HPLC法同时测定大鼠血浆中厄贝沙坦和吡格列酮的浓度

目的:建立同时测定大鼠血浆中厄贝沙坦和吡格列酮浓度的高效液相色谱法。方法:采用MERCKPurospherC18色谱柱,0.02mo·lL-1醋酸盐缓冲液(pH=3.6)-乙腈(60∶40)为流动相,检测波长为245nm,流速为1.0mL·min-1,柱温为35℃,进样量为40μL。结果:厄贝沙坦和吡格列酮检测浓度的线性范围分别为0.1～12μg·mL-1(r=0.9997)、0.1～12μg·mL-1(r=0.9998),萃取回收率大于75%,方法回收率大于90%,日内RSD小于4.4%,日间RSD小于8.1%。结论:该方法准确、灵敏、快速,可用于同时测定大鼠血浆中厄贝沙坦和吡格列酮的浓度。     

LC-MS/MS法同时测定人血浆中氯吡格雷及其羧酸代谢物的浓度

目的建立快速测定人血浆中氯吡格雷及其羧酸代谢物SR26334含量的LC-MS/MS法。方法乙醚-正己烷(4:1,V:V)2次液-液提取法(中性和酸化条件下),采用Teknokroma C_(18)色谱柱,以那格列奈和吡格列酮为内标,同时测定血浆中氯吡格雷和SR26334的浓度。流动相:甲醇-0.1%甲酸(80:20,V:V);流速:0.2mL·min~(-1);以多反应离子监测方式检测:氯吡格雷[M+H]~+,m/z 322.1→212.1;那格列奈[M+H]~+,m/z 318.3→166.2;氯吡格雷羧酸代谢物SR26334[M+H]~+,m/z 308.1→q98.1;吡格列酮[M+H]~+,m/z 357.2→134.2。结果氯吡格雷和内标那格列奈的保留时间分别在4.4和3.7min,SR26334和内标吡格列酮的保留时间分别在1.3和1.7min,氯吡格雷的线性范围为5～5000ng·L~(-1);SR26334的线性范围为20～2500μg·L~(-1)。提取回收率大于75%,方法回收率大于90%,日内、日间RSD小于10%(n=5)。结论本方法简便快速,适用于氧吡格雷制剂的新药临床研究和临床长期治疗病人血药浓度的常规监测。     

反相高效液相色谱法检测人血清中盐酸吡格列酮浓度

目的:建立快速灵敏的高效液相色谱法测定盐酸吡格列酮的血药浓度。方法:血清样品加入内标后用乙酸乙酯-乙醚(8:1)混合液提取,萃取层经氮气流吹干后用流动相定容,取20 μL 进样。色谱柱为日本 KYATECH 公司 HiQ sil C18V(5 μm,4.6mm×250mm),流动相:0.025 mol·L~(-1)磷酸二氢钠缓冲液(pH 4.85)-乙腈(1:1),流速0.75 mL·min~(-1),检测波长为230 nm。结果:本法的最低检测浓度为5 ng·mL~(-1),在10～4000 ng·mL~(-1)浓度范围内线性良好。日内精密度 RSD 为1.062%～8.660%,日间精密度 RSD 为1.643%～10.86%,萃取回收率不低于60%,方法回收率在90%以上。结论:该法准确、灵敏、快速,适用于人血清中吡格列酮的测定。     

改良高效液相色谱荧光检测法测定人血浆氢溴酸加兰他敏浓度

目的:改进高效液相色谱荧光法测定人血浆中氢溴酸加兰他敏浓度的方法,提高其灵敏度和精确度。方法:采用Hypersil-C_8色谱柱,以乙腈-水(30:70)作为流动相(pH=5.9,含三乙胺0.2％)。碱化血浆后经无水乙醚2次提取,合并2次提取的有机层,挥干乙醚后,残渣经溶有参照标准品阿替洛尔的流动相溶解后进行测定。荧光检测的激发波长为290nm,发射波长为320nm。结果:本法测定氢溴酸加兰他敏的线性范围为1～50μg·L~(-1)(r=0.999),最低检测限0.2ng,最低检测浓度为1μg·L~(-1)。日内变异系数为11.86％,日间变异系数为8.40％,萃取回收率和方法回收率均>80％。1μg·L~(-1)的回收率大于60％。结论:本方法精密、准确,适用于加兰他敏的临床检测。     

盐酸吡格列酮片的HPLC含量测定方法

目的用高效液相色谱法测定盐酸吡格列酮片剂中盐酸吡格列酮的含量。方法采用C18柱(Novapack)乙腈水乙酸(45∶55∶03)为流动相,流量1ml·min1,检测波长269nm。采用尼群地平作为内标物质。结果线性范围为10～400μg·ml1;样品溶液至少在7d内稳定;平均回收率1001%,RSD=09%。结论采用高效液相色谱法测定盐酸吡格列酮片剂中盐酸吡格列酮的含量,方法简便,结果准确。     

