类风湿关节炎患者合并股骨头坏死的临床研究

目的研究类风湿关节炎（ RA）患者股骨头坏死的发生情况和临床危险因素。方法收集2010年1月至2012年10月确诊的384例住院的RA患者,根据X线或MRI表现确定有无股骨头坏死,同时采用X线摄双手平片并进行Sharp评分,DEXA法测定其股骨和腰椎部位骨密度（BMD）。结果（1）384例住院的RA患者中22例发生股骨坏死,其发生率为5.73％,其中男3例,女19例,年龄42～83岁,平均（59.05±12.12）岁。（2）22例有股骨头坏死的RA患者下列部位的BMD：大转子[（0.55±0.14）g/cm2 vs．（0.68±0.19）g/cm2]、总股骨区[（0.72±0.15）g/cm2 vs．（0.86±0.18）g/cm2]、第2腰椎[（0.84±0.14）g/cm2 vs．（0.94±0.20）g/cm2]、第4腰椎[（0.91±0.16）g/cm2 vs．（1.02±0.22）g/cm2]、腰椎2～4部位[（0.83±0.22）g/cm2 vs．（0.98±0.23）g/cm2]均明显低于无股骨头坏死组（P＜0.05）。（3）RA患者合并股骨头坏死组中骨质疏松发生率68.42％（13/19）明显高于无股骨头坏死组中骨质疏松发生率35.18％（108/307）（ Z＝2.843,P＝0.0046）。（4）RA患者中有股骨头坏死和无股骨头坏死组间在Sharp评分[98.00（100.00） vs．29.00（88.00）,Z＝3.125,P＝0.002]和病程[11.00（16.00）年vs．6.00（10.00）年,Z＝2.874,P＝0.004]上有明显差别,其他各临床和实验室指标间无差别（P＞0.05）。（5）服用糖皮质激素的RA患者中骨质疏松发生率为41.87％（85/203）,明显高于未服用糖皮质激素RA中的27.27％（36/132）（χ2＝7.389,P＝0.007）;服用糖皮质激素的RA患者中股骨头坏死发生率为8.96％（19/212）,明显高于未服用糖皮质激素RA中的1.91％（3/157）（χ2＝8.000,P＝0.005）。（6）Logistic Regression分析发现：关节功能（OR＝3.085,P＝0.042,95％CI：1.040～9.152）、服用糖皮质激素（ OR＝5.484,P＝0.039,95％ CI 1.093～27.517）、总股骨区骨质疏松的发生（ OR ＝3.707, P ＝0.002,95％ CI 1.607～8.547）为 RA 患者发生股骨头坏死的危险因素。结论 RA患者合并股骨头坏死的发生率约为5.73％,且和疾病本身、糖皮质激素的服用和总股骨区骨质疏松的发生密切相关。     

骨化三醇在类风湿关节炎合并骨质疏松中的作用研究

目的：探讨骨化三醇联合来氟米特及泼尼松治疗类风湿关节炎（RA）合并骨质疏松（OP）的效果及安全性。方法将186例RA合并OP患者,随机分为对照组（n＝81）和治疗组（n＝105）。对照组给予来氟米特及泼尼松,治疗组在对照组治疗基础上加用常规剂量骨化三醇,两组治疗各进行6个月。比较两组治疗前后血小板计数（PLT）、红细胞沉降率（ESR）、类风湿因子（RF）、C反应蛋白（CRP）、免疫球蛋白（Ig）、补体（C）及碱性磷酸酶（ALP）、血钙、血磷、肝肾功能等指标及骨密度（BMD）,并观察不良反应。结果与对照组相比,治疗组IgG水平下降[（2.56±3.04）g/L vs.（2.52±1.98）g/L, t＝1.01,P＜0.05],C3[（0.37±0.12）g/L vs.（0.29±0.29）g/L,t＝2.04,P＜0.05]、C4[（0.17±0.04）g/L vs.（0.1±0.06）g/L,t＝3.54,P＜0.05]水平升高;治疗组降低炎症指标的效果明显[PLT：（96±10）×109/L vs.（59±5）×109/L,t＝2.52,P＜0.05;ESR：（51.2±1.7）mm/1 h vs.（32.3±1.1）mm/1 h,t＝2.35, P＜0.05;CRP：（51.5±1.3）mg/L vs.（39.4±1.1）mg/L,t＝1.78,P＜0.05;RF：（102±16） IU/ml vs.（90±20）IU/ml,t＝2.31,P＜0.05];治疗组增加ALP[（-42±7）U/L vs.（-9±6）U/L,t＝2.27,P＜0.05],改善BMD[腰椎：（0.400±0.014）g/cm2 vs.（0.030±0.015）g/cm2,t＝2.78,P＜0.05;髋部：（0.386±0.025） g/cm2 vs.（0.017±0.015）g/cm2,t＝3.45,P＜0.05]。结论常规剂量骨化三醇联合抗风湿药治疗RA合并糖皮质激素性OP效果良好,值得临床推广。     

