组织非特异性碱性磷酸酶基因突变与低磷酸酶血症：2个新突变位点

目的：对2例低磷酸酶血症（HPP）患者及家系进行分析和基因突变检测,拓展国人HPP致病基因库,探讨HPP的致病机制。方法对HPP家系先证者和其父母进行生化指标[血常规、肝肾功能、碱性磷酸酶（ALP）、甲状旁腺素（PTH）、钙、磷等]和骨密度检测。同时对所有研究对象进行alkaline phospatase,live/bone/kidney（ALPL）基因全部12个外显子和外显子内含子交界区直接测序。结果来自家系1的先证者为36岁成年男性,身高131.0cm,体重35.0kg。X线提示多发性胸腰椎骨折和骨盆畸形,生化检测示血清ALP27U/L。测序发现ALPL基因6号外显子532位杂合突变（c.532T＞C）,致ALPL成熟多肽中酪氨酸被组氨酸替代。该先证者母亲身高140.5cm,体重39.5kg,血清ALP30U/L,基因测序证明也是该杂合突变携带者。来自家系2的先证者5岁,其外祖父母为近亲结婚。该患儿身高100.0cm,体重18kg。血清ALP55U/L[低于同龄儿童正常范围（＜10岁）75～344U/L],牙齿发育不良并脱落,有左股骨中下端骨折史。测序发现该患儿存在ALPL基因2个错义突变,其中9号外显子c.871G＞A突变。4号外显子269位突变（c.269A＞G）是一个新的错义突变,该突变导致成熟ALPL多肽中天冬氨酸被甘氨酸所替代。该患儿母亲亦是4号外显子c.269A＞G错义突变携带者,但其生化指标正常,无骨骼和牙齿异常。结论ALPL基因6号外显子c.532T＞C突变和4号外显子c.269A＞G突变是以往未曾报道过的新错义突变,为上述2例HPP患者致病基因。     

一例组织非特异性碱性磷酸酶基因突变所致的围生期致死型低磷酸酶症病例

目的对1例围生期致死型(新生儿型)低磷酸酶症(HPP)患者及其父母进行临床分析及基因突变检测,以期能更好地认识该病。方法对l例罕见的围生期致死型低磷酸酶症患者的临床表现、实验室及影像学检查结果进行总结。提取患儿及其亲属外周血基因组DNA,采用针对组织非特异性碱性磷酸酶(ALPL)基因调控区及编码区的特异性引物进行PCR扩增,直接对产物进行测序分析。结果患儿血碱性磷酸酶水平显著降低,血钙增高;骨骼显示骨软骨发育障碍类疾病样改变。ALPL基因测序结果显示患儿为复合杂合突变,同时携带位于第5外显子及第10外显子上c.346G>A(p.A116T)和c.1171C>T(p.R391C)的错义突变。临床表现正常的父亲、母亲为杂合子,分别携带c.346G>A(p.A116T)和c.1171C>T(p.R391C)的错义突变。该家系符合常染色体隐性遗传。结论围生期致死型HPP死亡率很高,骨骼发育异常、高血钙、血清低碱性磷酸酶在其鉴别诊断中非常重要。     

一个早发糖尿病家系临床特点及HNF1ɑ基因分析

采集该家系15个成员和16例健康对照组的外周血样,提取基因组DNA,应用PCR技术对HNF1ɑ基因全部外显子及外显子内含子拼接区进行扩增,PCR产物直接测序,对发现的碱基改变进行分析。结果本研究中发现3个编码区错义突变:I27L、R272S、S487N,2个同义突变:I17L、L459L,6个非编码区碱基改变:IVS1+91AG、IVS5+9CG、IVS7+7GA、IVS8-24TC、IVS9+197GT、IVS9+438GA。其中R272S、IVS5+9CG、IVS8-24TC、IVS9+197GT、IVS9+438GA只出现于该家系中;除R272S外的其他碱基改变均可在NCBI中查到相关SNP信息,为多态性改变,且和糖尿病的发生无相关性,而错义突变R272S与糖尿病共分离。结论该家系可能为HNF1ɑ基因R272S突变所致的MODY3家系。     

