常规免疫预防阻断乙型肝炎病毒母婴感染的效果

目的 评价免疫预防措施在实际应用中阻断乙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis B virus,HBV)母婴感染的效果,阐明孕妇孕晚期使用乙肝免疫球蛋白(hepatitis B immunoglobulin,HBIG)能否减少HBV母婴感染.方法 将2002年7月至2004年8月江苏省14个县市的419例乙型肝炎表面抗原(hepatitis B surface antigen,HBsAg)阳性孕妇所分娩子女作为研究组,同地区同期的453例 HBsAg-孕妇分娩的子女作为对照组,于2009年10月至2010年3月期间对2组研究对象进行随访,调查母亲孕期HBIG使用情况以及子女出生后HBIG和乙型肝炎疫苗接种情况,检测儿童HBV血清标志物.率的比较采用χ2分析或者Fisher精确概率法,均数的比较采用t检验.结果研究组实际随访298例(71.12%),其中11例(3.69%) HBsAg+;而随访的328例(72.41%)对照组中,HBsAg阳性率为0.00 (χ2=12.32,P<0.01).共11例儿童HBsAg+,其母亲均为HBsAg和HBeAg同时阳性,除1例具体情况不详外,9例儿童在出生时明确没有使用HBIG或延迟接种疫苗,仅1例同时规范使用了HBIG和乙型肝炎疫苗.2组儿童抗-HBs阳性率分别为69.46%和69.21% (χ2=0.01,P=0.95).孕晚期注射HBIG的92例孕妇中,2例(2.17%)儿童HBsAg+;未使用HBIG的197例孕妇中,9例(4.57%)儿童HBsAg+ (χ2=0.98,P=0.51).结论 江苏省常规免疫预防措施在阻断母婴HBV感染方面取得了良好的效果,但对HBV携带孕妇(特别是HBeAg+者)的新生儿仍需强调及时注射HBIG.孕妇孕晚期使用HBIG不能减少母婴HBV感染.

Abstract：

Objective To assess the protective effect of vaccination in routine application on hepatitis B virus (HBV) exposed infants and to clarify whether hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) administration of pregnant women may reduce the risk of maternal-fetal transmission of HBV. Methods Serum samples of 6398 pregnant women at gestation of 15-20 weeks from 6 urban and 8 rural areas across Jiangsu province were previously tested for serologic markers of HBV by ELISA from July 2002 to August 2004. In this study, infants born to 419 HBV carrier mothers were taken as the study group, while infants born to 453 non-carrier mothers were taken as the control group by stratified random sampling. They were followed-up and screened for HBV markers during October 2009 to March 2010. Information including HBIG administration during pregnancy, HBV vaccination and HBIG administration of the infants were collected. χ2 test or Fisher′s exact method were used to compare the rates and the comparison of the means was by t test. Results The follow-up rates of the study group and control group were 71.12% (298/419) and 72.41% (328/453), respectively. Of the 298 infants born to HBV carrier mothers, 11 (3.7%) were positive for HBsAg, while none of the 328 infants born to non-carrier mothers was HBsAg positive (χ2=12.32, P<0.01). All of the 11 children were born to mothers with both HBsAg and HBeAg positive, and nine of the 11 children were not injected HBIG or not immunized with hepatitis B vaccine within 24 hours after birth, with only one received regular vaccination and detailed information was unknown in one case. The positive rates of anti-HBs in the study group and the control group were 69.46% and 69.21% respectively (χ2=0.01, P=0.95). HBsAg positive rate of the children born to pregnant women treated with HBIG during late pregnancy (n=92) was 2.17% (n=2), whereas that in the children born to women not treated with HBIG (n=197) was 4.57% (χ2=0.98, P=0.51). Conclusions The protective effect of immunoprophylaxis in routine application against perinatal HBV infection in Jiangsu province is good. Efforts are required to emphasize the importance of HBIG administration in infants born to HBV carrier mothers, especially in HBeAg positive mothers within 24 hours after delivery. Treatment of HBsAg positive pregnant women with HBIG in third trimester would not decrease the risk of maternal-fetal transmission of HBV.     

