百日咳蛋白对小鼠过敏性哮喘模型的免疫调节作用

目的：观察百日咳杆菌蛋白对致敏小鼠气道炎症、气道高反应性以及IFN-γ／IL-4平衡的调节作用。方法：致敏小鼠，卵白蛋白反复攻击后静脉注射乙酰甲胆碱（Mch），测定气道反应性；收集支气管肺灌洗液（BALF），检测炎症细胞及IL-4、IFN—γ水平，进行肺组织病理学检查。结果：肌注或滴鼻给予百日咳杆菌蛋白，能抑制致敏小鼠肺阻力及肺动态顺应性变化，上调肺泡灌洗液中IFN-γ／IL-4比例，降低嗜酸性粒细胞聚集，并且作用呈现剂量依赖性。病理学检查显示，百日咳杆菌蛋白能够有效抑制致敏小鼠气道上皮杯状细胞增生及肺组织中炎症细胞浸润。结论：百日咳杆菌蛋白能有效抑制过敏性哮喘小鼠肺部炎症、改善肺功能，对防治哮喘具有潜在的应用前景。     

屋尘螨致敏/激发小鼠气道变态反应性炎症模型的构建

目的使用屋尘螨(HDM)提取液致敏和激发C57BL/6小鼠构建气道变态反应性炎症模型的方法。方法模型组和对照组,各8只。模型组以HDM致敏和激发小鼠,分别于第0、7、14、21天腹腔注射HDM,10 d后,连续雾化吸入HDM 3 d。对照组以PBS代替HDM。进行支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)细胞总数计数和分类计数,肺组织病理检查,ELISA测定BALF上清中IL-4、IL-5和IFNγ-水平。结果模型组可见明显炎性细胞浸润,以嗜酸性粒细胞为主。而对照组未见明显炎性细胞浸润。BALF中细胞总数计数和嗜酸性粒细胞比例较对照组明显升高(P<0.01);BALF上清中IL-4、IL-5水平较对照组明显升高(P<0.001),IFNγ-水平较对照组降低(P<0.01)。结论使用HDM致敏和激发C57BL/6小鼠成功地建立了小鼠气道变应性炎症模型。     

屋尘螨诱导气道上皮TLR4表达和影响T淋巴细胞分化在哮喘气道炎症中的作用

目的研究屋尘螨（HDM）对于气道上皮Toll样受体4（TLR4）表达及T淋巴细胞分化的影响,以进一步探讨其在哮喘小鼠气道炎症中作用。方法雌性BALB/c小鼠30只随机分为OVA哮喘模型组（OVA组）、HDM组和生理盐水对照组（对照组）。OVA组用卵白蛋白（OVA）致敏与激发建立小鼠哮喘模型,HDM组给予HDM提取液替代OVA致敏与激发,对照组用生理盐水替代OVA。观察小鼠气道及肺组织病理炎症浸润情况,支气管肺泡灌洗液（BALF）中细胞总数及细胞分类计数。ELISA检测小鼠BALF上清中IL-4、IL-5、IL-13、IFN-γ和IL-17的含量。实时荧光定量PCR法测定气道上皮TLR4 mRNA的表达,免疫印迹法测定气道上皮TLR4蛋白的表达。流式细胞技术检测小鼠外周血Th1、Th2及Th17淋巴细胞占CD4＋T淋巴细胞百分率情况。结果 OVA组支气管黏膜下水肿,黏液腺增生,以嗜酸粒细胞为主的炎症细胞浸润;HDM组出现肺泡腔及间质充血,中性粒细胞等炎症细胞浸润;对照组小鼠气道上皮无增厚,无炎症细胞浸润,肺泡壁完整。与OVA组比较,HDM组BALF细胞总数及分类计数除嗜酸粒细胞无显著差异外（P〉0.05）,其余均显著升高（P〈0.05）;HDM组BALF上清中IL-4、IL-5、IL-13及IL-17水平较OVA组明显增高（P〈0.05）,IFN-γ的表达无显著差异（P〉0.05）;HDM组气道上皮TLR4 mRNA及TLR4蛋白的表达明显增高（P〈0.05）,OVA组与对照组差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。与OVA组比较,HDM组外周血Th2、Th17细胞显著增高（P〈0.05）,而Th1细胞无明显变化（P〉0.05）。结论 HDM诱导气道上皮TLR4表达增高,使Th2与Th17淋巴细胞活化,气道内炎症细胞浸润,可能在哮喘气道炎症中起重要作用。     

