情绪性量表在公务员中的信效度评价

目的评价中国成年人情绪性量表在我国公务员中的信效度。方法用情绪性量表在我国公务员群体中进行施测,通过项目分析、探索性因子分析和验证性因子分析对量表的信效度进行检验。结果经项目分析和探索性因子分析,情绪性量表表达性因子的7个项目被删除,量表保留了愉悦性和乐观性2个因子20个项目。20个项目的题总相关系数均大于0.4,因子载荷大于0.4,共同性大于0.16。2个因子可累积解释量表总变异量的57.821%。20项量表的建构效度、收敛效度、区别效度和效标效度也都符合心理测量学的要求。量表的内部一致性信度Cronbach'sα系数为0.902,愉悦性和镇定性2个因子的Cronbach'sα系数分别为0.918、0.919;愉悦性和镇定性2个因子的组合信度分别为0.919、0.848。结论情绪性量表(20项)具有良好的信效度,可以作为测量和评估我国公务员情绪性的工具。     

复愈性环境量表的编制

目的编制第一份中文版复愈性环境量表。方法编制量表初稿,对281名大学生进行施测和对数据进行因素分析;在初稿的基础上进行修改,形成量表终稿,随机选择327名大学生对3个环境的图片运用此量表进行评分。并进行信效度考核。结果总量表及3个分量表的Cronbach’α系数在0.769～0.936之间,分半信度在0.695～0.903之间。最终量表的3个因子可以解释总体方差的57.048%,3个分量表与总量表的相关系数在0.724～0.943之间,分量表之间的相关系数在0.478～0.684之间,低于与总分之间的相关,表明结构效度较高,进一步分析表明量表有良好的效标效度。结论本量表由3个维度组成,分别是远离、吸引和兼容、丰富。经过信效度检验,能够作为测量环境的复愈性作用的工具。     

577例大学生碎片化信息焦虑量表编制

目的:编制一套适用于大学生群体的碎片化信息焦虑量表。方法:参考Wurman信息焦虑等理论,开展访谈及开放式问卷调查,并通过项目分析筛选题目,制作初测量表。对577名大学生进行测试,检验量表的信效度指标。结果:编制成包含5个维度,共计38个项目的量表。(1)所有条目的CR值在3.01~12.46(P0.05);(2)结构效度各条目因子负荷均在0.4以上,效标关联效度相关系数在0.67~0.80;(3)5个维度的Cronbach’α系数在0.658~0.712,平均为0.688。结论:所编制的量表信效度良好,适用于对我国大学生碎片化信息焦虑进行评定。     

心理弹性量表中文版在医学生中的信效度检验

目的:对心理弹性量表中文版(CD-RISC)在医学生样本中进行信效度检验。方法:采用整群抽样的方法对463名大三到大五的中南大学医学生进行问卷调查,利用同质性信度、分半信度、重测信度、校标关联效度、结构效度等统计指标对量表进行信效度分析。同时比较2个条目和10个条目的心理弹性量表与25个条目的心理弹性量表进行信效度系数。结果:对量表进行探索性因素分析得出3个因子,项目分析结果显示心理弹性量表中文版(CD-RISC)各条目分与量表总分相关系数在0.348~0.809之间,各分量表分与总分之间的相关系数在0.512~0.952之间,均达到显著水平(P0.01),27%标准分出的高分组和低分组的平均数的差异检验中中文版CDRISC总分的CR值为35.146,各条目的 CR值在0.568~1.696之间,均达到显著差异(P0.001);总量表的Cronbach’sα系数为0.951,分半信度为0.928,一周后重测信度为0.590;中文版CD-RISC总分与DASS-21总分的相关系数为-0.470,与其分量表分的相关系数在-0.309~-0.506之间,均达到显著水平(P0.01)。验证性因素分析结果显示χ2/df=2.685,CFI=0.935,TLI=0.928,RMSEA=0.060,RMR=0.037。结论:心理弹性量表中文版(CDRISC)在医学生样本中具有良好的信效度,可以用于医学生心理弹性水平测验。     