乙型肝炎疫苗和乙肝免疫球蛋白阻断乙肝病毒母婴传播的效果

目的:调查实际应用中免疫预防阻断乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)母婴传播的效果,观察孕期注射乙肝免疫球蛋白(HBIG)能否减少HBV母婴感染。方法:对2006年1月至2010年12月在镇江市妇幼保健院分娩的224例乙肝表面抗原(HBsAg)阳性母亲以及250例儿童,结合住院病历,进行回顾性调查,记录母亲孕期HBIG使用情况、子女出生后HBIG和乙型肝炎疫苗接种资料,并采血检测HBV血清标志物及谷丙转氨酶(ALT)。其中69例儿童出生后免疫预防前采外周血检测HBV血清标志物。结果:250例HBsAg阳性孕妇的子女随访时年龄(3.3±1.6)岁,出生时检测HBV标志物的69例中,4例HB-sAg阳性,其中2例随访时HBsAg仍阳性,乙型肝炎e抗原(HBeAg)也阳性,说明慢性感染,另外2例HBsAg转阴;1例出生时HBsAg阴性,但随访时转为阳性。另1例出生时未检测,随访时HBsAg阳性。因此共4例(1.6%)慢性感染HBV,其母亲均为HBeAg阳性。4例感染儿童中,2例出生时未注射HBIG,且未正规接种疫苗。随访的224例母亲中,215例明确孕期使用HBIG的情况;76例子女的母亲孕期注射了HBIG,1例(1.3%)HBsAg阳性,142例子女的139例母亲孕期未使用HBIG,3例(2.1%)HBsAg阳性(P>0.05)。结论:HBsAg阳性孕妇的子女经正规免疫预防后,HBV母婴阻断效果良好,部分预防失败是由于未实施正规预防。新生儿出生时HBV血清标志物不能作为诊断是否感染HBV的指标。孕晚期使用HBIG对阻断母婴感染无效。     

131例乙肝孕妇行介入性产前诊断的垂直传播风险分析

目的了解行介入性诊断的乙肝孕妇发生垂直传播的风险情况。方法回顾性分析2017年7月至2018年6月间来广东省妇幼保健院产前诊断科行介入性产前诊断、符合纳入标准的乙肝表面抗原(HBsAg)阳性孕妇及其所生婴儿的临床资料,总结不同穿刺类型、不同穿刺指征、是否合并乙肝e抗原(HBeAg)阳性等情况下的母婴垂直传播风险。结果本研究共纳入131例(含双胎5例)乙肝孕妇和136例所生婴儿,共3例(2.21%)在乙肝联合免疫后依然被检出感染乙肝;HBeAg阴性和HBeAg阳性孕妇所生婴儿发生感染的几率分别为1.09%(1/92)和5.71%(2/35);乙肝病毒DNA定量超过106IU/ml和107IU/ml的垂直传播率分别为4.35%(1/23)和5.00%(1/20);行羊膜腔穿刺术、脐静脉穿刺术和绒毛吸取术的乙肝孕妇发生垂直传播的几率分别为1.11%(1/90)、2.56%(1/39)和14.29%(1/7);因超声异常表现和其他非超声异常指征行介入性产前诊断孕妇发生垂直传播的风险分别为2.82%(2/71)和1.54%(1/65);10例孕妇孕期接受了抗病毒治疗,该10例所生婴儿均未发生感染。结论乙肝孕妇行介入性产前诊断有发生母婴垂直传播的风险,仍需大样本研究进一步探讨。     

用荧光探针定量PCR技术检测孕妇与胎儿乙肝病毒感染的研究

目的 :探讨孕妇血中乙肝病毒 (HBV)DNA数量与胎儿乙肝病毒感染的关系。方法 :对 71例孕妇乙肝病毒表面抗原 (HBsAg)阳性者 ,用荧光探针定量PCR(FQ -PCR)方法 ,检测血清、宫颈分泌物及乳汁中HBVDNA数量 ,HBVDNA阳性者肌注乙肝免疫球蛋白 ,分娩后新生儿取末梢静脉血进行HBVDNA定量测定。结果 :孕妇血中HBVDNA阳性者其宫内感染率为 32 .6 % ,宫内感染与孕妇血中HBVDNA数量有关 ,HBVDNA数量高易导致胎儿宫内感染 ,乙肝免疫球蛋白可阻断HBV宫内传播。结论 :FQ -PCR方法能快速、准确检测孕妇血中HBVDNA数量 ,孕妇血中HBVDNA数量高易导致胎儿宫内感染 ,孕期肌注乙肝免疫球蛋白可减少胎儿乙肝病毒感染     

