Comparative effects of propofol, landiolol, and nicardipine on hemodynamic and bispectral index responses to endotracheal intubation: a prospective, randomized, double-blinded study

STUDY OBJECTIVES: To examine the comparative effects of propofol, landiolol, and nicardipine on hemodynamic responses and bispectral index (BIS) changes to endotracheal intubation. SETTING: Operating room of a university-affiliated general hospital. PATIENTS: 27 ASA physical status I and II patients who were scheduled to undergo elective general surgical, urological, or gynecological procedures with general anesthesia. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective, randomized, double-blinded study. INTERVENTIONS: Patients were divided into three groups as follows: Group 1 received propofol, 1 mg/kg; Group 2 received landiolol, 0.1 mg/kg; and Group 3 received nicardipine, 1 mg. After baseline measurements were recorded, anesthesia was induced with propofol, fentanyl, and vecuronium. Patients' lungs were ventilated with 100% oxygen for 120 seconds, at which time one of one of the study drugs was administered. Laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation were performed 4 minutes after anesthetic induction. MEASUREMENTS: Cardiac index (CI) and stroke volume index (SVI) were monitored continuously. Bispectral index was also monitored continuously from 5 minutes after tracheal intubation. MAIN RESULTS: Heart rate values in Group 3 increased 30 seconds after intubation; this increase lasted for 1 minute after intubation. Systolic blood pressure in all three groups decreased after induction of anesthesia and before tracheal intubation, and values returned closer to baseline values 30 seconds after intubation. In the propofol group, CI and SVI decreased after administration of additional propofol, lasting for 30 seconds after intubation. The BIS values rapidly decreased after induction of anesthesia, with no intergroup differences noted in BIS values (propofol group, 39+/-7; landiolol group, 44+/-14; nicardipine group, 41+/-9). However, BIS was significantly lower in the propofol group than in the other two groups from 30 seconds to 5 minutes after intubation. CONCLUSIONS: Landiolol, 0.1 mg/kg, before intubation provides effective hemodynamic stability in the postintubation period.     

Comparison of epidural anesthesia and general anesthesia for patients with bronchial asthma

We prospectively investigated the incidence of asthmatic attacks in 94 patients (1.5%) who were diagnosed as definite asthma. We separated the patients into three groups: epidural anesthesia (n = 10) including combined spinal/epidural anesthesia (n = 7), combined epidural and general anesthesia (n = 23), and general anesthesia (n = 54). General anesthesia was induced with propofol or midazolam and maintained with N2O and O2 with sevoflurane in adults. Patients who underwent epidural anesthesia and combined spinal and epidural anesthesia showed no asthmatic attacks. The incidence of bronchospasm with combined epidural and general anesthesia was 2/23. The incidence of bronchospasm with general anesthesia was 4/54. Bronchoconstriction occurred after tracheal intubation in 5 patients except in one patient, in whom it occurred after induction of anesthesia with midazolam. All episodes of bronchospasm in the operative period were treated successfully. The frequency of bronchospasm did not depend on the severity of asthmatic symptoms or the chronic use of bronchodilators before operation. These findings suggest that tracheal intubation, not the choice of anesthetic, plays an important role in the pathogenesis of bronchospasm.     

Tracheal intubation without the use of muscle relaxants: a technique using propofol and varying doses of alfentanil.

We have noted that tracheal intubation can be accomplished in many patients after induction of anesthesia with propofol and alfentanil without the simultaneous use of muscle relaxants. This study was designed to evaluate airway and intubating conditions after administration of propofol and alfentanil in 75 ASA physical status I or II outpatients with Mallampati class I airways undergoing various surgical procedures. The patients were randomly assigned to one of five groups for induction of anesthesia. All patients received midazolam 1 mg IV before induction of anesthesia. Group I patients (n = 15) received d-tubocurarine 3 mg, thiamylal 4 mg/kg, and succinylcholine 1 mg/kg IV. Groups II-V patients (n = 15 each) received alfentanil 30, 40, 50, or 60 micrograms/kg followed by propofol 2 mg/kg IV. No muscle relaxants were given to patients in groups II-V. Airway management was performed by one of the authors who was blinded as to the dose of alfentanil administered. After loss of consciousness, patients' lungs were ventilated via face mask, and the ease of ventilation was recorded. Jaw mobility was also assessed. Ninety seconds after administration of the propofol or thiamylal, laryngoscopy was performed and exposure of the glottis and position of the vocal cords were noted. Intubation of the trachea was performed and patient response was noted. Heart rate and arterial blood pressure were also recorded before induction of anesthesia, after induction, and then again after intubation of the trachea. The lungs of all patients were easily ventilated via mask, and the jaw was judged to be relaxed in all patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Propofol versus thiopentone for induction of anesthesia in patients undergoing outpatient surgery