呼吸道合胞病毒对致敏小鼠气道反应性的影响及机制探讨

目的：探讨呼吸道合胞病毒（RSV）对致敏小鼠气道反应性的影响。方法：Balb／C小鼠30只，随机分成3组，分别为磷酸盐缓冲液（PBS）对照组，鸡卵白蛋白（OVA）组和OVA／RSV组。应用OVA腹腔注射致敏、OVA气道雾化吸人结合RSV滴鼻激发复制哮喘模型，支气管肺泡灌洗液（BALF）作细胞分类计数，酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）测定BALF上清中白细胞介素（IL）-4、IL-5、干扰素（IFN）-γ含量，肺组织切片行苏木精-伊红（HE）染色观察病理变化，动物体描箱法测定气道反应性（以肺阻力RL表示）。结果：与OVA组比较．OVA／RSV组BALF中细胞总数、嗜酸性粒细胞、淋巴细胞、中性粒细胞均明显增加（P均〈0．01），BALF上清中IFN-γ、IL-4、IL-5含量均明显升高（P〈0．01）；与OVA组比较，OVA/RSV组支气管黏膜增厚．管腔收缩、狭窄，上皮破坏，支气管周围炎症细胞浸润加重．气道反应性亦明显升高（P〈0．01）。结论：OVA致敏小鼠RSV感染后可导致气道反应性明显增加．并和OVA致敏哮喘气道反应性增高具有不同的病理生理特征。     

维吾尔药神香草对变应性哮喘小鼠细胞因子的影响

目的：观察维药神香草对变应性哮喘小鼠Thl和Th2型细胞因子的影响。方法：将雌性BALB／c小鼠随机分为正常组、模型组、地塞米松组及神香草大、小剂量组。经用卵清白蛋白（OVA）、氢氧化铝、百白破疫苗联合致敏复制雌性BALB／c小鼠哮喘模型。于激发前灌胃给药，末次激发24h后，收集支气管肺泡灌洗液（BALF），以酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA法）测定BALF中白细胞介素-4（IL-4）和干扰素-γ／（IFN-γ）的水平，并计数嗜酸性细胞（EOS）。结果：与模型组比较，神香草治疗后哮喘小鼠BALF中IL-4的水平显著降低，EOS计数也明显减少：而IFN-1的水平显著增高。神香草大剂量组与地塞米松组之间各指标无明显差异。结论：神香草可抑制哮喘小鼠IL-4的分泌，纠正Thl／Th2型的细胞因子失衡，并抑制炎症细胞的汇集，对变应性哮喘有明显的干预作用。     

CpGODN对尘螨哮喘小鼠T-bet/GATA-3表达的影响

目的探讨CpG寡脱氧核苷酸(CpGODN)对尘螨哮喘小鼠Th1/Th2型细胞因子的影响及其机制。方法用雌性C57BL/6J小鼠建立尘螨哮喘小鼠模型,在抗原致敏阶段加入CpGODN进行干预,并设立GpCODN治疗对照组及布地奈德治疗对照组,观察支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中嗜酸性粒细胞(EOS)数量的变化;用酶联免疫吸附(ELISA)法检测BALF中IL-4、IL-5、IFN-γ的含量变化;用免疫印迹(Western blotting)法检测肺组织T-bet和GATA-3蛋白的表达水平。结果与哮喘模型组及GpCODN治疗对照组比较,CpGODN治疗组的BALF中炎症细胞明显减少,IL-4、IL-5的浓度降低,IFN-γ浓度升高,肺组织中GATA-3蛋白表达降低,T-bet表达增高;与布地奈德治疗组比较,CpGODN治疗组的BALF中IFN-γ浓度升高。相关分析显示肺组织中T-bet/GATA-3比值与BALF中IFN-γ/IL-4比值呈正相关。结论 CpGODN可通过诱导T-bet表达、抑制GATA-3表达以恢复Th1/Th2平衡,从而减轻尘螨过敏性哮喘小鼠的气道炎症。     

平喘方对哮喘模型小鼠肺组织炎症及γ干扰素和白细胞介素4的影响

目的：研究1型辅助性T细胞（T helper1）/Th2（Th1/Th2）相关因子γ干扰素（interferon-γ,IFN-γ）和白细胞介素4（interleukin-4,IL-4）在哮喘模型小鼠气道炎症进展过程中的改变以及中药平喘方对其的影响,探讨平喘方对支气管哮喘防治作用的机制。方法：80只BALB/c小鼠随机分为空白对照组、哮喘模型组、地塞米松组及平喘方组,20只/组。除空白对照组外,其余大鼠采用卵清白蛋白致敏、激发诱导支气管哮喘,并均于致敏2周后开始灌胃,1次/d,共4周。于激发7d后和激发后2周分批处死小鼠,收集支气管肺泡灌洗液（bronchoalveo larlavage fluid,BALF）和肺组织。经苏木精和伊红染色、胶原染色检测肺组织病理学改变,并进行胶原染色图像分析;酶联免疫吸附测定法检测BALF中IFN-γ及IL-4水平。结果：激发7d后：与空白对照组比较,模型组BALF中IFN-γ水平明显降低,IL-4水平明显升高;与模型组比较,两治疗组IL-4水平均明显降低,IFN-γ/IL-4比值均明显升高;两治疗组间IFN-γ、IL-4水平和IFN-γ/IL-4比值比较,差异均无统计学意义。激发后2周：与空白对照组比较,模型组IFN-γ水平明显降低,而IL-4水平明显升高,IFN-γ/IL-4比值明显降低;与模型组比较,两治疗组的IL-4水平明显降低,IFN-γ/IL-4比值明显升高,且平喘方组IFN-γ水平明显升高;两治疗组间IFN-γ、IL-4水平及IFN-γ/IL-4比值比较,差异均无统计学意义。哮喘激发7d后及激发后2周,模型组肺组织胶原染色面积、面积与光密度乘积均较空白对照组明显增加;两治疗组细支气管壁上胶原纤维沉积较模型组明显减少,胶原染色面积与光密度乘积亦较模型组明显降低;两治疗组间胶原染色面积、面积与光密度乘积比较,差异均无统计学意义。结论：平喘方可调节哮喘模型小鼠IFN-γ、IL-4水平,改善气道炎症,抑制气道重建,疗效与地塞米松相近。     