高效液相色谱法测定莫达非尼及其胶囊剂含量

目的:测定莫达非尼原料药及其胶囊剂的含量。方法:采用高效液相色谱法。色谱柱为Phenomenex ODS(150mm×4.6mm,5μm),柱温30℃,流动相为甲醇-50mmoL·L~(-1)甲酸(50:50,pH=2.5),流速1.0mL·min~(-1),UV检测波长225nm。结果:莫达非尼浓度在1.0～20μg·mL~(-1)范围标准曲线线性良好,最低检测浓度0.5μg·L~(-1),日内RSD为1.8％(n=5),日间RSD为2.0％(n=5),加样回收率98.0％～99.6％(n=3)。结论:本法简便快速,准确可靠,可用于莫达非尼及其胶囊剂含量测定等相关研究。     

液相色谱-串联质谱法测定人血浆中米格列奈浓度及其药动学研究

目的建立一种快速分析测定人血浆中米格列奈的液相色谱-串联质谱色谱法,用以研究米格列奈在健康人体内的药动学。方法以那格列胺为内标,血浆酸化后经液液萃取后,采用液相色谱-串联质谱法以多反应检测方式进行测定,选择监测的离子为m/z 316.2→298.2(米格列奈)和m/z 318.2→120.2 (那格列胺)。流动相以甲醇-10 mmol·L~(-1)醋酸铵水溶液(75:25,V/V),流速0.3 mL·min~(-1),色谱柱为Agilent Zorbax Eclipse Plus C_(18)(1.8μm,3 mm×150 mm);柱温:30℃。结果米格列奈在0.502 0～4 016μg·L~(-1)浓度范围内呈良好的线性关系(r=0.995),最低检测浓度为0.502 0μg·L~(-1),精密度和准确度试验均符合生物分析要求,应用此法测得5、10、20 mg剂量组不同给药方式、多个时间点的米格列奈血药浓度,结果呈线性动力学特征。结论该方法灵敏度高、专属性强、准确、简便,适用于米格列奈的人体药动学研究。     

血浆中吡格列酮的测定及其在人体内的药动学研究

目的 建立测定血浆中吡格列酮的方法.方法 采用Diamosil C18(150 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm)色谱柱,以乙腈-pH5.8磷酸盐缓冲液(55:45)为流动相,安定为内标,检测波长225 nm.结果 吡格列酮在0.02-2.00 μg·ml-1范围内,线性良好(r=0.9968),平均回收率为105.3%,日内、日间的RSD为4.23%～18.40%.结论 所建方法操作简便、快速、重复性好、准确可靠,适用于临床血药浓度的监测及药动学研究.     

RP-HPLC法测定人体血浆中吉西他滨的浓度

目的:建立一种测定人体血浆中吉西他滨血药浓度的高效液相色谱方法。方法:取血浆样品1 mL,加内标100μL(含氟脲苷0.8μg·mL-1),混匀,加甲醇-乙腈(1:9)3 mL混匀,放置5 min,离心(3500 r·min-1,10 min),取上清液于60℃水浴放置,氮气吹干,残渣用0.5 mL流动相溶解,离心(15000 r·min～1,10 min),取上清液,进样50μL。色谱柱:Lichrospher 5-C18(4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm),流动相:40 mmol·L-1醋酸铵缓冲液(用醋酸调节pH=5.5)-乙腈(97.5:2.5),流速:0.8 mL·min～1,检测波长:268 nm,柱温:25℃。结果:本方法线性范围0.20—10.0μg·mL～1,r=0.9999,方法检测限为0.10μg·mL-1(S/N>4),定量限为(0.21±0.02)μg·mL-1(S/N>10);方法回收率为100.1％-106.6％(n=21),日内RSD为2.3％-4.0％(n=21),日间RSD为3.2％-5.2％(n=21)。结论:本方法灵敏度高,操作简便、准确,可用于人体血浆中吉西他滨浓度的测定及药动学研究。     

盐酸吡格列酮治疗2型糖尿病有效性和安全性的临床观察

目的:评价盐酸吡格列酮联合磺脲类和二甲双胍治疗2型糖尿病患者的疗效和安全性。方法:口服磺脲类和二甲双胍药物稳定剂量1个月以上,而且空腹血糖≥7.5mmol·~(-1)的2型糖尿病患者101例,破随机双盲分入吡格列酮(每天30mg)治疗组(47例)或安慰剂联合磺脲类和二甲双胍对照组(46例),观察时间为12周。结果:吡格列酮治疗组在降低HbAlc、空腹和餐后2h血糖,都较对照组显著有效(P<0.05)。12周后,吡格列酮组空腹血糖平均下降1.6mmol·L~(-1),餐后2h血糖下降2.1mmol·L~(-1),HbAlc水平下降1.1％。吡格列酮联合磺脲类和二甲双胍治疗可明显降低甘油三酯水平(29％),同时升高HDL-C水平(11％),总胆固醇和LDL-C水平亦有降低。吡格列酮耐受性良好,药物不良反应发生率与对照组无明显差异。结论:吡格列酮联合磺脲类和二甲双胍治疗2型糖尿病可明显改善HbAlC水平和空腹、餐后2h血糖,同时对本文所观察的脂代谢指标有改善作用。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.