3个早发糖尿病家系HNF1α基因筛查研究

目的通过对3个疑为MODY3的早发糖尿病家系成员HNF1α基因分子筛查,探讨该基因分子缺陷是否为其主要发病因素。方法抽取家系成员外周血,应用聚合酶链式反应技术对HNF1ɑ基因全部外显子及外显子内含子拼接区进行扩增,PCR产物直接测序,测序结果与NCBI数据库中标准序列比对分析。结果发现3个编码区错义突变:R272S、I27L、S487N,2个同义突变:I17L、L459L,6个非编码区碱基改变:IVS1+91AG、IVS5+9CG、IVS7+7GA、IVS8-24TC、IVS9+197GT、IVS9+438GA。R272S在F1家系中的分布与糖尿病的发生共分离;除R272S外的其他碱基改变均为多态性改变,且和糖尿病的发生无明显相关性。结论该研究发现10个多态性位点;R272S突变在F1家系中与糖尿病的发生共分离,初步判断该家系是由突变R272S导致的MODY3家系。     

扩张型心肌病家系罕见受磷蛋白致病基因突变

目的 对一扩张型心肌病(dilated cardiomyopathy, DCM)家系行候选致病基因全外显子高通量测序,以寻找该家系的致病基因,并分析其基因型和表型的关系。方法 收集在武汉大学人民医院就诊的一位DCM患者及其家系成员的临床资料及血液标本。与先证者及其家属签订知情同意书,绘制家谱图,由我院临床分子诊断中心对先证者进行候选致病基因全外显子高通量测序,获得可疑突变后,用Sanger测序对家系其他成员进行验证,寻找致病基因。结果 家系先证者6号染色体外显子上存在受磷蛋白(phospholamban, PLN)基因的精氨酸缺失突变c.36_38delAAG (p.Arg13del),为该家系的可疑致病基因。先证者目前心脏扩大,心功能显著下降,且超声心动图提示左心室附壁血栓形成,心电图提示肢导低电压以及胸导联R波极度减低。先证者母亲及其大姐因心脏病死亡,二姐目前患有扩张型心肌病,其子女未检测到致病基因。受磷蛋白作为肌质网钙离子循环中的调节蛋白,它的基因表达、分布、功能与心室的收缩功能密切相关。结论 本研究发现DCM家系中存在PLN基因缺失突变：PLN c.36_38delAAG (p.Arg13del),是家族性扩张型心肌病的重要致病基因,此突变在汉族人群中尚属首次报道。     

LMX1B基因突变检测对激素耐药型肾病综合征患儿的早期诊断价值

目的分析LMX1B基因突变检测对激素耐药型肾病综合征(SRNS)患儿的早期诊断价值。方法正常儿童(对照组)、激素敏感型肾病综合征患儿(SSNS组)、SRNS患儿(SRNS组)各100例,采用PCR法扩增LMX1B基因第4、5、6外显子,以琼脂糖凝胶电泳鉴定产物后,进行单链构象多态性分析,对迁移率或条带异常者进行DNA测序,比较3组LMX1B基因突变情况。结果第4、5、6外显子扩增产物符合LMX1B基因外显子片段进行纯化和测序标准。突变均位于第4外显子,第5、6外显子未发现明显突变。纯合错义突变c.745G>A(R246K)SRNS组5例,SSNS、对照组均0例,SRNS组与其他两组比较,P均<0.05;纯合错义突变c.731-733T>C、C>G、G>A(S242R)SRNS组23例、SSNS组9例、对照组2例,SRNS组与对照组比较,P<0.05;无义突变c.733-734ins T(K243*)SRNS组9例、SSNS组17例、对照组0例,SRNS、SSNS组与对照组比较,P均<0.05;同义突变c.733G>C(S242S)SRNS组2例、SSNS组11例、对照组3例,P均>0.05。结论 LMX1B基因纯合错义突变c.745G>A可能是原发性肾病综合征患儿产生激素耐药的原因,检测该指标对SRNS患儿早期诊断具有一定价值。     