免疫阻断乙型肝炎病毒母婴传播多中心研究

目的 探讨孕产妇乙型肝炎表面抗原（HBsAg）阳性率及乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）母婴传播阻断的效果。方法 2008－2012年,通过多中心队列研究,对湖北省、山西省、广东省、新疆维吾尔自治区等地的孕产妇进行HBsAg筛查;对上述地区部分医院入院分娩的HBsAg阳性母亲及8～12个月龄婴儿进行随访观察,所有标本检测乙型肝炎血清标志物(HBsAg,HBsAb,HBeAg,HBeAb,HBcAb),部分标本检测HBV DNA。结果　筛查孕妇82214例,HBsAg阳性4924例,阳性率6.0%。随访HBsAg阳性母亲及8～12个月龄婴儿1371对,婴儿免疫阻断失败率3.1%（42/1371）,HBsAg及HBeAg双阳性母亲婴儿的免疫阻断失败率为8.2%。免疫阻断失败的婴儿其母亲均为HBeAg阳性且HBV DNA≥6 log10 copies/mL。HBeAg阳性母亲孕期注射乙型肝炎免疫球蛋白(hepatitis B immune globulin, HBIG)及未注射HBIG组,其婴儿免疫阻断失败率差异无统计学意义(8.8% vs. 8.1%, P=0.807)。结论　多中心调查显示目前孕产妇HBsAg阳性率6.0%,HBV母婴阻断失败率3.1%。HBsAg及HBeAg双阳性且HBV DNA≥6 log10 copies/mL 的孕妇应为母婴阻断的重点人群。孕妇孕期注射HBIG不能提高HBV母婴阻断效果。     

乙型肝炎表面抗原与乙型肝炎e抗原阴性孕妇乙型肝炎病毒宫内感染的研究

目的 探讨应用套式PCR方法检测乙型肝炎表面抗原(HBsAg)及乙型肝炎e抗原(HBeAg)阴性孕妇乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)宫内感染的状况。方法 选择HBsAg与HBeAg阴性,其他HBV血清标志物阳性孕妇及其新生儿24例作为病例组,同期HBV血清标志物全部阴性孕妇及其新生儿16例作为对照组。采用套式PCR方法检测两组孕妇及其新生儿的血清及外周血单个核细胞(PBMC)中HBV-DNA。结果(1)病例组24例孕妇中,血清HBV-DNA阳性8例,阳性率为33％;PBMC中HBV-DNA阳性10例,阳性率为42％r。其中血清与PBMC均阳性3例,总阳性率为63％r(15／24)。(2)病例组24个新生儿中,血清HBV-DNA阳性3例,阳性率为13％,PBMC中HBV-DNA阳性6例,阳性率为25％。其中血清与PBMC均阳性1例,宫内感染率为33％(8／24)。(3)病例组24例孕妇中,血清阴性而PBMC阳性共7例,其新生儿4例发生宫内感染,感染率为4／7。(4)对照组16例孕妇及其新生儿血清及PBMC中HBV-DNA全部阴性。结论 HBsAg及HBeAg阴性孕妇也可发生HBV宫内感染,采用灵敏度高的套式PCR方法检测孕妇及其新生儿血清及PBMC中HBV-DNA,对诊断HBV宫内感染具有重要临床意义。     

新生儿乙型肝炎病毒血清标志物检测及其转归

目的探讨乙型肝炎病毒携带产妇所生新生儿血清乙型肝炎病毒标志物(HBV-M)转归。方法2001年3月至2006年3月在暨南大学附属第一医院进行产前检查的500例HBsAg阳性产妇所生新生儿，根据母亲HBeAg状态分为HBeAg阳性组144例，HBeAg阴性组356例。两组新生儿在出生12 h内均注射乙型肝炎免疫球蛋白100 IU，并按常规0、1、6方案分别在出生时、1月龄和6月龄注射基因重组乙型肝炎疫苗5 μg，注射主被动免疫前分别抽取外周静脉血检测HBV-M。结果两组新生儿出生时外周血HBsAg、HBeAg均阳性者分别为24例和9例，追踪至6月龄时HBsAg阳性例数分别为10例和5例，HBsAg阴转率差异无统计学意义。两组新生儿出生时HBsAg阳性、HBeAg阴性者分别为4例和21例，追踪至6月龄时，HBsAg阴转率分别为100%和85.7%。出生时HBsAg阴性、HBeAg阳性者，HBeAg阳性组为29例，占20.1%，显著高于HBeAg阴性组比例(P<0.01)，其6月龄HBsAg阳转率为6.9%，明显低于HBeAg阴性组(P<0.01)。在接受全程主被动免疫的情况下，HBeAg阳性组新生儿6月龄HBsAg和HBsAb阳性率分别为9.7%和67.4%，HBeAg阴性组分别为3.1%和78.1%，两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论新生儿出生时外周血HBsAg阳性不能作为判断宫内感染的指标，HBeAg阳性新生儿预后与母亲HBeAg状态密切相关，母亲HBeAg阳性会抑制新生儿对乙型肝炎疫苗的反应。     