Investigation was carried out on 40 females undergoing dilation and curettage or laparoscopy on outpatient basis. All patients were premedicated with pethidine and atropine. In 20 patients, anesthesia was induced with intravenous propofol 2 mg/kg (Group I), and in the other 20 patients thiopentone 4 mg/kg was used (Group II). Prior to induction of anesthesia, 80 mg of lignocaine (4 ml of 2%) was injected intravenously to be followed by the induction agent. No pain followed the injection of propofol or thiopentone and smooth induction of anesthesia was achieved within 60 seconds. Injection of suxamethonium 100 mg and tracheal intubation was then performed and anesthesia was maintained with 66% N2O in O2 supplemented by suxamethonium drip. In the thiopentone group, SBP decreased after induction and tracheal intubation was followed by a significant increase of SBP and HR. In the propofol group, both SBP and HR decreased after induction and tracheal intubation was also followed by an increase of SBP and HR. However, the increase of SBP was less than that observed in the thiopentone group and the increase of HR was not significant when compared to the control value. At the end of surgery and cessation of anesthesia, recovery was scored. After 10 minutes, all patients in the propofol group were awake and initiated conversation while 12 patients of the thiopentone group were still sleepy. The results suggest that propofol may be preferred to thiopentone for induction of anesthesia in outpatient surgery.     

Ephedrine, dopamine, or doubtamine to treat hypotension with propofol during epidural anesthesia

PURPOSE: To compare the efficacy of ephedrine, dopamine and dobutamine for circulatory support during thoracic epidural anesthesia after anesthetic induction with propofol. METHODS: Forty patients undergoing lobectomy or mastectomy were divided into four groups of 10: a control group received no vasopressor; an ephedrine group received 5 mg ephedrine when the mean arterial pressure (MAP), measured every 2.5 min, decreased by 10% from baseline; dopamine and dobutamine groups received 5 microg x kg(-1) x min(-1) dopamine or 3 microg x kg(-1) x min(-1) dobutamine from five minutes after epidural injection of local anesthetic to the end of tracheal intubation. Anesthesia was induced with 2 mg x kg(-1) propofol. The MAP and heart rate (HR) were measured at baseline, 20 min after epidural injection, three minutes after propofol, and one minute after tracheal intubation. RESULTS: In the control group, MAP and HR decreased from 86+/-9 mmHg, 74+/-8 bpm to 62+/-9 mm Hg; P<0.0001, 60+/-8 bpm; P = 0.0003 after propofol. After tracheal intubation, MAP was restored to (81+/-13 mmHg, 70+/-13 bpm). In the ephedrine, dopamine, and dobutamine groups, MAP and HR remained unchanged during epidural anesthesia and propofol induction. However, after tracheal intubation, MAP and HR increased in the ephedrine (104+/-11 mm Hg; P = 0.004, 87+/-11 bpm; P<0.0001) and dobutamine (117+/-13 mm Hg; P = 0.0005, 100+/-11 bpm; P<0.0001) groups, but not in the dopamine group compared with baseline. CONCLUSION: Dopamine is preferable to ephedrine and dobutamine in providing hemodynamic stability during propofol induction and tracheal intubation following epidural anesthesia.     