1例1型肢端发育不全的诊断

目的 总结1例肢端发育不全1型患儿临床特征及诊断方法。方法 对1例肢端发育不全患儿临床特征和诊断过程作回顾性分析。结果 患儿主要临床表现为身材矮小、短指（趾）和双下肢不等长。遗传性骨病相关基因测序结果显示，患儿存在PRKAR1A基因第17号外显子c. 1102C>T(p. R368X)杂合突变，其父母均无该位点变异，明确诊断为肢端发育不全1型。结论 肢端发育不全1型患儿临床表现为身材矮小、短指（趾）、双下肢不等长等，遗传学显示PRKAR1A基因第17号外显子存在c. 1102C>T(p. R368X)杂合突变，通过临床表现结合基因检测可明确诊断。     

肥厚型心肌病家系携带ACTN2、MYBPC3和TNNI3基因突变分析

目的:对收集的1例肥厚型心肌病家系的致病基因进行突变位点分析,阐明基因型与临床表型的关系。方法:利用目标外显子捕获技术和二代测序技术对先证者的与肥厚型心肌病有关的基因进行基因突变筛查,并使用Sanger测序法验证可疑突变位点,同时筛查患者家系成员4例和健康人100例,确定该家系患者的致病突变,并利用SIFT、Polyphen2和MutationTaster这3种软件进行突变基因功能检测。结果:该家系除先证者外,4例有血缘关系的研究对象中3例携带ACTN2基因c.1162TA错义突变(p.Trp388Arg),2例携带MYBPC3基因c.472GA错义突变(p.Val158Met),2例携带TNNI3基因c.235CT错义突变(p.Arg79Cys)。该家系的先证者同时携带上述3种突变基因。3种预测软件预测这3种突变均为有害突变。结论:在该患者家系中发现的基因突变位点可能是肥厚型心肌病的致病突变,携带多种突变的家系成员更易发生肥厚型心肌病,但其确切发病机制仍需进一步研究。     

一个家族性多囊肾伴纤维蛋白原缺陷症家系的基因诊断、临床特征及文献回顾

目的：分析一个家族性多囊肾伴纤维蛋白原缺陷症家系的基因诊断及相关临床表现,研究其发病机制并为临床治疗提供指导。方法：将患者外周血样本中分离出基因组DNA,进行全外显子组测序,Sanger法对多囊肾病1(polycystic kidney disease 1,PKD1)和纤维蛋白原β链（fibrinogen beta chain,FGB）基因突变结果进行验证。肾脏超声检查多囊肾,Clauss法检测血浆纤维蛋白原活性,免疫比浊法检测血浆纤维蛋白原抗原。检索国内外2种疾病相关的文献并进行分析总结。结果：PKD1在第15外显子发生c.6586C>T,p.Q2196X杂合无义突变,FGB在第2外显子发生c.130C>T,p.R44C杂合错义突变。患者超声结果诊断为多囊肾,纤维蛋白原抗原正常（2.3 g/L）、活性降低（1.25 g/L）。文献检索结果显示2种突变在国外均有报道,在国内首次报道。结论：PKD1 p.Q2196X和FGB p.R44C杂合突变分别导致该患者的多囊肾和异常纤维蛋白原血症。目前临床表型主要由多囊肾引起,应以多囊肾治疗为主,定期随访,保护肾功能。     

1个北方汉族家族性免疫球蛋白A肾病的家系分析和致病基因诊断

目的 研究1个家族性免疫球蛋白A(IgA)肾病的家系,并分析其致病基因。方法 调查1个家族性IgA肾病的家系,收集该家系成员的外周血提取基因组DNA,通过全外显子组测序寻找致病基因。结果 该家系共有5代26名成员,其中有12名成员临床表现为肾脏受累,6名成员临床表现为蛋白尿,3名成员临床表现为镜下血尿,3名成员肾脏病理活检诊断为系膜增生性IgA肾病。家系先证者基因组DNA行全外显子组测序发现INF2基因c.653G>A(p.R218Q)突变。结论 此家系存在家族性IgA肾病,全外显子组测序发现INF2基因c.653G>A(p.R218Q)突变,该突变为致病突变。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.