类风湿关节炎患者骨密度横断面研究

目的调查类风湿关节炎（RA）患者骨密度（BMD）,并探讨骨流失的相关危险因素。方法采用横断面方法调查102例绝经后女性、50岁以上男性RA患者及经年龄、性别匹配的47例对照人群腰椎、前臂、股骨颈、全髋关节四个部位的BMD,记录患者基本资料及用药情况。根据病程分为早期RA组（≤6个月）及非早期RA组（〉6个月）,比较对照组、总RA患者、早期RA、非早期RA各部位BMD的变化情况及各组间骨质疏松症、骨量低下的发病率,并分析与之相关的危险因素。结果（1）早期RA患者ESR、DAS28评分、糖皮质激素使用率、使用量等明显高于非早期RA患者组,而抗骨质疏松药物的使用率等则显著低于病史长者（P〈0．05）。（2）除对照组与早期RA患者OP率、骨量低下率和早期RA与非早期RA患者OP率差异不显著外,其余各组数据均有显著性差异（P〈0．05）。（3）RA总体及非早期RA患者各部位BMD较对照组均明显下降;而早期RA与对照组相比,仅前臂BMD下降明显;两组RA患者除前臂差异不显著外,其余各部位BMD差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。（4）病程、绝经年限、ESR、CI心、活性维生素D及骨吸收抑制剂的应用与各部位BMD变化相关,DAS28与股骨颈、髋关节BMD变化相关,而糖皮质激素、DMARDs使用等因素与BMD变化无显著相关。结论RA是继发性骨质疏松症的重要原因,开始于四肢骨逐渐发展至全身,疾病活动度和关节功能障碍造成的活动障碍等是骨流失的危险因素,应用骨营养剂及骨吸收抑制剂能有效防治骨破坏。     

OSTA 指数在类风湿关节炎合并骨质疏松中的意义

目的本研究旨在探讨OSTA指数在类风湿关节炎患者合并骨质疏松中的意义。方法收集2010年1月至2012年10月确诊的327例类风湿关节炎患者,详细记录年龄、身高、体重并计算出其体重指数（ BMI）和OSTA指数,同时详细记录疾病相关的临床和实验室指标;采用DEXA法测定其股骨和腰椎部位骨密度;以同期158例正常人作为对照组。结果（1）327例住院的类风湿关节炎患者中骨质疏松发生率为37.00％（121/327）,明显高于对照组的13.92％（22/158）（χ2＝37.132,P＜0.0001）。（2）根据OSTA指数结果将类风湿关节炎组和对照组分为低风险组、中风险组和高风险组,单因素方差分析结果显示：类风湿关节炎组各部位骨密度在三组间比较有明显不同,均表现为低风险组骨密度更高,高风险组骨密度更低;低、中和高风险组中骨质疏松发生率分别为23.61％（51/216）、57.69％（45/78）和80.77％（21/26）（χ2＝52.541,P＜0.0001）。（3）类风湿关节炎组中年龄与股骨颈、Ward区、大转子、总股骨区和腰椎各部位骨密度均呈负直线相关（ P＜0.0001）;BMI与股骨大转子、总股骨区和腰椎各部位骨密度呈正直线相关（ P＜0.05）;OSTA指数与股骨Neck、Ward区、大转子、总股骨区和腰椎各部位骨密度均呈正直线相关（ P＜0.0001）;其中各相关系数的绝对值均以OSTA指数最高。（4）类风湿关节炎患者组中,不同OSTA组间在病程（H＝12.159,P＝0.002）、HAQ（F＝3.123,P＝0.045）、ESR（F＝3.405,P＝0.034）、CRP（H＝6.578,P＝0.037）的比较上均明显不同,表现为低风险组患者具有更低的疾病活动性和更轻的骨侵蚀改变。（5） Logistic Regression 分析发现：Sharp评分（ OR＝1.013,P＜0.0001,95％CI 1.007～1.018）为类风湿关节炎患者发生骨质疏松的危险因素,OSTA指数（ OR＝0.753,P＜0.0001,95％CI 0.677～0.839）为类风湿关节炎患者发生骨质疏松的保护因素。结论 OSTA指数与类风湿关节炎患者各部位骨密度呈显著正直线相关,其相关性较年龄或BMI更强,且是类风湿关节炎患者发生骨质疏松的保护因素,并可能与类风湿关节炎的病情具有一定的相关性。     