Hemodynamic stability during induction of anesthesia and tracheal intubation with propofol plus fentanyl, ketamine, and fentanyl-ketamine

Purpose. This study was conducted to investigate hemodynamic and cardiac stability during anesthesia induction and intubation, using propofol plus fentanyl, propofol plus ketamine, and propofol plus fentanyl and ketamine. Methods. Forty-five adult patients were randomly allocated to one of three groups according to the agents used for induction: propofol (2 mg/kg) plus fentanyl (3 μg/kg) (PF), propofol (2 mg/kg) plus ketamine (0.1 mg/kg) (PK), and propofol (2 mg/kg) plus fentanyl (3 μg/kg) plus ketamine (0.1 mg/kg) (PFK). Hemodynamic responses were assessed by measuring changes in blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), and cardiac output (CO; using dye dilution combined with pulse dye densitometry [PDD]). Results. BP and HR changes during the induction of anesthesia tended to be greater in the PK group than in the PF and PFK groups. After the injection of propofol, the cardiac index (CI) fell significantly below baseline values in the PF and PFK groups, but remained unchanged in the PK group. After tracheal intubation, BP and HR increased significantly only in the PF and PK groups, and reached a level significantly above baseline values only in the PK group. The CO responses to tracheal intubation were: PK group > PF group > PFK group. Conclusion. A combination of propofol plus fentanyl plus ketamine would provide greater reduction of fluctuations in hemodynamic variables associated with induction of anesthesia and tracheal intubation than combinations of propofol plus fentanyl or propofol plus ketamine. Received: January 22, 2001 / Accepted: June 19, 2001     

不同剂量右美托咪定对舒芬太尼抑制老年患者气管插管心血管反应的半数有效剂量的影响

目的 观察复合不同剂量右美托咪定时对舒芬太尼抑制老年患者气管插管的半数有效剂量（ED50）的影响。方法 选择全身麻醉下行腹部手术的老年患者96例,ASA分级Ⅰ~Ⅱ级,将患者分为4组：对照组（C组,麻醉诱导前输注10 mL生理盐水）和右美托咪定组（D1、D2、D3组,分别于麻醉诱导前静脉泵注右美托咪啶0.1、0.3、0.5 μg/kg,泵注时间5~15 min）。所有患者均采用丙泊酚靶控浓度2.5 μg/mL及预设靶浓度的舒芬太尼全凭静脉麻醉。气管插管时采用序贯法测定舒芬太尼目标靶控浓度,记录所有患者插管前出现窦性心动过缓、低血压、呛咳的例数,并记录在PACU期间躁动、疼痛例数及术后2小时的镇静评分。结果 全麻诱导前静脉给予不同剂量右美托咪定且丙泊酚效应室浓度2.5 μg/mL下舒芬太尼抑制老年人气管插管心血管反应的EC50分别是：C组：0.246 ng/mL,D1组0.238 ng/mL,D2组0.215 ng/mL,D3组0.199 ng/mL。与C组相比,D3组气管插管前出现心动过缓的发生率较高,D2、D3组拔管期间患者躁动发生率较低,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。各组患者气管插管前出现低血压、呛咳的发生率及拔管期间疼痛的发生率以及术后2小时Ramsay评分差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论 随着右美托咪定的剂量增加,老年患者气管插管所需的舒芬太尼目标靶控浓度呈剂量依赖性下降,且全身麻醉诱导前静脉滴注0.3 μg/kg和0.5 μg/kg右美托咪定能够降低老年患者PACU期间的躁动发生情况。     

Lightwand tracheal intubation with and without muscle relaxation

BACKGROUND: Lightwand tracheal intubation is a suitable technique for patients who are difficult to intubate but who are receiving effective ventilation. The effect of muscle relaxants on the efficacy of lightwand intubation has not yet been evaluated. The authors conducted a prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to assess the effectiveness and incidence of complications of lightwand tracheal intubation performed during general anesthesia with and without the use of a muscle relaxant in patients with apparently normal airway anatomy. METHODS: One hundred seventy-six patients who required orotracheal intubation were prospectively included. Anesthesia was administered using propofol (2 mg/kg, then 3 mg . kg (-1). h(-1)) and remifentanil (1 microg/kg, then 0.3 microg . kg(-1) . min(-1)). Patients were randomly assigned to one of two groups (n = 88 for each) to receive rocuronium 0.6 mg/kg or saline intravenously. Lightwand orotracheal intubation (Trachlight; Laerdal Medical Inc., Armonk, NY) was attempted after 3 min. The authors recorded the number of successful intubations, the number of attempts and their duration, and events during the procedure. RESULTS: The failure rate of lightwand intubation was 12% in the placebo group and 2% in the rocuronium group (P = 0.021). Patients in the placebo group received more multiple intubation attempts (P < 0.001), required a greater intubation time (77 +/- 65 vs. 52 +/- 31 s; P = 0.002) and experienced a greater incidence of events during intubation (61 vs. 0%; P < 0.001) than patients in the rocuronium group. CONCLUSIONS: The use of muscle relaxants in patients with apparently normal airways is associated with a lower failure rate, decreased intubation time, and fewer attempts when performing lightwand orotracheal intubation.     

