2006—2020年中国女性乳腺癌死亡趋势分析——基于年龄-时期-出生队列模型

目的：分析2006—2020年我国女性乳腺癌死亡趋势,为制定乳腺癌防控政策提供参考。方法：采用年龄-时期-出生队列模型估计女性乳腺癌死亡率的年龄效应、时期效应和出生队列效应。结果：我国女性乳腺癌死亡率总体呈上升趋势,年龄效应上死亡风险随年龄增加而上升,时期效应上死亡风险随年代渐近而缓慢上升,出生队列效应上死亡风险呈下降趋势。结论：建议加强对乳腺癌重点人群的健康教育与筛查,有针对性地制定乳腺癌防治策略,规范乳腺癌监测登记工作。     

1990-2010年我国城乡成年人群脑血管疾病死亡率的流行趋势

目的探讨近20年我国城乡成年人群脑血管疾病死亡率的流行趋势。方法利用《全国卫生统计年报/鉴》中城市和农村地区的分性别分年龄的汇总数据,采用标化死亡率进行不同时点和不同人群脑血管病死亡率的比较,Poisson回归模型进行死亡率的趋势分析,年龄-时期-队列模型法探讨脑血管病的时期、队列和年龄效应。结果 （1）近20年城市人群脑血管病死亡率呈现明显下降趋势,年平均下降率男性约为3.11%,女性约为3.30%,而农村人群则无明显升高或下降趋势;（2）控制了时期和出生队列因素的影响,脑血管疾病的死亡风险随着年龄的增加而增加;（3）控制了时期和年龄因素的影响,出生年代越近,人群脑血管疾病的死亡风险越高。结论城乡成年人群中脑血管疾病所致的疾病负担日益增加;针对病因的初始预防和一级预防应该脑血管疾病人群防治的重点,中年人群可能是防治的重点人群;二级和三级预防中,农村人群不应被忽视。     

基于年龄-时期-队列效应模型分析2012—2022年山东省甲状腺癌流行趋势

目的分析2012—2022年山东省甲状腺癌发病死亡趋势, 并估计其发病的年龄-时期-队列效应。方法基于2012—2022年山东省肿瘤登记地区甲状腺癌数据, 利用Joinpoint回归分析甲状腺癌发病、死亡的变化趋势, 计算平均年度变化百分比(AAPC)。拟合年龄-时期-队列模型分析20岁以上人群甲状腺癌发病风险的年龄、时期及队列效应。结果 2012—2022年山东省甲状腺癌发病率呈上升趋势, AAPC值为21.68%(95%CI:19.14%～24.27%, P<0.001), 且女性发病率高于男性, 城市发病率高于农村;甲状腺癌死亡率变化趋势相对稳定, AAPC值为-3.04%(95%CI:-8.81%～3.09%, P=0.323)。甲状腺癌发病的年龄效应在60岁之前随年龄增长而增加, 60岁之后随年龄增长而降低, 发病高峰集中在55～59岁年龄组;时期效应随时间推移而增加;队列效应则表现为1957年之前出生的队列随时间推移呈下降趋势, 1957年之后出生的队列呈上升趋势。结论 2012—2022年山东省甲状腺癌发病率呈上升趋势, 年龄是重要影响因素;甲状腺癌死亡率较为稳定。     

1990-2009年中国女性乳腺癌死亡趋势的APC模型分析北大核心CSCD

目的探讨我国1990-2009年20年间成年女性乳腺癌死亡率的流行变化趋势。方法利用美国华盛顿大学健康测量与评价研究中心和《中国卫生统计年鉴》中的死因数据,采用年龄—时期—队列(APC)模型和Intrinsic Estimator(IE)算法估计成年女性乳腺癌死亡风险的年龄效应、时期效应和队列效应。结果中国女性乳腺癌死亡风险的年龄效应总体上随年龄增加而增大,中国20岁以上女性乳腺癌死亡风险的时期效应随年代持续上升,队列效应说明中国自1911年以后出生的女性所经历的乳腺癌死亡风险呈下降趋势。结论中国女性乳腺癌死亡风险的时期效应占主导地位。不完善的乳腺癌筛查、低检出率及不健康的饮食习惯等危险因素均导致了乳腺癌死亡率的上升趋势,也增加了乳腺癌死亡风险的时期效应。     

1990-2009年中国女性乳腺癌死亡趋势的APC模型分析

目的探讨我国1990-2009年20年间成年女性乳腺癌死亡率的流行变化趋势。方法利用美国华盛顿大学健康测量与评价研究中心和《中国卫生统计年鉴》中的死因数据,采用年龄—时期—队列(APC)模型和Intrinsic Estimator(IE)算法估计成年女性乳腺癌死亡风险的年龄效应、时期效应和队列效应。结果中国女性乳腺癌死亡风险的年龄效应总体上随年龄增加而增大,中国20岁以上女性乳腺癌死亡风险的时期效应随年代持续上升,队列效应说明中国自1911年以后出生的女性所经历的乳腺癌死亡风险呈下降趋势。结论中国女性乳腺癌死亡风险的时期效应占主导地位。不完善的乳腺癌筛查、低检出率及不健康的饮食习惯等危险因素均导致了乳腺癌死亡率的上升趋势,也增加了乳腺癌死亡风险的时期效应。     