4-6年级学生学习策略量表的编制

目的:初编4～6年级学生学习策略量表,进行项目分析并检验其信、效度。方法:正式量表采用整群取样法在长沙、衡阳地区抽取城市、城乡结合、农村6所小学973例有效样本。同时,获重测样本80例,校标样本共356例。结果:量表由10个分量表,53个项目构成。各项目通俗性水平为0.64～0.89,大于0.7的占83.02%,各项目题总相关和决断值均有统计意义。总量表α系数和分半信度分别为0.93和0.91,重测信度为0.47。各年级量表总分与学习策略意识总分的相关为0.46～0.73,与学业成绩的相关为0.35。结论:量表项目通俗易懂,区分度优良;各种信度检验达到测量学的基本要求;效度良好。     

EORTC QLQ-C30的信度、效度研究

目的评价EORTC QLQ-C30用于胃癌患者时的信度和效度.方法以面访的形式调查人院治疗的胃癌患者140例,用重测信度、Cronbach'α系数、结构效度等对问卷进行评价.结果重复测量的ICC值除情绪功能外均大于0.75,量表的Cronbach'α系数分别为0.8138;分半信度系数分别为0.7827.表明量表的重测信度、分半信度和内部一致性良好.量表的判别效度良好,因子分析的得到3个公共因子,能解释总体方差的60.381%,各公因子在相应项目上的因子载荷均＞0.5,表明该量表有较满意的结构效度.结论QLQ-C30具有较好的信度和效度.     

大学生自我评价量表的编制及信效度检验

目的编制适合我国大学生的自我评价量表并对其进行信度和效度检验,为高校心理健康教育提供测评工具。方法采用自编的《大学生自我评价量表》,对416名大学生进行调查。结果因素分析表明,大学生自我评价包括积极情感、消极情感和行为习惯3个因子,这3个因子可以解释总体方差的52.819%,表明结构效度较高;3个分量表与总量表的相关系数在0.559～0.950之间,分量表之间的相关系数在0.389～0.540之间,低于与总分之间的相关,表明结构效度较高;总量表及3个分量表的Cronbachα系数分别为0.947,0.947,0.807,0.616,Spearman-Brown分半信度分别为0.847,0.921,0.793,0.622,信度较高。结论大学生自我评价量表的信度效度指标较好,可为我国大学生自我评价的研究提供有效评估工具。     

空中乘务员心理素质测评量表的编制

目的编制空中乘务员心理素质测评量表。方法用探索性因素分析发展量表的初步理论结构，用验证性因素分析证明理论结构的合理性和正确性。结果①探索性因素分析确定该量表包括16个因子，共解释变异总量的79.851%；②总量表的Cronbach＇s a系数、分半信度和重测信度分别为0.922、0.901和0.896；3量表的结构效度和内容效度都比较理想。结论编制的空中乘务员心理素质测评量表共包含16个因子，量表具有较好的信效度。     

白血病儿童社会适应评定量表的编制

目的:编制不同年龄阶段白血病儿童的社会适应评定量表(SAASCL)并检验其效度和信度。方法:基于社会生态系统论，通过文献分析、半结构式访谈和Delphi专家函询拟定SAASCL原始量表。选取白血病儿童304例进行测试(2～7岁163例，8～18岁141例),选取其中61名儿童间隔2周重测，使用儿童生存质量普适性量表(PedsQL4.0)作为效标。结果:2个年龄阶段SAASCL均包括20个条目，分为环境适应、心理适应、人际适应及行为适应4个因子，累积方差贡献率分别为57.54%、59.03%;总量表的内容效度指数分别为0.91、0.92;量表总分及各因子得分均与PedsQL4.0总分呈正相关(r=0.41～0.71、0.31～0.70;均P<0.01)。2个年龄阶段总量表及各因子的Cronbach α系数分别为0.73～0.86、0.74～0.85;重测信度分别为0.60～0.72、0.63～0.76。结论:本研究编制的白血病儿童社会适应评定量表的效度和信度良好，可以评价白血病儿童的社会适应水平。     

初中生未来时间洞察力问卷的编制

目的编制初中生未来时间洞察力问卷,并检验所编制问卷的信度和效度。方法用探索性因素分析初步探究理论结构,用验证性因素分析验证理论结构的合理性和正确性。结果1探索性因素分析确定该问卷包括5个因子,共解释总变异量的50.036%;2总量表的Cronbach's α系数、分半信度和重测信度分别为0.787、0.809、0.829;3问卷的结构效度和内容效度较高,结构稳定。结论编制的初中生未来时间洞察力问卷共包括5个因子,量表具有较好的信效度。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.