Effects of EDTA- and sulfite-containing formulations of propofol on respiratory system resistance after tracheal intubation in smokers

BACKGROUND: The formulation of sulfite-containing propofol (SCP) has not been thoroughly investigated in patients with the extensive smoking history for the effects on the total respiratory system resistance after tracheal intubation. However adverse effects, including acute asthma and bronchospasm, have been reported with several other parenteral formulations of drugs containing sulfite as preservative. Therefore, the aim of this prospective randomized and double blind study was to investigate the effects of EDTA-containing propofol (ECP) and SCP on total respiratory system resistance (Rrs) in patients with the prolonged smoking history and undergoing propofol-based total intravenous anesthesia with tracheal intubation. METHODS: 40 patients scheduled for general anesthesia were enrolled into the study. Anesthesia was induced with either 2 mg/kg ECP, or 2 mg/kg SCP followed by vecuronium (0.1 mg/kg) to ensure complete neuromuscular relaxation for the time of the study. Maintenance anesthesia was continued with propofol infusion at 0.15 mg/kg/min for the first 15 min after intubation. Total respiratory system resistance (Rrs), was measured continuously for 10 min postintubation. RESULTS: The analysis of repeated Rrs measurements taken every minute for 10 min postintubation revealed trend consisting of higher Rrs in the SCP group when compared to the ECP group. The statistical analysis of the data performed using repeated measures analysis of covariance demonstrated statistically significant effect (P < 0.05) of the treatment group factor (SCP vs. ECP) and the time factor (time after intubation) on the postintubation Rrs. CONCLUSION: The total respiratory system resistance measured repeatedly for 10 min after tracheal intubation in patients with smoking history is significantly elevated after induction with SCP than after induction with ECP. The preservative used for propofol formulation may alter the effects of propofol on the total respiratory system resistance in smokers.     

Propofol ensures a more stable A-line ARX index than thiopental during intubation

BACKGROUND: The A-line autoregressive modelling with exogenous input index (AAI) is a new method of assessing depth of anesthesia. We examined the effects of tracheal intubation on the AAI and hemodynamics during induction of anesthesia with propofol compared with thiopental in patients aged over 50 yr. METHODS: 40 patients scheduled for a laminectomy, posterior spinal fusion, vertebroplasty, or total hip replacement, ASA physical status I or II and aged over 50 yr, were randomly divided into two groups. Thiopental 5 mg.kg(-1) iv, fentanyl 2.5 microg.kg(-1) iv, and rocuronium 0.7 mg.kg(-1) iv were used in the thiopental group (n = 20) for anesthetic induction; the same protocol was used in the propofol group (n = 20) except that 2 mg.kg(-1) propofol iv was given instead of thiopental. The AAI, non-invasive blood pressure, and heart rate were measured every minute before induction for three minutes, at 1.5 min post-induction, and then each minute post-intubation for eight minutes. RESULTS: The AAI increased significantly at one and two minutes after intubation in the thiopental group (to 56.5 +/- 18.6 at 1 min and 44.7 +/- 18.7 at 2 min after intubation vs 19.9 +/- 7.5 at 1.5 min after induction; P < 0.05). Thereafter, AAI values gradually decreased three minutes after intubation. The AAI was inhibited continuously after intubation in the propofol group, and no significant elevation was seen. CONCLUSION: Our results, using the AAI to monitor anesthetic depth during induction and tracheal intubation, suggest that at equipotent doses propofol provided a more stable level of anesthesia than did thiopental.     

