铬作业工人248名鼻部职业疾患现状调查

目的掌握乡镇工业电镀行业铬作业人员鼻部损害的职业病危害现状,为制定干预措施提供科学依据。方法调查27家电镀行业基本情况,对作业场所空气中铬浓度进行采样和检测。对铬作业工人的鼻部进行检查。结果镀铬岗位85.61%有槽边吸风装置,但使用率不高。F-53泡沫吸附剂用量不足,机械自动化镀铬线占36.0%,作业场所空气中铬浓度超标12.93%,最高为0.56mg/m3,超标10倍。对248名工人鼻部进行检查,鼻中隔黏膜糜烂6例,鼻中隔软骨部穿孔6例,检出率4.84%。结论乡镇电镀行业铬作业职业病危害较严重,已直接损害工人健康,应引起地方政府部门的高度关注,并积极采取综合整治措施,建立长效管理机制,控制铬职业病危害的发生。     

某市电镀行业铬作业工人鼻部损害的调查

目的 了解某市电镀行业铬作业工人鼻部损害的状况.方法 对车间空气中六价铬浓度进行监测,并对铬作业工人进行职业性健康检查.结果 车间六价铬时间加权平均浓度为0.043 mg/m3,样品合格率为84.2%.铬作业工人鼻黏膜充血肿胀、鼻中隔糜烂、溃疡和穿孔的检出率分别为3.8%、15.0%、11.3%、15.0%,对照组的检出率均为0,两组相比,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 某市电镀行业铬作业工人鼻部疾患检出率明显高于对照组,厂方应加强通风排毒设施,积极做好个人防护.     

湖南省湘潭县某自来水厂职业病危害因素检测分析

目的了解自来水生产和供应业可能存在的职业病危害因素,提出预防措施。方法对湖南省湘潭县某自来水生产和供应行业进行职业卫生学调查和作业场所中职业病危害因素检测、评价。结果作业场所空气中氯浓度为0.2~1.4 mg/m3,硫酸浓度为0.15~0.77 mg/m3,盐酸浓度为1.2~5.2 mg/m3,氨浓度为0.3~2.4 mg/m3,三氯甲烷浓度为32.3~114.0 mg/m3,噪声强度为61.2~90.7 d B(A)。其中制水操作室空气中氯浓度为1.4mg/m3、化验室空气中三氯甲烷浓度为114 mg/m3,均超过国家职业接触限值。结论该自来水厂存在的主要职业病危害因素有二氧化氯、氯气、盐酸、硫酸、硫化氢、氨气、三氯甲烷、四氯化碳、噪声、振动、工频电场、高温及热辐射。其职业病防治工作不容忽视,应合理改善作业环境,加强工人的个体防护,保障工人的职业健康。     

某炼金厂工作场所空气中氰化氢浓度现状分析

目的探讨炼金厂氰化工段车间空气中氰化氢在各作业点的分布及作业工人个体接触水平,提出预防措施及作业工人现场某岗位操作时应注意事项。方法依据《工作场所空气中有害物质监测的采样规范》《工作场所空气有毒物质的测定无机含氮化合物》进行检测和分析。结果冶炼车间氰化工段主要工作岗位的氰化氢浓度部分超过标准限值的要求,其中浸出槽结果为1.6 mg/m3,氰渣陶瓷过滤机结果为1.7 mg/m3,氰化钠库房结果为1.4 mg/m3。结论氰化氢是炼金厂氰化工段的主要职业病危害因素,在其主要工作场所中部分工序岗位氰化氢浓度过高,对作业工人的身体健康造成职业危害,应加强职业健康监护,防止职业病的产生。     

某电镀厂铬作业危害调查

目的了解电镀厂作业场所存在的职业病危害，提出预防对策，为保护劳动者身体健康提供科学依据。方法对电镀厂进行职业卫生调查，测定车间空气铬酸雾浓度并对该厂23名作业工人进行职业健康检查。结果该厂厂区总体布局欠科学，生产设备简陋、陈旧，职业卫生防护措施无落实；测定铬作业点14个，采集样本84个，浓度范围0～2．332mg／m^3，合格点数5个，测定点合格率35．7％；职业健康检查发现铬鼻病患者10人，发病率为43．5％，铬作业工人呼吸系统、鼻咽部自觉症状的出现率和鼻部阳性体征的检出率与对照组比较差异有显著性。结论该电镀厂铬作业危害较严重，应积极采取综合的防治措施。     

某电镀厂低浓度铬对作业工人职业危害调查分析

为了解某电镀厂镀铬车间职业危害情况,对该车间进行了现场卫生学调查,测定车间空气中三氧化铬浓度,并对车间90名作业工人进行职业健康检查。结果显示,镀铬车间空气中三氧化铬浓度符合国家职业卫生标准;临床检查发现,铬作业工人鼻咽部自觉症状如鼻塞、流涕、鼻衄、鼻灼痛、嗅觉减退和鼻部异常体征如鼻黏膜充血、鼻中隔黏膜糜烂、鼻中隔黏膜溃疡、鼻中隔穿孔的检出率与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.01);工龄<10 a与≥10 a的2个工龄段,铬鼻病患病率比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。提示,长期接触低浓度铬对作业工人鼻部损害较明显,不容忽视,应积极采取措施进行综合防治。     