老年男性骨关节炎骨密度变化相关研究

目的探讨老年男性骨关节炎（osteoarthritis,OA）患者骨密度（Bone mineral density,BMD）变化相关因素。方法选择老年男性膝骨关节炎（Knee osteoarthritis,KOA）患者72例（男性组）、老年女性KOA患者60例（女性组）,检测两组的BMD及男性组生活方式情况、血生化指标、骨代谢指标、双膝数值化X射线、KOA WOMAC（Western Ontario and McMaster Uni-versities）评分等临床资料,应用SPSS 13.0软件包进行统计学分析。结果①男性组BMD高于女性组（P=0.002）,骨量变少率低于女性组（P〈0.001）;②男性组腰椎、股骨颈、Wards三角、大转子、股骨干BMD差异有统计学意义（P〈0.001）,其中Wards三角BMD值最低,腰椎BMD值最高;③喝牛奶、户外运动在男性骨量正常组高于骨量变少组（P=0.031,0.002）;④骨量正常组低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）低于骨量减少组和骨质疏松（osteoporosis,OP）组（P〈0.05）,而碱性磷酸酶（ALP）高于骨量减少组和OP组（P〈0.01）,骨钙素（OC）高于OP组（P=0.01）;⑤老年男性KOA的BMD与体质量指数（BMI）、OC呈正相关,与年龄、LDL-C呈负相关。结论老年男性OA较老年女性OA患者更少伴发OP,老年男性OA患者喝牛奶、户外运动者更不易伴发OP,LDL-C越高、年龄越大越易患OP,老年男性OA伴发的OP主要是成骨细胞活性减低所致,属低转换型,在诊治男性OA过程中更应关注OP。     

骨代谢标志物检测在类风湿性关节炎患者继发骨质疏松症中的意义

目的：探讨骨代谢标志物总I型胶原氨基端延长肽（total N-terminal propeptide of type I procollagen, TPINP）、β-胶原降解产物（β-collagen specific sequences,β-CTx）和骨钙素N端中分子（N-terminal-midfragment of osteocalcin, N-MID）片段检测在类风湿性关节炎（rheumatoid arthritis, RA）继发骨质疏松症（osteoporosis, OP）中的意义。方法采用双能X线吸收法测定70例RA患者和60例正常对照者股骨和腰椎部位骨密度（bone mineral density, BMD）,所有受试者均采用电化学发光免疫法测定血清TPINP、β-CTx和N-MID的浓度。比较两组间OP发生率、三项骨代谢标志物浓度的差异以及RA患者组中RA并非OP 组与RA 并OP 组之间骨代谢标志物浓度的差异。结果 RA 患者OP 发生率（37．1％）高于对照组（11．7％）,且差异具有统计学意义（χ2＝11．07,P＜0．05）。 RA患者中TPINP明显低于对照组（t＝2．47,P＜0．05）;N-MID也明显低于对照组（t＝5．26,P＜0．05）,而β-CTx则明显高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义（t＝2．83,P＜0．05）。 TPINP和N-MID在RA并非OP组与RA并OP组之间差异均无统计学意义（t＝0．69,t＝0．58,P均＞0．05）,而β-CTx在两组间差异有统计学意义（t＝3．09,P＜0．05）。结论血清骨代谢标志物检测在RA和RA继发OP的诊断和治疗中具有重要的临床意义。     

贫血对早期经皮冠状动脉介入术后患者预后的影响

目的：分析不同血红蛋白水平对非ST段抬高型冠脉综合征患者早期经皮冠状动脉介入（PCI）术后预后的影响。方法选择在昆明医学院第二附属医院进行PCI术治疗的非ST段抬高型冠脉综合征患者70例,将患者分为A、B两组。A组 Hb≥120 g/L（n＝54）,B组Hb＜120 g/L（n＝16）。比较两组患者的基线情况和预后情况。结果 A组患者随访6个月、1年内的总主要心血管不良事件（MACCE）发生率均高于B组患者（P＜0．05）;年龄大于或等于50岁（OR＝1．629,95％ CI＝1．223～2．169）、男性（OR＝1．416,95％ CI＝1．119～1．791）、贫血（OR＝2．012,95％ CI＝1．419～2．852）、SOTB≥8 h（OR＝2．236,95％ CI＝1．429～3．498）是患者术后发生MACCE的危险因素,PCI术后完全血运重建（OR＝ 0．421,95％ CI＝ 0．203 ～ 0．873）、LVEF ≥35％（OR＝ 0．529,95％ CI＝0．286～0．978）、吸烟史（OR＝0．382,95％ CI＝0．189～0．772）是患者术后发生MACCE的保护因素。结论 Hb＜120 g/L会增加患者PCI术后的总M ACCE发生率。     