Myocardial metabolism as affected by propofol in geriatric patients. A comparison with etomidate

This study was designed to compare the effects of propofol and etomidate on myocardial metabolism in elderly patients without clinical manifestations of heart failure or coronary artery disease. Twenty geriatric patients (age 65-82 years) scheduled to undergo elective major upper-abdominal surgery were studied and randomly allocated to two equal groups (propofol and etomidate). All patients were premedicated with piritramide, 7.5 mg, and promethazine, 25 mg, intramuscularly 1 h before arrival in the anesthesia room. Ten patients received propofol (1.5 mg/kg) for induction of anesthesia, followed by 10-min infusion of an induction dose; thereafter, anesthesia was maintained with a continuous infusion of 0.1 mg/kg per min. Ten patients received etomidate, 18 mg, for induction, followed by 2.4 mg/min for maintenance. Vecuronium was used for neuromuscular blockade. Cardiovascular dynamics were recorded while the patients were awake, 1-2 min after induction during apnoea, and 1, 5 and 30 min after tracheal intubation without surgical stimulation. Coronary blood flow (argon wash-in technique with sampling of blood from the coronary sinus), myocardial oxygen consumption and myocardial uptake of glucose, free fatty acids and lactate were determined in the awake state and 5 and 30 min after intubation. Arterial plasma concentrations of propofol (high-pressure liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection) and etomidate (gas chromatography) were measured every 5 min throughout the investigation period, which lasted 45 min. Overall mean plasma concentrations of propofol were 3.69 +/- 0.16 micrograms/ml and of etomidate 1.1 +/- 0.16 microgram/ml.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Lightwand Tracheal Intubation with and without Muscle Relaxation

Background: Lightwand tracheal intubation is a suitable technique for patients who are difficult to intubate but who are receiving effective ventilation. The effect of muscle relaxants on the efficacy of lightwand intubation has not yet been evaluated. The authors conducted a prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to assess the effectiveness and incidence of complications of lightwand tracheal intubation performed during general anesthesia with and without the use of a muscle relaxant in patients with apparently normal airway anatomy.

Methods: One hundred seventy-six patients who required orotracheal intubation were prospectively included. Anesthesia was administered using propofol (2 mg/kg, then 3 mg [middle dot] kg-1 [middle dot] h-1) and remifentanil (1 [mu]g/kg, then 0.3 [mu]g [middle dot] kg-1 [middle dot] min-1). Patients were randomly assigned to one of two groups (n = 88 for each) to receive rocuronium 0.6 mg/kg or saline intravenously. Lightwand orotracheal intubation (Trachlight(R); Laerdal Medical Inc., Armonk, NY) was attempted after 3 min. The authors recorded the number of successful intubations, the number of attempts and their duration, and events during the procedure.

Results: The failure rate of lightwand intubation was 12% in the placebo group and 2% in the rocuronium group (P = 0.021). Patients in the placebo group received more multiple intubation attempts (P < 0.001), required a greater intubation time (77 +/- 65 vs. 52 +/- 31 s; P = 0.002) and experienced a greater incidence of events during intubation (61 vs. 0%; P < 0.001) than patients in the rocuronium group.     

Ephedrine reduces the pain from propofol injection

One hundred seventy-six patients (ASA physical status I or II) presenting for elective surgery were randomly allocated into six study groups to compare the incidence of propofol-induced pain after pretreatment with different doses of ephedrine as compared with lidocaine. Patients in Group P (n = 30) received saline placebo; patients in Group L (n = 30) received 2% lidocaine 40 mg; patients received ephedrine 30 microg/kg (Group E30, n = 28), 70 microg/kg (Group E70, n = 30), 110 microg/kg (Group E110, n = 30), and 150 microg/kg (Group E150, n = 28), respectively, followed 30 s later by propofol 2.5 mg/kg. A blinded anesthesiologist asked the patient to evaluate the pain score (verbal rating scale and face pain scale). The incidence and intensity of pain was less in the lidocaine and ephedrine groups than in the placebo group (P < 0.01). Before tracheal intubation, the arterial blood pressure was decreased in the P and L groups, and after intubation, hemodynamics were increased in the E110 and E150 groups, respectively (P < 0.05). We concluded that pretreatment with a small dose of ephedrine (30 and 70 microg/kg) reduced the incidence and intensity of propofol-induced pain with a lesser decrease in arterial blood pressure than from propofol alone in lidocaine pretreatment. IMPLICATIONS: Propofol is a widely used IV anesthetic for the induction of anesthesia, but it often causes local pain when administered into peripheral veins. A small dose of ephedrine reduces the incidence and intensity of the pain without significant adverse hemodynamic effects during induction.     