CpGODN对尘螨哮喘小鼠Foxp3表达的影响

目的研究CpG寡脱氧核苷酸(CpGODN)对尘螨哮喘小鼠Th1/Th2型细胞因子及肺组织中Foxp3蛋白表达的影响。方法用雌性C57BL/6J小鼠建立尘螨哮喘小鼠模型,在抗原致敏阶段加入CpGODN进行干预,并设立GpCODN治疗对照组及布地奈德治疗对照组,观察支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中细胞总数、嗜酸性粒细胞百分比(EOS%)的变化;用酶联免疫吸附(ELISA)法检测BALF中IL-4、IL-5、IFN-γ的含量变化;用免疫印迹(Western-blot)法检测肺组织Foxp3蛋白的表达水平。结果与哮喘模型组及GpCODN治疗对照组比较,CpGODN治疗组的BALF中IL-4、IL-5的浓度降低,IFN-γ浓度升高,肺组织中Foxp3蛋白表达增高;相关性分析显示肺组织Foxp3表达与BALF中IFN-γ水平呈正相关,与BALF中IL-4、IL-5水平、EOS绝对值均呈负相关。结论 CpGODN能够改善尘螨哮喘小鼠气道炎症,调节Th1/Th2型细胞因子的平衡,可能是通过诱导Foxp3的表达来起到免疫调节的作用。     

小剂量5-氟尿嘧啶对哮喘小鼠气道炎症的影响

目的 ：观察小剂量5-氟尿嘧啶（50 mg/kg）对哮喘小鼠气道炎症的影响。方法 ：将15只6～8周龄的BALB/c雌性小鼠随机分成正常对照组、哮喘对照组和5-氟尿嘧啶治疗组,每组5只。哮喘对照组和5-氟尿嘧啶治疗组以卵清白蛋白（OVA）致敏和激发,正常对照组以等量PBS代替,其中5-氟尿嘧啶治疗组在第1次激发前24 h给予5-氟尿嘧啶腹腔注射,正常对照组和哮喘对照组给与等量PBS代替。采用苏木精-伊红（HE）染色和糖原（PAS）染色观察肺组织炎症和气道杯状细胞增生;瑞氏-姬姆萨染色检测支气管肺泡灌洗液（BALF）细胞总数和分类计数;酶联免疫吸附试验检测血清OVA特异性IgE和BALF中IL-4、IL-5、IL-13和IFN-γ的水平。结果：5-氟尿嘧啶治疗组哮喘小鼠肺组织炎症细胞浸润减少;气道基底膜杯状细胞数量以及BALF中细胞总数、嗜酸粒细胞数和巨噬细胞数均明显低于哮喘对照组（P<0.01）,但高于正常对照组（P<0.01）。5-氟尿嘧啶治疗组哮喘小鼠血清OVA特异性IgE和BALF中IL-4、IL-5和IL-13水平明显低于哮喘对照组（P<0.01）,5-氟尿嘧...     

抗CD1d单克隆抗体对哮喘小鼠气道炎症的影响

目的:观察抗CD1d单克隆抗体对鸡卵清白蛋白(OVA)诱导的哮喘小鼠气道炎症的影响。方法:将15只BALB/c小鼠随机分为抗CD1d单克隆抗体组、哮喘组和对照组,每组5只。抗CD1d单克隆抗体组、哮喘组和对照组分别采用OVA和PBS致敏和激发;抗CD1d单克隆抗体组在激发前1h尾静脉注射抗CD1d单克隆抗体,哮喘组和对照组以等量PBS代替。分别采用HE和PAS染色检测肺组织学和支气管杯状细胞数量;瑞氏-姬姆萨染色检测支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)细胞总数和分类计数;ELISA法检测血清OVA特异性IgE和BALF中IL-4、IL-5、IL-13水平;流式细胞术检测肺Ⅰ型NKT细胞、IL-4~+和IFN-γ~+Ⅰ型NKT细胞的数量。结果:抗CD1d单克隆抗体组小鼠肺组织炎性细胞和气道基底膜杯状细胞减少;BALF中细胞总数和嗜酸性粒细胞数量明显减少、血清OVA特异性IgE和BALF中IL-4、IL-5、IL-13水平明显低于哮喘组(均P<0.05)。抗CD1d单克隆抗体组小鼠肺Ⅰ型NKT细胞、IL-4~+和IFN-γ~+Ⅰ型NKT细胞数量明显低于哮喘组(均P<0.01)。结论:抗CD1d单克隆抗体可能通过抑制Ⅰ型NKT细胞活性减轻哮喘小鼠气道炎症。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.