乙型肝炎病毒宫内感染相关因素的研究

目的探讨乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）宫内感染的相关因素、新生儿外周血单个核细胞（PBMC）及胎盘HBV感染的影响因素。方法分别采用酶联免疫吸附试验,检测151例血清HBsAg阳性孕妇HBV标志物及其新生儿血清HBsAg;PCR检测孕妇及其新生儿血清和PBMC中的HBV DNA;免疫组化ABC法检测孕妇胎盘组织中HBsAg。非条件logistic回归模型对孕妇血清HBV DNA阳性、孕妇PBMC HBV DNA阳性、胎盘HBV感染等73项危险因素进行分析。结果（1）151例血清HBsAg阳性孕妇分娩的151例新生儿中,血清HBsAg阳性5例,血清HBV DNA阳性29例,PBMC HBV DNA阳性36例,HBV标志物任一项阳性57例,宫内感染率为37．8％（57／151）。（2）HBV宫内感染的危险因素为孕妇血清HBV DNA阳性、孕妇PBMC HBV DNA阳性、胎盘HBV感染比值比（OR）分别为2．25（1．08～4．72）、2．69（1．26～5．73）、4．63（1．70～12．62）。（3）胎盘HBV感染的危险因素为孕妇血清HBV DNA阳性,OR为4．24（1．22—14．69）。（4）新生儿PBMC HBV DNA阳性的危险因素为孕妇PBMC HBV DNA阳性,OR为24．53（7．92～76．01）。结论孕妇PBMC和血清HBV DNA阳性及胎盘HBV感染为HBV官内感染的危险因素;孕妇PBMC HBV DNA阳性可能是形成新生儿宫内感染的独立危险因素。     

孕妇乙肝免疫球蛋白被动免疫阻断HBV母婴垂直传播作用机理的研究

目的 :研究HBV阳性孕妇孕期应用乙肝免疫球蛋白 (HBIG)预防HBV宫内感染的作用机理。方法 :将 78例乙肝表面抗原 (HBsAg)阳性孕妇分为两组 :预防组 30例 ,于孕 2 8、32、36周肌肉注射HBIG 3次 ,每次 2 0 0IU ;对照组 4 8例 ,只随访查体不用药。检测母儿血清乙肝标志物 (HBVM)和细胞因子IFN γ ,IL 12 ,IL 6水平用双抗夹心酶联免疫吸附法 (DAS ELISA) ,测定HBVDNA含量用荧光定量PCR(FQ PCR)技术。结果 :78例HB sAg阳性孕妇分娩的新生儿宫内感染 10例 ,宫内感染率为 12 .82 % .HBIG预防组孕妇的胎儿HBV感染率显著低于对照组 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;预防组新生儿脐血清抗 HBs检出率显著高于对照组 (P <0 .0 0 1) ;预防组孕妇血清中IFN γ ,IL 12水平显著高于对照组 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,IL 6水平、HBVDNA含量则显著低于对照组 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论 :孕妇HBIG被动免疫可有效阻断HBV母婴垂直传播。     

Amniocentesis in mothers who are hepatitis B virus carriers does not expose the infant to an increased risk of hepatitis B virus infection

Sixty-seven pairs of mothers with hepatitis B virus (HBV) surface antigen (HBsAg) and their infants were divided into two study groups to determine the effect of amniocentesis on intrauterine HBV infection. In the first study group (35 pairs), the infant's HBsAg status in cord blood was studied and the results were compared with those obtained in the cord blood from 65 infants born to HBsAg-positive women who did not have an amniocentesis. In the second study group (32 pairs), the HBV status of the infants was studied at the age of three months to five years and compared with the HBV status of 3,454 infants in the National HBV Prevention Program. In the first study group, one sample (2.9%) was weakly positive for HBsAg; while in the first control group, two (3.1%) were positive. In the second study group, three (10%) infants were positive for HBsAg. The failure rates of immunoprophylaxis in the second study and control groups were similar (9.4% vs 11% for HBsAg carrier mothers; 30% vs 14% for HBe antigen-positive carrier mothers). This suggested that genetic amniocentesis did not increase the risk of intrauterine HBV infection.     