Recovery following outpatient anesthesia: Use of enflurane versus propofol

Study Objective: To compare the intraoperative conditions and postoperative recovery of patients following the use of either propofol-nitrous oxide (N₂O) or enfurane-N₂O for maintenance of outpatient anesthesia.

Design: Randomized, single-blind study.

Setting: University hospital outpatient surgery center.

Patients: 61 ASA physical status I and II, healthy female outpatients undergoing laparoscopic surgery.

Interventions: Patients were randomly assigned to one of three anesthetic regimes. Group 1 (control) received thiopental sodium 4 mg/kg intravenously (IV), followed by 0.5% to 1.5% enfurane and 67% N₂0 in oxygen (O₂). Group 2 received propofol 2 mg/kg IV, followed by 0.5% to 1.5% enfurane and 67% N₂O in O₂. Group 3 received propofol 2 mg/kg IV, followed by propofol 50 to 160 μg/kg/min IV and 67% N₂O in O₂. All patients received succinylcholine 1 mglkg IV to facilitate tracheal intubation and atracurium 10 to 20 mg IV to provide adequate relaxation during the maintenance period.

Measurements and Main Results: Recovery from anesthesia was assessed by a research nurse who was unaware of the anesthetic technique used. The mean ± SD time to eye opening was significantly longer in the thiopental-enflurane-N₂O group (Group 1) than in the propofol-propofol-N₂0 group (Group 3) (6.1 ± 2.5 minutes vs. 3.5 ± 2.8 minutes, respectively). In addition, the mean time to respond to verbal commands was significantly shorter in the propofol induction groups compared with the thiopental induction group. However, the use of enfurane versus propofol for maintenance of anesthesia did not significantly prolong the time from arrival in the recovery room to sitting, tolerating oral fluids, walking, or being judged “fit for discharge.” There were no differences among the three groups with respect to postoperative pain or analgesic requirements. Finally, patients who received enfurane for maintenance of anesthesia had a significantly higher frequency of nausea and vomiting than the propofol maintenance group.

Conclusion: Induction of anesthesia with propofol is associated with a more rapid emergence from anesthesia than induction with thiopental. Maintenance of anesthesia with enfurane did not prolong recovery compared with maintenance with propofol, but enfurane was associated with increased frequency of postoperative nausea and vomiting.     

Laryngeal injuries and intubating conditions with or without muscular relaxation: an equivalence study

PURPOSE: The need for muscular relaxation to improve intubating conditions and to reduce the incidence of laryngeal morbidity is still controversial. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of symptomatic laryngeal injuries (SLI) and of acceptable intubating conditions (including both good and excellent conditions), both with and without cisatracurium during induction of anesthesia, along with moderate doses of remifentanil and propofol. METHODS: In this prospective, randomized double-blind equivalence trial, the intubating conditions were compared in 130 ASA I or II female patients. All subjects received remifentanil 2 microg x kg(-1) i.v. and propofol 2.5 mg x kg(-1) i.v., with either cisatracurium 0.15 mg x kg(-1) i.v. (group Cisatracturium), or saline (group Placebo). Tracheal intubating conditions were assessed with the Copenhagen Score. A systematic screening for postoperative hoarseness and sore throat was performed 24 and 48 hr after anesthesia, followed by a nasofibroscopic examination when laryngeal symptoms persisted at 48 hr. RESULTS: Twenty-four hr after anesthesia, the incidence of postoperative hoarseness and sore throat in the Cisatracurium and Placebo groups was 26.5% and 21.5%, respectively, and 48 hr after anesthesia, the incidence was 7.8% and 6.1%, respectively (P = 0.32 and P = 0.50 between groups, respectively). In the clinically evaluable population, the incidence of SLI, assessed at 48 hr by nasofibroscopy, was equivalent in both groups, 1.6% vs 1.5% in group Placebo and group Cisatracurium, respectively (P < 0.001 for equivalence test), as was the occurrence of acceptable intubating conditions (95.4% vs 100%, P < 0.05 for equivalence test). However, the occurrence of excellent intubating conditions was more frequent in group Cisatracurium than in group Placebo (P = 0.0003). CONCLUSION: Following induction of anesthesia with propofol and moderate-dose remifentanil, cisatracurium did not confer a higher rate of good-to-excellent conditions for tracheal intubation, nor did muscle relaxation with cisatracurium decrease the rate of SLI after tracheal intubation.     