手足多汗症患者中肺大疱及气胸的临床研究

目的：探讨手足多汗症患者中肺大疱及气胸的发生情况,为临床提供参考数据。方法行针形胸腔镜双侧T3～4交感神经链切断术的426例手足多汗症患者为研究对象,所有患者术前均无肺或胸膜疾病。术中观察并记录426例双肺肺大疱发生情况,并将其分为肺大疱组及无肺大疱组,分析BMI以及吸烟与肺大疱的发生关系,术后随访有肺大疱及无肺大疱者气胸的发生情况。结果肺大疱组24例、无肺大疱组402例,肺大疱发生率为5.6％。肺大疱组患者BMI明显小于无肺大疱组[（20.9±2.2）kg/m2 vs （22.2±2.7）kg/m2,P＜0.05）]。肺大疱组吸烟人数与无肺大疱组比较差异无统计学意义,但肺大疱组吸烟者的吸烟指数明显高于无肺大疱组（172.0±67.2 vs 75.7±50.9,P＜0.05）。吸烟指数为肺大疱的危险因素（OR 1.01,95％CI 1.003～1.018）,BMI为肺大疱的保护因素（OR为0.81,95％CI为0.665～0.985）。在吸烟且BMI≤18.5 kg/m2的患者中,肺大疱的发生率明显升高（OR为2.185,95％CI为1.144～33.198）。全组患者随访0.5～7.5年,无气胸发生。结论手足多汗症患者肺大疱的发生与低BMI及高吸烟指数相关,但肺大疱与气胸发生的相关性尚需经进一步研究证实。     

骨代谢指标与类风湿关节炎病情活动性及骨质疏松相关性的研究

目的探讨骨代谢指标与类风湿关节炎(RA)病情活动性及骨质疏松(OP)的相关性。方法采用双能X线骨密度仪测定113例RA患者和120例正常对照组股骨和腰椎部位骨密度(BMD),酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测血清中骨代谢指标:Ⅰ型原胶原N-端前肽(s-PINP)和血清Ⅰ型胶原交联C-末端肽(s-CTX)水平,详细记录RA患者各临床及实验室指标,对RA患者双手X线进行Sharp评分。结果 (1)RA组各部位BMD均明显低于对照组(P<0.0001),其OP发生率为31.9%,明显高于对照组(13.3%)(χ2=19.405,P<0.0001)。(2)RA组较正常组外周血s-CTX水平明显升高(Z=2.423,P<0.0015)、s-PINP水平明显降低(Z=2.264,P=0.024),s-CTX/s-PINP比值明显升高(Z=2.654,P=0.008);且重度活动组RA(78例)外周血s-CTX水平明显高于轻中度活动组(22例)(Z=2.375,P=0.035)。(3)相关性分析结果显示:RA患者外周血s-CTX水平与CRP和ESR呈正相关(P<0.05);s-CTX/s-PINP比值与关节肿胀指数和CRP呈正相关(P<0.05)。多元线性回归分析发现:病程和健康状况问卷(HAQ)与Sharp评分呈正相关(R2=0.559,F=22.791,P<0.0001)。(4)Logistic回归分析显示:s-CTX/s-PINP(OR=1.497,P=0.021,95%CI:1.061～2.113)和Sharp评分(OR=1.026,P<0.0001,95%CI:1.012～1.040)为RA患者股骨区发生OP的危险因素;年龄(OR=1.079,P=0.015,95%CI:1.015～1.148)和Sharp评分(OR=1.010,P=0.035,95%CI:1.001～1.020)为腰椎区发生OP的危险因素。结论 RA患者OP发生率显著升高,其外周血中s-PINP明显降低,s-CTX明显升高,提示骨代谢活跃;且外周血s-CTX水平、s-CTX/s-PINP比值与RA患者病情活动性和OP密切相关。     

2260例成年男性骨质疏松症危险因素分析

【目的】了解本地区成年男性各年龄段骨密度（BMD）的变化情况和骨质疏松症（OP）的发生率及其相关危险因素。【方法】采用美国L unar公司的双能X线骨密度仪对2260例成年男性进行腰椎L 2～4和髋部BMD测定。【结果】男性BMD峰值在25～29岁,30岁后随年龄增加而降低;超重组和肥胖组的BMD显著高于正常体质量组（ P ＜0．05）。消瘦组各部位BMD显著低于正常体质量组（ P＜0．05）。年龄、高钙饮食、体质量指数及锻炼作为OP的风险因子,OR值分别为1．07,0．945,0．849,0．494。OP发生率随着年龄的增长而增高（ P ＜0．05）。【结论】成年男性BMD随年龄增长而降低,OP的发生率也随之增加;高钙饮食、体质量指数及锻炼是OP的保护性因素,而年龄是OP的危险因素。     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.