乙型肝炎病毒携带者母乳喂养的研究

目的探讨乙型肝炎(乙肝)病毒(hepatitis B virus，HBV)携带者在其新生儿、婴儿接受被动及主动全程联合免疫的条件下，是否可以母乳喂养。方法对2001年9月至2003年10月间妊娠期无症状HBV携带者所娩婴儿进行前瞻性随访研究，新生儿出生时留取脐血检测HBV脱氧核糖核酸(HBV DNA)，出生后12h内及第14天注射乙肝免疫球蛋白，并按0、1、6的程序全程接种乙肝疫苗，由产妇自愿选择母乳喂养或人工喂养，55例母乳喂养，36例人工喂养。分别于婴儿7个月和12个月时随访检测HBV DNA及乙肝血清标志物，婴儿7个月时未感染乙肝但抗-HBs阴性者给予乙肝疫苗5μg加强注射。结果婴儿7个月和12月时，母乳喂养组HBV DNA阳性率分别为9．09％(5／55)及9．09％(5／55)，抗HBs阳性率分别为85．45％(47／55)及90．90％(50／55)；人工喂养组HBVDNA阳性率分别为8．33％(3／36)及8．33％(3／36)，抗HBs阳性率分别为86．11％(31／36)及91．67％(33／36)。母乳喂养与人工喂养相比，差异均无统计学意义。结论在新生儿、婴儿接受被动及主动全程联合免疫的条件下，无症状HBV携带者可以母乳喂养。     

孕妇乙型肝炎病毒携带状态与母婴传播的研究

目的 :探讨孕妇乙型肝炎 (乙肝 )病毒 (HBV)携带状态与母婴传播的关系。方法 :用荧光定量PCR法检测HBV表面抗原 (HBsAg)阳性孕妇血清中HBV脱氧核糖核酸(HBVDNA)及脐血HBVDNA ,婴儿出生后 1 2h内及第 1 4天注射乙肝免疫球蛋白 ,并按0、1、6的程序全程接种乙肝疫苗 ,进行前瞻性随访研究 ,分别于婴儿 7月及 1 2月时随访 ,检测HBVDNA及乙肝血清标志物 ,婴儿 7月时未感染乙肝但抗 HBs阴性者加强注射乙肝疫苗 5μg。 结果 :HBsAg、HBeAg及抗 HBc阳性孕妇的新生儿脐血HBVDNA阳性率为1 8.37% (9/ 4 9) ;HBsAg及HBeAg双阳性者为 1 2 .50 % (2 / 1 6) ;HBsAg及抗 HBc阳性者为1 2 .50 % (3/ 2 4 ) ;HBsAg,抗 HBe和抗 HBc阳性者为 1 .37% (1 / 73) ;脐血HBVDNA阳性的新生儿均生于HBVDNA阳性的母亲 ,阳性率为 1 8.52 % (1 5/ 81 ) ,不同HBV携带状态的脐血阳性率有统计学差异。总母婴传播率为 9.78%。结论 :孕妇HBV携带状态与母婴传播有关 ,孕妇血清HBeAg阳性或HBVDNA含量高是母婴传播的重要因素之一 ,孕妇血清HBVDNA阴性者母婴垂直传播的风险极小。在新生儿、婴儿接受被动及主动全程联合免疫的条件下 ,产时、产后HBV的母婴传播可以预防     