麻醉诱导时芬太尼不同给药方法对其诱发患者咳嗽的影响

目的 评价麻醉诱导时芬太尼不同给药方法对其诱发患者咳嗽的影响.方法 择期全麻手术患者420例,年龄18～60岁,性别不限,ASA分级Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,采用随机数字表法,将患者随机分为4组(n=105):常规组(Ⅰ组)、预注射组(Ⅱ组)、稀释组(Ⅲ组)和后注射组(Ⅳ组).麻醉诱导:Ⅰ组依次静脉注射咪达唑仑0.05 mg/kg、芬太尼(50 μg/ml)2 μg/kg、异丙酚2 mg/kg、罗库溴铵1mg/kg;Ⅱ组依次静脉注射咪达唑仑0.05 mg/kg、芬太尼(50 μg/ml)0.5 μg/kg、异丙酚2 mg/kg、罗库溴铵1mg/kg、芬太尼(50 μg/ml)1.5 μg/kg;Ⅲ组依次静脉注射咪达唑仑0.05 mg/kg、芬太尼(20 μg/ml)2μg/kg、异丙酚2mg/kg、罗库溴铵1 mg/kg;Ⅳ组依次静脉注射咪达唑仑0.05 mg/kg、异丙酚2 mg/kg、罗库溴铵1 mg/kg、芬太尼(50 μg/ml)2 μg/kg.注药完毕后2 min行气管插管.气管插管前观察咳嗽、异丙酚注射痛的发 生情况,于麻醉诱导前、诱导后、咳嗽时、气管插管时记录HR和有创动脉压.结果 与Ⅰ组比较,其余组患者咳嗽发生率和咳嗽程度降低(P＜0.05);与Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组比较,Ⅳ组患者咳嗽发生率和咳嗽程度降低(P＜0.05).四组其余指标组间比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 麻醉诱导时芬太尼稀释给药、给予预注剂量或后注射均可明显降低其诱发咳嗽的发生,其中后注射效果最佳.     

Propofol 2 mg/kg is superior to propofol 1 mg/kg for tracheal intubation in children during sevoflurane induction

Background: Propofol has been used to facilitate tracheal intubation within a short time of sevoflurane induction without a muscle relaxant in children. We compared as the primary outcome the incidence of excellent intubating conditions after 8% sevoflurane and propofol 1 or 2 mg/kg. Methods: One hundred and four patients (2–7 years) were randomly assigned to receive propofol 1 mg/kg in group SP1 (n=53) or propofol 2 mg/kg in group SP2 (n=51) after inhalation induction using sevoflurane 8% in oxygen. Forty‐five seconds after propofol and controlled ventilation, intubating conditions were assessed using a four‐point scoring system based on ease of laryngoscopy, vocal cords position, coughing, jaw relaxation and limb movement. Heart rate and systolic blood pressure were measured as baseline, after sevoflurane induction, propofol, intubation and at 2 and 5 min following intubation. Results: Three patients in group SP1 were excluded from analysis. Time from sevoflurane induction to intubation (248.9±71.3 s in group SP1 vs. 230.9±61.3 s in group SP2) and endtidal sevoflurane before intubation (5.6±1.6% in group SP1 vs. 5.2±1.5% in group SP2) did not differ between the two groups. The incidence of excellent intubating conditions was significantly higher in group SP2 compared with group SP1 [47/51 (92%) vs. 28/50 (56%)]. The incidence of acceptable intubating conditions was significantly higher in group SP2 compared with group SP1 [48/51 (94%) vs. 35/50 (70%)]. No hemodynamic difference was noted at any time point between the two groups. Conclusion: Propofol 2 mg/kg during 8% sevoflurane induction resulted in a higher proportion of excellent intubating conditions compared with propofol 1 mg/kg.     