河南省某油漆厂职业病危害因素对职工健康的影响

目的了解油漆厂职业病危害因素种类、浓度及其对工人健康的影响。方法按照《工作场所空气中有害物质监测的采样规范》和《工作场所空气有毒物质测定》对工作场所中的毒物进行采样和测定;按照《职业健康监护技术规范》的规定确定作业人员的健康检查项目。结果部分工作岗位的苯浓度超过10 mg/m3,甲苯浓度超过100 mg/m3,二甲苯浓度超过100 mg/m3,丙酮浓度超过450 mg/m3,丁醇超限倍数超过1.5倍。部分备料工、研磨工、调漆工、包装工血常规异常,包装工血常规异常率最高,其中白细胞异常率为4.8%,红细胞异常率为10.6%,血小板异常率为2.9%。结论油漆厂职业病危害严重,已对工人健康造成一定的影响。     

2018年广汉市作业场所工人职业病健康监护结果分析

目的了解2018年广汉市作业场所工人职业病健康监护结果,为职业病防治措施的制定提供参考依据。方法收集2018年职业病与职业卫生信息监测系统中广汉市作业场所工人职业健康监护结果,比较接触不同危害因素作业场所工人健康状况差异。作业场所工人接触粉尘、化学毒物、物理因素等其他职业危害因素疑似职业病检出率的比较采用χ~2检验,以P0.05为差异有统计学意义。结果物理因素高温、噪声作业场所疑似职业病检出率高,分别为3.57%和1.80%。相关物理因素作业场所禁忌证检出率较高。粉尘、化学毒物、物理因素和其他职业危害因素疑似职业病检出率差异有统计学意义(χ~2=34.41,P0.01)。高温、噪声、局部振动、微波和其他等物理因素疑似职业病检出率差异有统计学意义(P=0.023)。结论广汉市作业场所工人以接触噪声、粉尘居多,监管部门要重点加强噪声、粉尘、高温三类作业场所监管,切实保障劳动者身体健康。     

25家电镀企业中铬污染现状和作业者接触情况

目的 了解电镀企业铬污染现状和工人铬接触情况,寻找有效的铬接触生物标记物,为铬污染的防治提供科学依据.方法 采用整群抽样的方式抽取杭州市25家使用6价铬的电镀企业,进行职业卫生现场调查和空气中铬浓度检测,并对157名铬接触工人和93名非接触工人进行健康调查和体内红细胞中铬含量检测.结果 车间空气中6价铬短时间接触浓度中位数为0.06 mg/m3,范围0.01(检出限)～0.53 mg/m3,合格率89.4％;其中超标岗位均为电镀岗位,中位数0.10 mg/m3,范围0.01(检出限)～0.53 mg/m3,合格率76.3％.铬接触工人红细胞内铬含量的中位数为4.41( 2.50～5.29) μg/L,显著高于对照人群[1.54 (0.61～2.98) μg/L,P＜0.01).按性别、年龄、吸烟、饮酒分层后,除了小于30岁的人群(P=0.11),其余各层内两组间的差异都有统计学意义(P＜0.05).在接触工人中,吸烟者红细胞内铬含量[4.98(2.90～6.37) μg/L]明显高于不吸烟的人群[3.58( 2.25～4.40) μg/L],差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 杭州市电镀作业环境中存在6价铬污染,电镀作业工人体内铬负荷显著高于对照人群.应降低作业环境中铬浓度,加强工人个体防护,降低6价铬对工人的危害.     

某铬酸盐厂接触铬及其化合物职工铬鼻病的患病情况

目的了解栾城县某铬酸盐厂的职业卫生现状,有效控制由于铬酸盐危害而导致的铬鼻病的发生。方法对该厂铬酸盐粉尘浓度进行检测,对接触铬及其化合物的工人(接触组)和其它岗位的人员(对照组)进行健康检查后比较其铬鼻病的患病率。结果车间铬酸盐粉尘浓度为0.054mg/m3,超过国家规定的车间空气中铬酸盐的最高容许浓度(0.05mg/m3);健康检查接触组和对照组铬鼻病患病率分别为45.6%和22.6%,差异有统计学意义(χ2=13.78,P0.01)。结论某铬酸盐厂的主要职业病危害因素是铬酸盐粉尘,根据其对防尘除尘设施不到位现状,应加大职业卫生监督检查力度,普及职业病防治知识,提高工人对铬鼻病的认识和自我保护能力,保护劳动者的健康。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.