孕妇产前进行免疫阻断与新生儿乙型肝炎基因疫苗免疫效果关系的研究

目的探讨采用乙型肝炎免疫球蛋白(HBIG)阻断孕妇乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)感染对新生儿乙型肝炎(简称乙肝)基因疫苗免疫效果的影响。方法对55例HBV标志物阳性孕妇于产前28周、32周和36周分别给予HBIG 200IU免疫阻断作为阻断组；31例HBV标志物阳性孕妇未给予HBIG免疫阻断作为未阻断组；同期选择HBV标志物阴性孕妇42例作为对照组。对三组新生儿分别给予乙肝基因疫苗的免疫接种，并分别于1个月、2个月、7个月和12个月龄采集外周血检测HBV标志物及丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)。结果阻断组、未阻断组和对照组新生儿免疫保护率分别为87.3%(48/55)、77.4%(24/31)和97.6%(41/42)；未阻断组与对照组间比较具有统计学意义(P<0.01)；对“大三阳”孕妇的阻断效果最好，新生儿抗HBs阳转率从33.3%上升到71.4%。结论对HBV感染孕妇采用HBIG免疫阻断，可以降低宫内感染及母婴传播的发生率；分娩时孕妇HBV感染状态对新生儿抗HBs阳转率可能产生一定程度的影响。     

Risk factors for intrauterine infection with hepatitis B virus

Objective

To investigate risk factors for hepatitis B virus (HBV) intrauterine infection.

Methods

Peripheral blood samples and clinical data were collected from 174 pregnant women who were positive for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). Their 176 neonates received an active–passive immunization schedule at 0, 1, and 6 months. Blood samples from the infants, collected before immune prophylaxis administration, were tested for HBV markers and HBV DNA.

Results

The intrauterine infection rate at 6 months after birth was 5.1%. Maternal HBV DNA positivity (OR 11.362; 95% CI, 1.389–92.931), hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) positivity (OR 7.278; 95% CI, 1.734–30.538), and thalassemia minor (OR 15.619; 95% CI, 2.239–108.964) were associated with intrauterine infection. The intrauterine infection rate for mothers with 10⁵ copies/mL of serum HBV DNA or more was 18.2%, compared with 0.8% for mothers with less than 10⁵ copies/mL.

Conclusion

A positive HBsAg test at 24 hours and/or 1 month of age followed by a positive test at 6 months is an objective and comprehensive criterion for the diagnosis of HBV intrauterine infection. Maternal HBV DNA positivity (especially 10⁵ copies/mL of HBV DNA or more), HBeAg positivity, and thalassemia minor are risk factors for HBV intrauterine infection.     

Breast feeding and immunoprophylaxis efficacy of mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B virus

Abstract

Objective: This study was designed to explore if hepatitis B virus (HBV) may be transmitted via breast milk through mother-to-child transmission (MTCT), and assay the immunoprophylaxis efficacy after passive–active immunization.

Method: From year 2008 to 2012, 67?720 pregnant women were screened and 1186 HBsAg-carrier mothers and their infants aged 8–12 months were followed in multi-centers of China, among whom HBV markers (HBsAg, HBsAb, HBeAg, HBeAb and HBcAb) and HBV-DNA were measured.

Results: HBsAg positive rate of pregnant women was 6.7% (4533/67?720) and infants’ immunoprophylaxis failure rate was 3.3% (39/1186). Immunoprophylaxis failure infants were all born to mothers of HBeAg positive and HBV-DNA >6 log₁₀ copies/ml. Among infants of HBeAg positive mothers, HBV infection rate was 9.0% and HBsAg positive rate was 8.3% in breast-feeding group versus 9.2% in formula-feeding group, P?=?0.761. Occurrence of perinatal HBV infection was indicated in uterus or during delivery. Different feeding patterns had no effects on HBsAb conversion of infants with the implementation of immunization.

Conclusions: HBsAg prevelance rate of pregnant women enrolled was 6.7% and immunoprophylaxis failure rate of infants was 3.3%, while the infection rate reached 9.0% in infants of HBeAg positive mothers. Breast feeding did not increase the occurrence of HBV MTCT.     

孕妇血清中乙型肝炎病毒DNA含量与胎儿宫内感染的关系

探讨孕妇血清中乙型肝炎病毒ＤＮＡ含量与胎儿宫内感染发生率的关系。方法用斑点杂交法检测１８５例乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原阳性孕妇血清中ＨＢＶＤＮＡ及新生儿ＨＢｓＡｇ。结论孕妇血清ＨＢＶＤＮＡ含量升高是胎儿发生乙型肝炎病毒感染重要因素之一。     

Risk of hepatitis B transmission in breast-fed infants of chronic hepatitis B carriers

