊断依据。     

孕妇血型抗体效价检测产前诊断的探讨

目的 探讨对孕妇血清中IgG 类血型抗体效价与新生儿溶血病(HDN)之间的关系,对孕妇血清中血型抗体效价的检测,了解IgG抗-A(B)和抗-D 水平在孕妇中的分布情况,为预防及治疗HDN 提供重要的试验依据.方法 采用微柱凝胶技术分别分别对241 例O 型血孕妇和7 例RhD 阴性血孕妇血清gG 抗-A(B)和抗D 水平做出检测.结果 在所检测的241 例O 型血孕妇中,配偶血型组合(O-A)、(O-B)、(O-AB)的例数116、102、和23,其中IgG 抗-A 测定有139,抗体效价≥ 64 有36 例,异常检出例占总数的14.9%(36/241),IgG 抗-B测定有125 例,效价≥ 64 有45 例,异常检出例占总数的18.6%(45/241).其中19 例gG 抗-A(B)效价≥ 64,O 型血孕妇所生新生儿中,有4 例患HDN,阳性率占21.1%,7 例gG 抗-A(B)RhD 阴性血孕妇血清中1 例检出gG 抗-D 抗体,抗体检出率占14.3%.结论 HDN的发病率随着母体内的IgG 类血型抗体水平增高而增大.     

孕妇IgG抗体效价与新生儿溶血病发病的相关研究

目的：探讨O型血孕妇血清中IgG抗体效价与新生儿溶血病发病率之间的关系。方法采用微柱凝胶检测O型孕妇IgG抗A(B)效价及新生儿溶血三项,分析IgG抗体效价与新生儿溶血病发病率的关系。结果528例O型孕妇IgG抗A(B)效价测定,抗体效价<1：64者占59.5%,抗体效价1：64者占16.7%,抗体效价1：128者占10.6%,抗体效价1：256者占9.5%,抗体效价1：512者占3.8%。ABO-HDN发病率与母体血清IgG抗体效价成正相关,抗体效价超过1：64 HDN发生率明显增加,发病几率为64.5%(138/214)。结论 O型孕妇IgG抗体效价与新生儿发病率成正相关,随孕妇孕期IgG抗体效价增高,新生儿溶血病发病逐渐增高。监测孕期IgG抗体效价可预测新生儿溶血病发病情况,提示医生采取医学干预可减轻其危害。     

不同因素对O型血孕妇血清IgG抗A(B)抗体效价及新生儿溶血病发生率的影响

目的 探讨不同因素对O型血孕妇血清IgG抗A(B)抗体效价及新生儿溶血病(HDN)发生率的影响.方法 回顾性分析2019年1月至2020年6月进行产检(分娩后采集数据)的O型血孕妇283例及其新生儿作为本次的研究样本,采用微柱凝胶法检测孕妇血清ABO抗原和IgG抗体效价,并统计HDN的发生情况.对HDN发生率与血清Ig...     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

---

Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.