1990—2019年中国食管癌死亡趋势及年龄-时期-队列模型分析

目的 探析1990—2019年我国食管癌死亡趋势,为制定与调整食管癌防治策略提供依据。方法 运用Joinpoint回归模型分析食管癌死亡变化趋势,采用年龄-时期-队列模型(age-period-cohort, APC)估计食管癌死亡风险的年龄、时期与队列效应。结果 1990—2019年全国、女性、男性食管癌标化死亡率均呈波动下降趋势,平均年度变化百分比分别为-1.825%、-3.092%、-1.185%。APC模型估计显示,年龄效应方面,女性90～94岁与男性85～89岁居民食管癌死亡风险分别是20～24岁居民的159倍、286倍;时期效应方面,女性2000—2004年食管癌死亡风险是2010—2014年的1.59倍,男性2015—2019年死亡风险是1990—1994年的1.57倍;队列效应方面,1905—1909年出生的女性与1900—1904年出生的男性食管癌死亡风险分别是出生于1995—1999年的18.49倍、18.73倍。结论 我国食管癌标化死亡率总体呈下降趋势,男性食管癌标化死亡率显著高于女性。食管癌死亡风险随年龄呈上升趋势,越晚出生的居民死亡风险越低。未来一定时期应重点...     

基于年龄-时期-队列模型分析2006—2020年中国冠心病死亡趋势

目的 分析2006—2020年间中国城市和农村15～84岁人群冠心病死亡率变化趋势及年龄、时期、出生队列对冠心病死亡率的影响,为预防冠心病的死亡提供科学依据和策略。方法 基于2006—2020年城乡冠心病死亡率数据,建立连接点回归模型描述冠心病死亡率的阶段性变化趋势;通过构建年龄-时期-队列模型（age-period-cohort model,APC）,估算我国城市和农村冠心病死亡率的年龄、时期及队列效应。结果 2006—2020年间,我国城市冠心病死亡率从85.66/10万增长到126.91/10万,农村死亡率从63.55/10万上升到135.88/10万,年平均变化百分比（average annual percentage change,AAPC）分别为2.85%,5.89%。APC模型分析显示,2006—2020年冠心病死亡风险随年龄增加而增大,其中城市人群年龄效应系数为：-1.60～2.53,农村为-2.05～2.34;时期效应随着时期的增加而逐渐上升,城市效应系数为：-0.29～0.23,农村：-0.17～0.14;队列效应显示,随着出生队列的推移死亡风险下降趋势明显,城市：...     

2006—2020年中国艾滋病死亡趋势的年龄-时期-队列模型分析

目的 分析2006—2020年我国城乡居民艾滋病死亡趋势,为艾滋病防治策略提供参考。方法 以2006—2020年中国25～64岁城乡艾滋病患者为研究对象,通过年龄-时期-队列模型（aged-period-cohort,APC）和内在估计法（intrinsic estimator,IE）估计艾滋病死亡率的年龄、时期和出生队列效应。结果 2006—2020年,我国城乡艾滋病死亡率整体呈下降趋势。APC模型结果显示,年龄效应方面,城市40～44岁居民死亡风险比25～29岁的增加了3.5倍,农村35～39岁居民死亡风险比25～29岁的增加了3.2倍。时期效应方面,城市和农村总死亡风险系数分别增加了3.6倍和1.2倍。出生队列效应方面,城市1954—1958年出生的居民艾滋病死亡风险相较于1974—1978年出生的增加了2.1倍,农村1949—1953年出生的死亡风险比1974—1978年出生的增加了2.3倍。结论 城乡艾滋病死亡率近年有所下降,农村艾滋病死亡率逐渐高于城市;中老年群体艾滋病死亡风险较高;死亡风险随年份整体上升;出生年代越晚死亡风险降低。     

生命统计资料中年龄和时期趋势效应的估计

本文提出了生命统计资料分析中的年龄-时期、年龄-队列和年龄-线性趋势三个概率模型。这些模型可定量估计发病率或死亡率的年龄效应、时期效应和出生队列效应以及组间的相对危险度;并可提取到“纯”年龄别发病或死亡率。应用这些模型对女性肺癌死亡率和乳腺癌发病率资料进行拟合,结果表明是十分有效的。     

1990—2019年中国结直肠癌死亡趋势及年龄-时期-队列模型分析

目的 分析1990—2019年我国结直肠癌死亡趋势,为制定结直肠癌防治政策提供依据。方法 采用Joinpoint回归模型分析结直肠癌死亡率变化趋势,运用年龄-时期-队列模型(age-period-cohort, APC)估计影响结直肠癌死亡风险的年龄、时期与队列效应。结果 1990—2019年全国、女性、男性结直肠癌标化死亡率均呈波动增长趋势,平均年度变化百分比分别为1.049%、0.158%、1.712%。APC模型估计显示,年龄效应方面,男女性90～94岁居民结直肠癌死亡风险分别是10～14岁居民的590倍、281倍;时期效应方面,相较于1990—1994年,男女性2015—2019年结直肠癌是其死亡风险的3.36倍、1.90倍;队列效应方面,1900—1904年出生的男女性结直肠癌死亡风险分别是出生于2010—2014年的68.91倍、45.40倍。结论 我国结直肠癌死亡率总体呈上升趋势,男性结直肠癌死亡率高于女性。结直肠癌死亡风险随年龄、时期均呈上升趋势,老年人是重点监测人群,越晚出生的居民死亡风险越低。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.