OBJECTIVE: To measure the rate of hepatitis B (HBV) transmission from chronic HBV carriers to breast-fed infants after immunoprophylaxis. METHODS: Since 1992, information on women with HBV during pregnancy has been collected in a prospective longitudinal study. Those HBV carriers and their infants participating in a county HBV immunoprophylaxis program were identified. Infants were followed for up to 15 months and examined for hepatitis B infection by hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). RESULTS: A total of 369 infants born to women with chronic HBV met the inclusion criteria and received hepatitis B immune globulin at birth and the full course of the hepatitis B vaccine series. We compared 101 breast-fed infants with 268 formula-fed infants. There was no significant difference between the two groups with respect to the number of women who were positive for hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) (22% versus 26%, P =.51). Three women in the breast-feeding group had liver transaminase abnormalities, compared with six women in the formula-feeding group (P =.29). Overall, there were nine cases of HBV infection transmission (2.4%). None of the 101 breast-fed infants and nine formula-fed infants (3%) were positive for HBsAg after the initial vaccination series (P =.063). The mean length of time for breast-feeding was 4.9 months (range 2 weeks to 1 year). CONCLUSION: With appropriate immunoprophylaxis, including hepatitis B immune globulin and hepatitis B vaccine, breast-feeding of infants of chronic HBV carriers poses no additional risk for the transmission of the hepatitis B virus.     

孕妇主动与被动联合免疫预防乙型肝炎病毒宫内感染的临床研究

目的 探讨孕妇主动与被动联合免疫预防乙型肝炎病毒（ＨＢＶ）宫内感染的作用和机理。方法 将５３例ＨＢｓＡｇ（＋）孕妇分成两组，预防组３０例，自孕２０周起多次注射乙肝疫苗（ＨＢＶａｃ）和乙肝免疫球蛋白（ＨＢＩＧ）；对照组２３例，不用ＨＢＶａｃ和ＨＢＩＧ。母儿血清ＨＢｓＡｇ，ＨＢｅＡｇ和抗－ＨＢｓ用固相放免法检测，ＨＢＶ－ＤＡＮ用套式ＰＣＲ检测。结果 预防组新生儿血清ＨＢｅＡｇ和ＨＢＶＤＮＡ检出率明显低     

Hepatitis B virus surface antibody titers in babies administered hepatitis B immune globulin both intravenously and intramuscularly after birth

Objective: High rates of vertical transmission of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection from carrier mothers to their babies are observed in hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)-positive mothers under the existing protocol. The current status suggests that the existing protocol may be insufficient for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) in HBeAg-positive mothers. To achieve complete prevention of HBV vertical transmission, we designed a protocol implementing intravenous administration along with ordinary intramuscular administration of HBV immune globulin (HBIG) to the baby after birth.

Methods: We compared the HBV surface antibody (HBsAb) titer in babies who were simultaneously administered HBIG both intravenously and intramuscularly after birth with that in babies who received HBIG only intramuscularly.

Results: The HBsAb titer rose rapidly after administration in the combined administration group, and the elevated titer was maintained for approximately 2 months. Although the antibody titer at the peak was nearly 6 times greater in the combined administration group than in the intramuscular administration group, the combined administration of HBIG did not have any effect on total IgG antibody levels in the bloodstream.

Conclusion: The combined protocol was demonstrated to be safe and superior to the protocol of only intramuscular HBIG administration with respect to rapid elevation of HBsAb in the bloodstream. It could be an effective method for the prevention of MTCT in HBeAg-positive mothers.     

Studies on the risk factors of intrauterine infection of hepatitis B virus

In order to elucidate the mechanism involved in HBV intrauterine infection, some risk factors were checked among 22 HBsAg and HBeAg positive carrier mothers. It was found that the HBV intrauterine infection had no correlation with (1) abnormal maternal liver functions, (2) high HBsAg and HBeAg titers or high concentration of HBV-DNA in the maternal serum or (3) HBeAg titer in the cord serum. Four babies were born to mothers with positive symptoms and signs of threatened abortion and/or threatened premature labor during pregnancy. Among them, two babies born at full term were HBV infected cases in utero, whereas the other two babies born within one week after the occurrence of threatened premature labor showed negative HBsAg antigenemia at birth and HBIG was immediately administered and prevented HBV infection. We therefore inferred that placental leakage caused by uterine contraction during pregnancy could cause maternal blood to enter the fetal circulation and cause HBV intrauterine infection. Moreover, even if placental leakage occurs, HBV infection might be prevented by administering HBIG within a week.