不同剂量依托咪酯用于老年患者麻醉诱导气管插管时对镇静深度的影响

目的观察不同诱导剂量依托咪酯复合舒芬太尼用于老年患者麻醉诱导对镇静深度的影响。方法 65岁以上老年患者60例,按照依托咪酯诱导剂量随机分为四组:A组0.2 mg/kg,B组0.3 mg/kg,C组0.4 mg/kg,D组0.5 mg/kg。观察并记录诱导前(T0)、插管前(T1)、插管即刻(T2)、插管后1 min(T3)、3 min(T4)和5 min(T5)的MAP、HR和BIS变化。结果 A、D组血流动力学波动比B、C组明显。T2~T5时D组BIS明显低于其它三组(P<0.05或P<0.01),T4、T5时A组BIS明显高于其它三组(P<0.01)。结论依托咪酯0.3~0.4 mg/kg复合舒芬太尼0.3μg/kg较适合老年患者麻醉诱导,镇静深度适中,循环较平稳。     

支撑喉镜下CO2激光治疗小儿喉乳头状瘤的麻醉管理

本院2003年5月-2007年5月支撑喉镜下CO2激光治疗喉乳头状瘤患儿28例,男性19例,女性9例,年龄lO个月～3.5岁,体重8～15 kg,无喉阻塞患儿17例,喉阻塞Ⅰ度患儿7例,喉阻塞Ⅱ度或Ⅲ度息儿4例.术前对全身和喉部病变情况进行评估,根据不同喉阻塞程度选用不同的麻醉方法,纠正术前呼吸系统感染、脱水、电解质紊乱等合并症后行手术.麻醉诱导:无喉阻塞患儿肌肉注射氯胺酮5mg/kg,入睡后静脉注射咪达唑仑0.1 mg/kg、氯胺酮1～2 mg/kg或芬太尼2μ g/kg和琥珀胆碱1.5 mg/kg后气管插管;喉阻塞Ⅰ度患儿肌肉注射氯胺酮5 mg/kg,保留自主呼吸充分给氧,l%地卡因充分表面麻醉后气管插管;喉阻塞Ⅱ度或Ⅲ度患儿1%地卡因充分表面麻醉后气管插管;所有患儿均在喉镜直视下插入较正常小1号的气管导管,行辅助通气或机械通气.麻醉维持:间断静脉注射维库溴铵0.05-0.1 mg/kg和氯胺酮1～2 mg/kg,静脉输注异丙酚3～5 mg·kg-1·h-1,维持HR 110～150次/min,MAP 70～90 mm Hg.术毕时均静脉注射地塞米松0.2-0.3 mg/kg.待患儿清醒、吸空气维持SpO2≥96%时拔除气管导管.除喉阻塞Ⅰ度患儿中1例麻醉诱导时行紧急气管切开外,其余患儿麻醉诱导平稳,麻醉效果满意,血液动力学稳定,术后自主呼吸恢复平稳,均顺利完成手术.激光治疗中未见气管导管损伤及燃烧等情况发生,术中及术后未见窒息、喉痉挛及支气管痉挛等并发症发生.     

Remifentanil vs. lignocaine for attenuating the haemodynamic response during rapid sequence induction using propofol: double-blind randomised clinical trial

This study was conducted to determine whether lignocaine or remifentanil effectively attenuate the response to endotracheal intubation during rapid sequence induction. Forty-eight patients were randomly divided into three groups: Group NS (n = 16) received normal saline 0.1 ml/kg, Group L (n = 16) received lignocaine 1.5 mg/kg, and Group R (n = 16) received remifentanil 1 microg/kg. Anaesthesia was induced with propofol 2 mg/kg after glycopyrrolate 0.2 mg IV. Each study drug was given intravenously over 30 seconds after loss of consciousness. Cricoid pressure was applied until intubation. Succinylcholine 1.0 mg/kg was administered to facilitate tracheal intubation. After intubation, the patient's lungs were ventilated with sevoflurane 1% and nitrous oxide 50% in oxygen. Mean arterial pressure and heart rate were recorded before induction, at loss of consciousness, immediately before laryngoscopy and every minute after intubation for 10 minutes. Mean arterial pressure fell following propofol in all groups. The maximum increase in mean arterial pressure in Group NS and Group L were 46% and 38% respectively above the baseline value one minute after intubation, whereas the mean arterial pressure in Group R increased only back to the baseline value. Heart rate in Group NS and Group L were increased by 27% and 33% above baseline value respectively one minute after intubation, while that in Group R was increased only to the baseline value. The results indicate that remifentanil 1 microg/kg, but not lignocaine 1.5 mg/kg, effectively attenuates the haemodynamic response to endotracheal intubation during rapid sequence induction using propofol.